Alvarez, Hazel L.

1st year, BEED

1. Articulation Disorder
An articulation disorder is a speech sound disorder in which a child has
difficulty making certain sounds correctly. Sounds may be omitted or
improperly altered during the course of speech. A child may substitute
sounds (“wabbit” instead of “rabbit”) or add sounds improperly to words.
Young children will typically display articulation issues as they learn to speak,
but they are expected to “grow out of it” by a certain age. If the errors
persist past a standard developmental age, which varies based on the sound,
then that child has an articulation disorder.
2. Phonological Disorder
A phonological process disorder is a form of speech disorder in which there is
difficulty organizing the patterns of sounds in the brain which results in an
inability to correctly form the sounds of words.
For example, this results in a child who may delete one or more sounds at the
beginning of words (like “at” instead of “sat”) or only use one consonant in a
word with a two-consonant sounds (“peak” instead of “speak”), or they may
replace one letter sound with another.
3. Fluency Disorder
Childhood onset fluency disorder is the medical field name for what we most
commonly refer to as “stuttering”. With multiple contributing factors, fluency
disorder is a speech disorder that is characterized by sound prolongations,
repetitions, and/or blockage of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases which
disrupt the natural flow of speech.
4. Monoplegia
Monoplegia is a form of paralysis that affects just one limb. It is almost
always the product of cerebral palsy, though a limited number of other
medical conditions may cause monoplegia. Because monoplegia is rare, it is
still poorly understood, and research into ideal treatments, the progression
of the disease, and best practices for assisting patients is still in its infancy.
5. Hemiplegia
Hemiplegia is a condition caused by brain damage or spinal cord injury that
leads to paralysis on one side of the body. It causes weakness, problems with
muscle control, and muscle stiffness. The degree of hemiplegia symptoms
vary depending on the location and extent of the injury.
If hemiplegia onsets before birth, during birth, or within the first 2 years of
life, it’s known as congenital hemiplegia. If hemiplegia develops later in life,
it’s known as acquired hemiplegia. Hemiplegia is non-progressive. Once the
disorder begins, symptoms don’t get worse.
6. Triplegia
Triplegia (“tri” means three) - spastic movements in 3 limbs, typically both
legs and one arm. Triplegia is a medical condition characterized by the
paralysis of three limbs. While there is no typical pattern of involvement, it is
usually associated with paralysis of both legs and one arm—but can also
involve both arms and one leg.[1] Triplegia can sometimes be considered a
 combination of hemiplegia (paralysis of arm and leg of one side of the body)
overlaying diplegia (paralysis of both legs), or as quadriplegia (paralysis of
four limbs) with less involvement in one extremity.
7. Quadriplegia
Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a form of paralysis that affects all
four limbs, plus the torso (“quad” originates from the Latin word for four). It
is paralysis of all four limbs; motor and/or sensory function in the cervical
spinal segments is impaired or lost due to damage to that part of the spinal
cord, resulting in impaired function in the upper limbs, lower limbs, trunk,
and pelvic organs. This term does not include conditions due to brachial
plexus lesions or to injuries of peripheral nerves outside the spinal canal. C
8. Diplegia
Diplegia is a symptom, not an illness unto itself. It can affect any symmetrical
area of the body, including both sides of the face, both legs, or both arms.
The severity varies quite a bit, and may change between sides. For example, a
person with diplegia of the legs may have total paralysis in one leg, but only
limited mobility in the other leg. Unlike other forms of paralysis, diplegia
tends to change over time, and doesn't necessarily mean the full loss of
function. Instead, people with diplegia have significant nervous system
anomalies, but may maintain some functioning and sensation.
9. Double hemiplegia
Double hemiplegia is a form of cerebral palsy resulting in bilateral spastic
weakness of face, arm and leg.
Total or partial inability to move both sides of the body, but for the fact that
one side is significantly more affected than the other.
10. ADHD
ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common
neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in
childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have
trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without
thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.
11. Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems
identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words
(decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain
that process language.
People with dyslexia have normal intelligence and usually have normal vision.
Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a
specialized education program. Emotional support also plays an important
role.
12. Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia is a diagnosis used to describe learning difficulties related to math
concepts.
It’s sometimes called “numbers dyslexia,” which is a bit misleading. Dyslexia
refers to difficulty reading and writing, while dyscalculia is specifically related
to mathematics.
13. Dysgraphia
 Dysgraphia is a learning disability characterized by problems with writing. It’s
a neurological disorder that can affect children or adults. In addition to
writing words that are difficult to read, people with dysgraphia tend to use
the wrong word for what they’re trying to communicate.

The cause of dysgraphia isn’t always known, though in adults it sometimes

follows a traumatic event.

Once the condition is diagnosed, you can learn strategies to help overcome
some of the challenges it presents in school and in life.
14. Intellectual Disability
An intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental condition that develops in
childhood. It affects your capacity to learn and retain new information, and it
also affects everyday behavior such as social skills and hygiene routines.
People with this condition experience significant limitations with intellectual
functioning and developing adaptive skills like social and life skills.
An IQ test determines whether a person has an intellectual disability. IQ
scores lower than 70 indicate an intellectual disability. The severity of the
condition can range from mild to profound.
15. Self-care Difficulty
Self Care Deficit is a NANDA nursing diagnosis that defines a client’s inability
to perform self-care on his/her own.
Self-care involves activities of daily living (ADLs) that involve the promotion
and maintenance of personal well-being. These self-care tasks include
feeding, bathing, toileting, grooming, and dressing.
A client may experience a deficit in the ability to self-care after experiencing
an accident or trauma such as fracture, a debilitating mental disorder such as
major depression or schizophrenia, a progressive disease such as rheumatoid
arthritis, dementia, or Alzheimer’s disease, or while on the recovery phase
after surgery.