College of Engineering and Technology

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering

ME 569 Course Project

Design of 3D-printed auxetic-structured
intervertebral disc implant

Academic Year: 2022 – 2023

Semester: Fall 2022

Course Code and Title: ME569 – Mechanical Behavior of Materials

 Project Deliverable 1

Literature review

Introduction:

Biomedical Applications
Traditional manufacturing uses expensive infrastructure and lengthy, formative or

subtractive procedures that require many phases, which restricts the ability to execute

final product adjustments on schedule. Furthermore, the production of complex

geometries, which are frequently employed in biomedical engineering applications, is not

permitted by such conventional manufacturing processes. Additive In this technique,

physical components are produced using CAD models, and the pieces are assembled one

at a time. The industrial sector has transformed as a result of this method.

AM is now commonly regarded as a significant dominant contribution to the third

technological revolution and a mechanism. Digital Times claims that the CAD software-

created three-dimensional model of the component is the only piece of data required for

its construction utilizing additive manufacturing. The design freedom is a clear indication

of the technique's value. Manufacturing has developed over the past couple decades into

a potent tool for quickly and cheaply making things with complex geometry. applications

in biology and numerous other fields as a result, it is simple to convert 3D intricate and
difficult shapes to physical elements in a single phase. fabrication without using specific

equipment, dies, or molds Numerous industries have taken notice of this versatility,

especially the biomedical sector, that has been the main user of AM techniques.

Nano cancer imaging and innovative nanodrug delivery systems (NNDS) are examples of

biomedical uses (NCI). Due to its efficient distribution at a set rate and time, the NNDS is

receiving more and more attention. It is intriguing how NCI utilizes nanocrystals as

biomedical system probes. Due to the nanomaterials' ultra - high surface effect and the

quantum size effect, it offers high precision, improved clarity, and increased sensitivity. A

new frontier in the "great world" of cancer research will be unlocked by nanotechnology,

a science that creates "little worlds," which will be the "key." Specifically created

nanomaterials enable a variety of vectors to attack cancerous cells just more precisely and

safely at cellular and genetic level. This section discusses the use of various nanomaterials,

such as metal-organic complexes, transition-metal oxides, and nanostructured metals, in

the detection and treatment (theragnostic) of cancer. The largest therapeutic obstacle for

targeted therapy is posed by tumors that have spread to other organs, cancers that are

drug-resistant, and cancer stem cells. With properly developed drug delivery mechanisms,

such as nanotechnology, embryonic stem cells, or (cell and t - cell) T cells in

immunotherapy, indicated to treat can be achieved. We employ a technique to treat drug-

resistant cancers using combinations of therapeutic drugs with various mechanisms for

synergistic action in order to get over these drawbacks. This section will first briefly

explain three different types of number of advantages over conventional materials and

how they are used in cancer theragnostic before moving on to the biological obstacles

they must overcome to reach the desired cancer cells.

Currently being developed are nanotechnology platforms with great target specificity,

little immune reactivity, and collateral damage. A variety of nanomaterials, in particular

metals (Au, Ag), metal oxide (Fe3O4), metal-organic complexes, and metal (single or

bimetallic)-supramolecular polysaccharides, are flexible vectors for theragnostic

applications such as contemporaneous medical testing and regulated drug/gene delivery,

hyperthermia, and radiation enhancement and resistance reversal. We predict that 7-

ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin [SN-38] delivered specifically to breast cancer cells (as an

inclusion complex) will cause extremely high levels of cytotoxicity. Incorporating an

imaging module will also make it easier to track the cyclodextrin (CD) complexes' progress

in relation to the chemotherapeutic agent's pharmacodynamic action. The following steps

will be taken:

(1) Nanostructured materials synthesizing.

(2) Metal alloys this well characteristics.

(3) Characteristics standard measure (including particle kinetic and saturation

magnetization).

(4) The effectiveness of the novel therapeutic analysis.

These steps are required to fully comprehend the treatment effectiveness and method of

breast cancer damage. Our overview will briefly describe the effective investigation of

several nanomaterials created by our group and those of our collaborators in this section.
 Main Body:

3D printing and additive manufacturing technic

Orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeons have used a printing technique in their work

and found that it reduces operating room costs, shortening recovery times. Additionally,

using 3D-printed parts in patient care offers huge advantage for medical systems The

medical specimen quality specimens generated in the near future will improve thanks to

advancements in 3D printing technology, according to research by Mahmoud et al. on the

additive manufacturing processes of humans anatomic pathology specimens. Tack et al.

investigated the application of additive manufacturing processes in academic and surgical

operations. The key conclusions reached by the authors are better medical outcomes,

shorter operation times, and less radiation exposure. They suggested conducting more

research on applying 3D printing technology to each patient. Antibiotic in 3d printing

technology implants and devices were the subject of research by Ballard and colleagues.

They found that tools and devices that are 3D-printed with antibiotics embedded in them
have the advantages of a larger surface area for drug distribution and the potential for

quick production of physician medical implants.

Traditional manufacturing methods rely on CAD software to print products using a variety

of materials, which drastically reduces the amount of managing the supply chain. They

also need a great deal of effort to be done to automate the 3D printing process. When

everything is said and done, 3D printing is a cheap method since it doesn't need any costly

molds or tools for machining, building, or punching. Various manufacturing methods for

3D printing exist based on the supplies. Any one of the approaches may be used

depending on how the components are applied. The categories of 3D printing

manufacturing procedures are shown in above Figure.

 3D printed structures behavior.
Using computer-aided designs and information acquired from medical imaging, it is now

substantially easier to produce structures with precise geometric dimensions thanks to

the development of solid freeform production techniques. 3d printing and fused

stereolithography are utilized in this method. Deposition modelling, 3D printing, and

selective laser sintering Structures as tiny as a millimeter and as big as a measure in place

have been made using stereolithography, which is essentially adjustable in respect of the

flexibility with which structures can be designed and the sizes at that they can be

manufactured. As a consequence of these developments in the biomedical field, copies of

each patient are made to help with challenging surgeries using molds.

The creation and use of 3D printed auxetic structures is facilitated by techniques,

methods, and equipment, including medium-encoded computer program products. In one

embodiment, a system consists of one or even more data processing devices and one or

even more computer memory media with instructions stored on them that may be used

to conduct activities like as Receiving input for a three-dimensional (3D) modeling of a

three - dimensional structure that has at minimum two distinct materials with a

predetermined configuration with respect to one another to provide the 3D building a low
Poisson ratio, receiving input for a modification for the three - dimensional structure, and

then adjusting the predetermined arrangement for the at least two various materials in

terms to one another in accordance to the input for the change.

 Use of additive manufacturing for

biomechanical applications
Digital manufacturing technology called additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly

transforming the medical industry by enabling the printing of different body parts with

inherent forms and providing each patient with a unique set of treatment options. AM has

emerged during the last several decades as a flexible and affordable technique for the

production of geometrically challenging shapes in the medical sector. Additionally, the

creation of items like heart valves, joint replacements, and dental implants also involve

AM technology. This method creates a working prototype from CAD drawings by layer-by-

layer adding materials, and it has strong mechanical qualities. In order for this review

paper to become the standard-bearer for forward-thinking researchers working in this

field, it aims to bring together the contributions of various researchers in the field of

additive manufacturing, with a particular emphasis on applications in the health care field

using various AM technologies, materials, and their mechanical properties.

AM has the capacity to boost output effectiveness. A few benefits include quick

production times, exposure to novel materials, reduced waste of materials, and the

creation of unique complex geometries and durable materials. important justifications for

promoting metal AM technology use in the biomedical business A handful of new

applications are included in this area. The use of additive manufacturing in medicine is

widespread. However, it is now most often utilized to create porous titanium implants

made using the EBM technology, skull models, and three-dimensional reconstructions of

real skull defects. These applications highlight the potential and significance of AM in the

biomedical industry.

Although there are numerous approaches to categorize medicinal uses of additive

manufacturing, this study uses application classes-based categorization. Following are

some categories into which AM applications may be divided: "models for preoperative

planning, education, and training," "inert implants," "tools, instruments, and components

for medical devices," "medical aids, supporting guides, splints, and prostheses," and

"biomanufacturing". This may be adjusted for a broader categorization such that implants

do not have to be inert, and the word "medical models" might also be used to refer to

models in preoperative planning, teaching, and training that include postoperative and
surgical scenarios. A preoperative prototype of a skull and heart, craniomaxillofacial

implants, dental drilling guides, reduction tweezers, nasal and throat swabs, personalized

and mobilizing external support, a structure for zygomatic bone replacement, and

resorbable planetary implants are just a few examples of applications in each category

shown in Figure.

Available design of intervertebral disc and the

applied mechanical load.

An essential component of intervertebral disc (IVD) homeostasis is mechanical stress. The

objective of this study is to summarize the most current findings about the effects of

mechanical pressures on disc cells and IVDs while taking into account the changes that
IVDs go through as they age and degenerate, from a macroscopic to a cellular and

subcellular level. Non-systematic review of the literature. A number of academic studies

examined the external forces acting on the spine and the stresses that resulted inside the

IVD, which helped determine the mechanical stimuli that affect the cells buried inside the

disc matrix. Recent publications explored the role that degradation processes play in the

control of (1) cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation since disc cell responses are

also regulated by their biochemical environment.

(2) Production and turnover of matrices. The intracellular signaling pathways were given

special attention since Mechan transduction pathways play a crucial role in the

maintenance of normal disc metabolism as well as disc degenerative processes. Disc cells

are subjected to a variety of mechanical pressures, and their responses are influenced by

their biochemical environment. Changes in the disc matrix caused by degeneration

influence the metabolic environment of disc cells as well as the mechanical characteristics

of the disc matrix. According to recent research, these variables interact and govern disc

matrix turnover.
Representative stress profiles in the sagittal midplane of cadaveric lumbar IVDs in healthy
and degenerative conditions 

In vivo values of intradiscal pressure in different postures and daily activities, measured
with a pressure sensor implanted into the disc L4/5 of a volunteer [82]. The intradiscal
pressure was measured in prone position (0.1), side posture (0.12), and in different sitting
and standing positions (with or without carrying a weight) as shown by the simplified
person above each bar.

Intervertebral disc prosthesis and used

materials.
Every day, medical research advances throughout the world. Implants, and even hearts
and lungs, can now be placed to save people's lives. One of these significant
developments is the use of intervertebral disc prosthesis to reduce pain and hence
increase quality of life. The artificial disc is now widely used in the surgical treatment of
disc injury and spinal disorders.
The purpose of implantation is to keep the spinal column mobile and functioning
following surgery by establishing a firm, bone link with surrounding native vertebrae. Disc
replacement can be used on both the cervical and lumbar spines. The disc prosthesis is
made up of two metal plates (titanium or a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy) and a
polyethylene core. They differ in terms of size, form, height, and angle.
Types of materials used in 3D printing are shown in above figure.
 Conclusion:
Today, a portion of the areas of science and engineering uses the 3D printing
technique. It provides the industry with a host of benefits. More information is
anticipated in this regard to progress approaches to enhance the acceptance of 3D
printing techniques. Businesses may upgrade and improve the foundation of 3d - printed
development with the help of more information about just the 3d printing technology.
The many 3D printing manufacturing techniques, materials, and applications in different
sectors were thus covered in this article. Academics, academics, and scientists will find
this page useful in their extensive study on 3D printing manufacturing methods and
appropriate materials for certain uses.
Donor shortages for organ replacements are a major clinical test all around the world.
Intricacies, optional wounds, and limited source donors are some of the potential risks
associated with traditional procedures. The 3D printing approach encompasses the ability
to spotlight these obstructions; it may be used to swiftly create bespoke tissue building
frameworks, repair tissue surrenders in situ using cells, and even directly print tissue and
organs. Tissues, frameworks, and obsessive devices are examples of biomedical
applications with particular manufacturing components that should be considered. It is
strongly advised to employ these 3D printing processes without rigid support structures
for biomedical applications. Current advancements in tissue design and recuperation,
therapeutic conveyance, clinical gadget production, employable management, and
planning ensure that 3D printing will remain popular.
Previously, medical 3D printing was a hopeful but impossible fantasy. It is unpretentious
because of time and effort. Currently, the 3D printing approach indicates a primary choice
for assisting pharmaceutical and clinical organizations in developing more evident drugs,
allowing for the rapid creation of clinical embeds, and altering the manner in which
experts and specialists design methodology. Patient-specific 3D-printed anatomical
reproductions are gradually emerging as useful gadgets in the present act of accuracy
medication and for personalized medications. Later on, 3D-printed implantable organs will
be available, reducing the backlog and increasing the number of lives saved. Added
substance manufacturing for human services is still in its early stages. However, it is
currently used from a variety of perspectives in the clinical sector, which was formerly
reeling.

References: