Orlove, “Lines in the Water

p.173-208

 Describe how totora is planted and how it used to create islands. (p180)

1. during the dry season, villagers lay out totora on meadows and on the stubble of
recently harvested fields; the pithy issues of the inner portion of the stem turn into
a firm mass, while the outer layers of cells retain their tautness.
2. by tying both ends, bundles are lashed together to form rectangular mats, which
often serve as mattresses; rectangular shape ends up looking little islands
 What happened to the amount of totora harvested when villagers shifted from using
yellow totora to green totora? (188)

"it led to an increase in the total amount that the villagers harvested and increase disputes
over totora theft"

 Summarize the ownership of totora beds. (p188)

"its more common to rent totora beds to people from nearby villages because size of reed
beds vary from one village to the next. Same villager returns years later for more totora.
Payment of rent in the 60's was potatoes, grain, coca leaf and alcohol but in recent
decades it changed to cash."

 Discuss the parallels between the expansion of totora harvesting and the expansion of
fishing. (p190)

"a commonality is the success of lake shore villagers in keeping the government at bay
and they stand out in this regard compared to other countries which state agencies
regulate economically valuable resources. So in both scenarios fisherman and villagers
are in efforts to patrol use of resources."

 Why did the government establish protected areas on the lake? (p191)

"because of its enormous reedbeds and its large and diverse populations of waterfowl."

 How did the villagers counteract CENFOR’s regulations? (p192)

"they formed an organization named the Totora Defense League w/18 villages formed
communal meetings where they collected fees from every household in the villages to
support trips to the Ministry of Agriculture & Ministry of the Interior and presented long
documents arguing CENFOR should let the villagers administer the totora beds not
them."

 Describe the differences between a ‘national park’ and a ‘national reserve’. (p192)
 ""national park" is when resource extraction would be prohibited entirely & the more
permissive "national reserve" is where extraction is allowed but regulated and where
status has a higher importance. ex. reserve=national monuments in the US"

 Why isn’t the short-winged grebe a threatened species? (p195)

"because they have the ability to avoid capture by the size of the beds of totora in which
they breed and the villagers target the giant coot so it isn't affecting them too much so
CENFOR doesn't feel need to protect them

 How did the Peruvian government overstate their case that new regulations were needed
to protect Titicaca’s flora and fauna? (p196)

"because it further alienated the local villagers, who under other circumstances might
well have supported the reserve."

 Why in the Ramis sector were there so many conflicts between villagers and CENFOR?
(p198)

"villagers from this sector had heard that CENFOR required the villagers around the
Bahia de Puno to pay fees in order to receive permission to cut totora so they were
strongly against any governing body that resembles CENFOR"

 How did the contracts issued by CENFOR to cut reeds challenge a fundamental principle
of social and political life of the villagers? (p202)

"it stated that the state had sovereignty over the totora beds & most importantly
challenged their right to manage their territories."

 How were the villages so successful in opposing the reserve? (p206)

"They had a strong interest in retaining control over the totora, an important part of the
economy; & they faced CENFOR a weak opponent because the national government
wasn't supportive because they had other crises to deal with elsewhere."

 What is a ‘paper park’? (p208)

"protected area that is depicted on maps and discussed in reports, but is not managed in
any way by government officials or scientists. This term conveys the abscense of
CENFOR or its successors--Villagers win!"

 According to "Lines in the Water" CENFOR's inability to manage the natural reserve on
Lake Titicaca ultimately resulted in the reserve becoming a _________?

"Paper park"
 According to Orlove, the introduction of fishing licenses challenge the customary system
of fishing rights on Lake Titicaca because it allowed:

"individuals to fish in non-customary territory"

 As discussed by Orlove, the key difference between "a 'national park' and a 'national
reserve' is:

resource extraction"