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9-30-2020
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Recommended Citation
Cina, Landon K. (2020) "Gesualdo's Late Madrigal Style: Renaissance or Baroque?," Musical Offerings: Vol.
11 : No. 2 , Article 2.
DOI: 10.15385/jmo.2020.11.2.2
Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol11/iss2/2
Gesualdo's Late Madrigal Style: Renaissance or Baroque?
Document Type
Article
Abstract
Carlo Gesualdo Prince of Venosa’s sixth and final book of Italian madrigals has puzzled scholars since its
resurgence in the early twentieth century. Written during a transition between the Renaissance and
Baroque periods, Gesualdo’s late madrigals present a musical style that seems to deny any attempt at
precise classification with a stylistic movement. So where does Gesualdo’s astonishing style fit within its
historical context? And what about his music has drawn the attention of so many scholars? By analyzing
representative madrigals of the Mannerist style, a stylistic movement of the Late Renaissance, and the
emerging Baroque style, one can understand the general attributes of the musical context in which
Gesualdo lived. After identifying the defining characteristics of Gesualdo’s late madrigals, a comparison
of Gesualdo’s style and the styles of other madrigalists of his time reveals both the conventional and
radical elements of his music. Through this method, one finds that Gesualdo’s compositional style is
derivative of the Mannerist movement but pushes the limits of this movement to new extremes, creating a
style that would not be heard again for nearly three centuries.
Keywords
Gesualdo, Madrigal, Italian Madrigal, Renaissance, Baroque, Mannerism, Mannerist Style
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0
License.
Landon K. Cina
Cedarville University
C
arlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa is now known to be one of the
most brilliant composers of the late Renaissance. His music
underwent a resurgence in the twentieth century and was highly
revered by modernist composers such as Igor Stravinsky. Gesualdo’s
music came to light as his shockingly advanced style was compared to
the music of Richard Wagner and Arnold Schoenberg.1 The sixth and
final book of Gesualdo’s five-voice madrigals has drawn the most
attention from scholars, as it represents his most progressive and daring
compositional style. What sets Gesualdo’s late style apart from the other
madrigal composers of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth
centuries? By studying the historical context and stylistic movements of
this period, it is apparent that Gesualdo’s sixth book of madrigals pushed
the limits of the Renaissance style to the extreme as the new Baroque
style came into prominence.
1
Glenn Watkins, The Gesualdo Hex: Music, Myth, and Memory (New York:
W. W. Norton, 2010), 99.
2
Cecil Gray and Philip Heseltine, Carlo Gesualdo Prince of Venosa: Musician
and Murderer (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1975), 7–8.
Carlo Gesualdo remained at the Gesualdo estate for some time and
assumed the title “Prince of Venosa” when his father passed away in
1591. After the death of his wife, Gesualdo resumed his obsession with
music, entering one of the most creative periods of his life. In 1594, he
married his second wife, Donna Eleonora d’Este, and moved to the city
of Ferrara at the court of Duke Alfonso II d’Este where he interacted
with well-known madrigalists like Luzzasco Luzzaschi. During the
Duke’s reign, Ferrara became the most important cultural city in Italy,
but its splendor quickly waned after the death of Duke Alfonso II in
1597, and the artists of the city slowly dispersed, beginning the end of
the Italian Renaissance.5
To this day, the life of Carlo Gesualdo has generated more interest
among scholars than his music. However, through his years of scandal,
3
Gray and Heseltine, Carlo Gesualdo, 10–12.
4
Ibid., 13–32.
5
Ibid., 43–48.
6
Glenn Watkins, Gesualdo: The Man and His Music (Chapel Hill, NC:
University of North Carolina Press, 1973), 79–80.
7
Ibid., 81–83.
Musical Offerings ⦁ 2020 ⦁ Volume 11 ⦁ Number 2 61
murder, and torturous guilt, the Prince of Venosa managed to become
one of the most accomplished composers of his time. Today, Gesualdo
is primarily known for his Italian madrigals. He composed a total of six
books of madrigals for five voices, and each chronological pair can be
connected to a separate period of his life. The first two books were
published in 1594 and are representative of his style before his stay in
Ferrara.8 Books Three and Four, published in 1595 and 1596, can be
characterized by their Ferrarese influences.9 The final and most notable
books of Gesualdo’s five voice madrigals were not published until 1611,
fifteen years after the fourth book. On the dedication pages of both
books, Pietro Cappuccio, Gesualdo’s editor, provides an explanation for
the delay between publications. He claims that the music contained in
the fifth and sixth books was written as early as 1596 and had been kept
solely for the Prince’s own enjoyment. However, the publication became
necessary after several of the pieces were falsely presented as the work
of other composers.10
8
Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal, trans. Alexander H. Krappe, Roger H.
Sessions, and Oliver Strunk (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971),
695.
9
Ibid., 698–706.
10
Watkins, Gesualdo, 165–166.
11
Ibid., 166–167.
62 Cina ⦁ Gesualdo
existed within and between the Renaissance and Baroque periods.12 By
studying the styles of Mannerist composers like Luca Marenzio and
Luzzasco Luzzaschi and the new Baroque style of Claudio Monteverdi,
one can determine which characteristics of Gesualdo’s style distinguish
him from other composers of his time.
Beginning around the year 1530, a new style began to develop in Italy
that later became known as Mannerism. This movement is not classified
as a major stylistic period because it was altogether rather small. First,
Mannerist influence was mostly confined to regions in northern Italy, so
the style was far from being a universal trend.13 Second, Mannerist music
was almost exclusively reserved for the aristocratic court. When
describing this elite style, Tim Carter writes that Mannerist art is “where
form is more important than content, and where the appeal of the art-
work lies primarily in the appreciation of how it effortlessly overcomes
self-imposed technical difficulties.”14 In other words, Mannerist music
pushes the limitations of performers, composers, and listeners to the
extremes, making it an art entirely for the learned individual. Because
Mannerism functioned by expanding the conventions set in place by the
music of the Renaissance, it can be identified as a sort of subcategory of
the Renaissance period.15
12
Tim Carter, Music in Late Renaissance and Early Baroque Italy (London:
B. T. Batsford, 1992), 15.
13
Ibid., 18.
14
Ibid., 15.
15
Ibid., 18.
16
Luca Marenzio, The Complete Five Voice Madrigals: For Mixed Voices, ed.
John Steele, trans. Kathryn Bosi and Elisabeth Lee Giansiracusa (New York:
Gaudia Music and Arts, 1996), 5:172–185.
Musical Offerings ⦁ 2020 ⦁ Volume 11 ⦁ Number 2 63
to G major, C major to A major, D major to F minor, and G minor to B-
flat minor. This liberal use of chromaticism obscures the tonality of the
music, making it significantly more difficult for singers to read and for
listeners to follow. Beyond this opening, however, “Solo e pensoso”
remains rather diatonic.
One important detail about Luzzaschi’s style pertains to his use of texture
throughout the madrigal. It starts homophonically with chromatic
movement but is quickly interrupted with a quick polyphonic and
diatonic episode (Example 2). A short segment of chromatic homophony
resumes and flows into a more diatonic polyphony. At m. 12, the
chromatic homophony continues until the rising chromatic polyphony of
m. 20. The piece ends in a homophonic texture with much slower and
less extreme harmonic movement. As described, the contrast between
17
Marenzio, Complete Five Voice Madrigals, 5:172–173.
18
Einstein, Italian Madrigal, 698–703.
19
Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Complete Unaccompanied Madrigals, ed. Anthony
Newcomb (Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, 2003), 1:92–94.
64 Cina ⦁ Gesualdo
homophonic and polyphonic textures is very distinct, and much of the
daring chromaticism is reserved for homophonic sections. Thus,
exaggerated chromaticism and contrasts in texture are both very common
components of the Mannerist style.
20
Luzzaschi, Complete Unaccompanied Madrigals, 1:92.
21
Claudio Monteverdi, Madrigals: Books IV and V, ed. Gian Francesco
Malipiero, trans. Stanley Appelbaum (New York: Dover, 1986), vii.
22
Ibid., 3–8.
Musical Offerings ⦁ 2020 ⦁ Volume 11 ⦁ Number 2 65
part moves mostly by step during more sustained passages and
participates freely in imitation with the other four voices, rendering all
of the voices functionally equal. Therefore, “Ah, dolente partita!” is
more akin to the music of the late Renaissance and contains very few, if
any, distinctly Baroque characteristics.
23
Monteverdi, Madrigals, 107–110.
24
Ibid., 107.
25
Ibid., 187–195.
66 Cina ⦁ Gesualdo
until the whole ensemble finally enters at m. 36. These extended solo
passages foreshadow the rise of Baroque monody, or solo song with
accompaniment.
26
Carlo Gesualdo, Madrigali a cinque voci: Libro sesto, ed. Hans-Jörg
Rechtsteiner (Offenbach am Main: Hans-Jörg Rechtsteiner, 2014), 83–86.
https://imslp.org/wiki/Madrigals,_Libro _6_(Gesualdo,_Carlo).
27
Ibid., 83.
Musical Offerings ⦁ 2020 ⦁ Volume 11 ⦁ Number 2 67
transposes the opening a perfect fourth higher, beginning on F-sharp
major. The repetition of the first stanza proceeds in a similar manner as
the first iteration, and the second stanza begins in the second half of m.
34. After a short, homophonic passage that is rather diatonic, Gesualdo
finishes his madrigal in a slow, contrapuntal texture with relatively mild
chromaticism. Despite the more conservative nature of the second
stanza, there remain key features to address. Although the minor
chromaticism in the final polyphonic section of “Moro, lasso” does not
contain the bold harmonic shifts of the madrigal’s opening, the
counterpoint does create, at certain points, some sonorities that are rather
foreign to the harmonic language of both the Mannerist and Baroque
movements. For example, there are two instances of an E augmented
triad in mm. 37 and 41.
28
Gesualdo, Madrigali a cinque voci, 31–35.
29
Ibid., 31.
68 Cina ⦁ Gesualdo
diatonic contrapuntal sections, it is clear that Gesualdo is drawing from
Luzzaschi’s tendency to write similar contrasts in texture. Gesualdo also
occasionally mixes chromaticism into his slower polyphonic passages,
but this technique is also displayed in Luzzaschi’s madrigal, “Itene, mie
querele,” in mm. 20–23.
Bibliography
Carter, Tim. Music in Late Renaissance and Early Baroque Italy.
London: B. T. Batsford, 1992.
Deutsch, Catherine. “Antico or Moderno? Reception of Gesualdo’s
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Musicology 30, no. 1 (Winter 2013): 28–48. doi:10.1525/jm
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