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    BS 187 - 1978 Specification for Calcium Silicate (Sandlime & F

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    16 views17 pages

    BS 187 - 1978 Specification For Calcium Silicate (Sandlime & F

    Uploaded by

    Ip Kar Mun

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ns -“_~ a “STV Pai ou rein PRA Specification for _¢ Calcium silicate (sandlime ‘and flintlime) bricks Spécification des briques silico-calcaires Spezifikation fiir Kalksandsteine British Standards Institution ‘é sabes Seger wcer Mine = Gr6 130679 UWSTITIUT PUWAAN AN PENYELOIAN PEROUSTRUN MALAYSIA BS 187 : 1978 SSS eee British Standard Specification for Calcium silicate (sandlime and flintlime) bricks —-—e_err i 0, Introduction Since some of the manufacturing processes now offer ‘eater flexibility of form of bricks, provisions have been made in this standard to cover solid bricks and cellular bricks, as well as traditional bricks with frogs, than in the previous edition, has been laced upon designation of bricks as either facing bricks, loadbearing bricks or common bricks. The lowest strength cetegory, class 1, has been removed from this standard as bricks of strength below the requirements for lass 2 are ‘not now produced in significant quantities. ‘The introduction of a requirement for ‘predicted lower limit of compressive strength’, instead of the ‘coefficient of variation’ limit in the previous standard, is intended to give '@ more equitable basis of acceptance; it was possible on the Previous basis to have a consignment rejected even though the bricks were of adequate strength because of the form of istribution of strengths. The calculation involves no more Work than that of the coefficient of variation. The ‘minimum requirements in this respect are in effect of F stringency to those of the previous standard, with Consignments of normal strength distribution. The theoretical basis for this requirement is indicated briefly in appendix C, The drying shrinkage test (see appendix D) covers the range of conditions from the brick being saturated to oven dry. However, with high values of drying shrinkage, in brickwork under conditions of restrain, particularly when ‘the bricks are laid in the stronger mortars, there is a risk of shrinkage cracking of the brickwork. It is essential ‘therefore, to adopt suitable precautions such as the Provision of adequate movement joints and the use of ‘appropriate strength mortars (see appendix E) to minimize ‘the risk of shrinkage cracking. Recommendations in cespect ‘of movement joints can be found in CP 121: Part 1. it should be noted that for bricks used under permanently ‘moist conditions, e.g. below damp proof course at ground level, the drying shrinkage is not relevant. ‘The sub-classfication of bricks, in terms of the drying shrinkage requirement of the previous standard, has not been included in this revision since experience hes led to the conclusion that the difference in rik of shrinkage crack formation in buildings, between the two limits of 0.025 % and 0.036 % previous'y imposed, was not sufficiently clear 10 maintain the distinctions, ‘The limit of drying shrinkage has been raised slightly to not ‘more than 0.04 %; the committee considered this small relaxation to be justified bearing in mind the difficulties of lose reproducibility in testing and the greater emphasis ‘now placed in building design upon provisions, notably ‘movement joints, to accommodate drying shrinkage. Where ‘@ manufacturer is able to guarantee the supply of bricks with a lower drying shrinkage it may be possible to reduce the frequency of the movement joints The procedure for determining drying shrinkage has been ‘modified to reduce the time and the amount of work ‘aquired for the test. It is emphasized, however, that in order to maintain an acceptable level of reproducibility ‘among different testing laboratories the test procedures should be strictly followed. ‘The procedure for determining compressive strength has been revised to accord more closely with procedures in ‘ther brick standards and to take account of more recent studies on this subject. Most materials have different strengths when tested wet from those when tested dry; the wet strength is normally the lower. In practice, bricks are rarely completely dry and ‘their strengths may vary from values closely approaching ‘the wet strengths towards those of the dry strengths. The strength upon which calculations are based would, therefore, usually be the wet strength and for this reason ‘the wet strength is used in this standard. No requirement regarding water absorption is included in ‘this standard since the water absorption of calcium silicate bricks does not provide a satisfactory measure of durability. Furthermore, with regard to rain penetration, the relation- ship between absorption and permeability (the rate of flow cof water through the brick] is not a simple one and the Penetration of water through the brickwork is usually. ‘through mortar joints or mortar/brick interfaces 1. Scope. This British Standard specifies requirements for caleium silicate bricks of al classes. It does not cover lime based bricks made with calcined hale, slag or other materials made by a similar processor the colour and texture of bricks, which should be the subject of special egreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. 2, References ‘The titles of the standards publications referred to in this Standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3. Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions apply. 3.1. rick, A walling unit which does not excsed 237.5 mm, 1 lengt 12 ns in the bed faces of a brick 3.3 solid brick. A brick that is either entirely solid or that has holes passing through, the total area of which do not ‘exceed 3000 mm?. The holes are so placed that the ‘aggregate thickness of the solid material, when measured horizontally across the width or length of the brick, at right angles to the face, is nowhere less than 30 % of the overall width or length of the brick. The holes are so disposed that the aggregate thickness of solid material when measured horizontally across the width or length of the brick at right angles to the faces, is owhere less than 30°% of the overall width or length of the brick. 3.4 cavities. Holes which are closed at one end. 3.5 cellular brick. A brick in which cavities exceed 20% of the volume of the brick, 3.6 loadbeering brick. A brick which is suitable for brickwork bearing significant loads and conforming to defined limits for strength. ‘3.7 facing brick. Bricks which are specially made or selected to give an attractive appearance when used without rendering or plaster or other surface treatment of the wall 3.8 common brick. A brick which is suitable for general building work but which has no special claim to give an attractive appearance. 3.9 special brick shapes. Bricks that are shaped other than 285 a normal rectangular prism, NOTE. etal of standard special bricks are given in BS 4729, 3.10 coordinating sizes The size of a coordinating dimension. 3.11 work size, A size of a building component specified for its mahufecture, to which its actual size should conform within specified permissible deviations. 3.12 manufacturing size, The size within the speci Permissible deviations of the work size, 3.13 limits of size. The extreme permissible manufacturing sizes between which the actual size should lie 3.14 mean strength, The arithmetic mean of the strengths of a stated number of specimens, » NOTE. See alto appendix . 3.15 standard deviation. A measure of the variation of the strength of s sample NOTE. For the determination of standard deviation see appendix C 8.16 predicted lower limit. The value below which the ‘mean strength ofa further sample, takei from the same Consignment of bricks asthe test Sample is likely to fal with @ probability of approximately 1 in 40, NOTE. For the determination of preicted owe iit se sppendix 4. Materials The bricks shall consist essentially of an intimate and tuniform mixture of sand consisting predominantly of ‘quartz or uncrushed siliceous gravel or crushed siliceous gravel or rock or a combination of such m lesser proportion of lime, mechanically and combined by the action of steam under ‘only a natural sand is used with the lime the bricks may alternatively be described as ‘sandlime bricks and where « substantial proportion of crushed flint is included in the "The colour of calcium silicate brick ies 9 Composition they may alternatively be described as ‘flintlime’ bricks. Suitable pigments may be included in the Composition for producing bricks of required colours. 5. Form Bricks shall be solid, or collular. Solid bricks may have frogs in one bed face or be of a simple rectangular prism form without frogs, Perforations or cavities shall be perpen- dicular to the bed face. 6. Sizes ‘The sizes of bricks measured in accordance with appendix B shall be as given in table 1 Table 1. Sizes Length | wats Height Coordinating size 225 125 | 76 Work size 2s | 1025 «| 6s Maximum limit of | 217 105 o7 manufacturing size Minimum limit of | 212 101 63 manufacturing size {1 bricks of non standerd dimensions or design are required, ‘the limits of size and the design shall be agreed between the Purchaser and the supplier. Such bricks shall then be ‘deemed to comply with this standard provided thet they ‘comply with all the other requirements, Hf when messured in accordance with appendix B: (2) more than one of the 10 bricks fails to comply with ‘any dimension in this clause: or (0) any ono of the 10 bricks has any one dimension exceeding the maximum limit of manufacturing size by ‘more than 2mm, of less than the minimum limit of ‘manufacturing size by more than 2mm; then the bricks represented by the sample shall be deemed ot to comply with the requirements of this standard. 7. Information to be specified by the purchaser The Purchaser shall specify in his enquiry and order that the bricks are required tobe of one of the folowing designetions: loadbearing bricks, facing bricks, {common bricks. Fog.purchater may also specify if so required, thatthe bricks shall be of one of the compressive strength classes aiven in table 2 or the manufacturer and the purchaser may aaree that strengths intermediate between these classes may. be specified. If no strength class is specified then the lowest Strength class for that designation shall be implied. 8. Appearance Loadbearing bricks and facing bricks shall be fre from ‘sible cracks and noticeable ball of cay, loam and lime. Facing bricks shall be of the colour® and ‘texture agreed between the manufacturer and the ‘Purchaser and shall be reasonably free from damaged arises darker wihen wet than when dry. o* >9 BS 187 : 1978 Table 2. Compressive strength classes and requirements Designation ‘Glow | Mean comprenive Predicted lower limit > ‘strongth of 1Obricks | of compressive strength ‘not less than | ‘not lea than | Nien? Nim? Loadbearing brick | 7 485 40.5 6 jas or 5 | 345 Facing brick 4 | 275 3° | 205 Facing brick or common brick 2 40 10.0 [NOTE 1. The compresive strength of the brick normally taken forthe purpose of ‘esign is one of the mean eompresive strengths given in table 2 and not one of te Dredieted lower Hit. NOTE 2. The calculation ofthe predicted lower limit involves the standard deviation ‘of the sample and hence inclusion of thi limit in the requirements ves saree walehe {2 the uniformity of production. its practical implication is that if further somple ot 10 bricks were 1 be taken from the same consignment, ts meen strength would be unlikely tobe below the predicted lower limit. The probability of such an govurronce ‘would be approximately 1 in 40 NOTE 3. Ifthe predicted lowe limit from regular contol tes is consistently above ‘the mean strength for the specified strength cats given in table 2, the control of ‘Production may be fey claimed to be inthe special catepory of manufocturing {ontral. The mean strength for the specified strength class given in table 2 then ‘becomes the ‘sceptance limit’ (see Cate). 9. Classification and compressive strength Any consignment of bricks, when sampled in accordance with clause 14 and appendix A and tested in accordance with appendix B, shall conform to the appropriate Compressive strength requirements in table 2 for the Specified designation and strength class, in respect both of. ‘mean strength and of predicted lower limited of strength calculated as described in appendix C. Where only the designation of brick is specified, ie. loadbearing, facing or common brick, then the mean compressive strength and the predicted lower limit shall not be'less than the values for the lowest strength class for that designation shown in table 2, 10. Drying shrinkage ‘Any consignment of bricks, other than common bricks of strength class 2 (see table 2) when sampled in accordance With clause 14 and appendix A and tested in accordance With appendix D shall have a drying shrinkage of not more ‘than 0.040% except by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. NOTE. Drying shrinkage of bricks used under permanently damp * k= ae 7 303 46 2116 2 35 14 196 3 38 13 169 4 39 aD ae 4100 5 430 a1 65.61 6 33.1 18 3.24 7 303 44 19.38 8 38.4 05 0.25 9 308 41 16.81 10 360 14 421 Total, Ex = 48.9 Total, D(x — x)? = 132.29 total ‘Mean, 10. 34.97 eee an ees aa Standard deviation o = Totals = 3.83 . Predicted lower limit = mean — standard deviation =R-0 349-381 1.1 N/mm? “if sles than x, the diferonce ® — x is taken here ‘Rounded to the nearest 0.1 Nim? Table 6, Procedure using formula 2 “Specimen ‘Compreive umber strength, Nimo! 1 30.3 2 335 3 | 336 4 33.9 5 | 430 6 33.1 7 39.3 8 35.4 8 308 10 36.0 Stage | catctation Notation w ‘Sum the individual strengths x 3489 @ | Divide this sum (1) by the | Ex 349° number of specimens a 10 give the mean strength, (3) ‘Sum the squared values of 2? | 12305.41 / each strengtn | (4) Divide the square of sum (1) (Sx)? 12173.12 by the number of specimens ae (6) ‘Subtract (4) from (3) Ex? — ((Ex)?/n] es (6) Divide (5) by one less than Bx? = UEx)7/n) ay the number of specimens = a Take root of (6) to give [28 =x in} 383 the standard deviation, 0 ea @) Subtract (7) from (2) to give the predicted lewer limit 3na° “Rounded to the nearest 1 Nien .4 Suggested levels of manufacturing control. Where ‘manufacturers carry out regular routine testing one or other Of the following categories of control may be recognized. (a) Normal category. When the supplier is able to meet the requirements for compressive strength in the appro: priate British Standard but does not meet the requirements for the special category given below. (b) Special category. Where the manufacturer: (1) agrees to supply consignments of structural units ‘to a specified strength limit, referred to as the “acceptance limit’ for compressive strength, such that the average compressive strength of a sample of structural units, taken from any consignment and tested in accordance with the appropriate British Standard specification, has a probability of not more ‘than 2.5 % of being below the acceptance limit; and (2) operates a quality control scheme, the results of which can be made available to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the purchaser that the acceptance limit, is consistently being met in practice and where the probability of failing to meet the limit is never greater ‘that that stated above, Appendix D Method for the determination of drying shrinkage D.1 Test specimens. For the determination of drying shrinkage take four whole bricks at random from the bricks sampled, unless four of the bricks sampled were specifically s0t aside for this test, in accordance with clause 14 and appendix A. D.2 Apparatus D.2.1. Measuring apparatus. Use a measuring apparatus which incorporates a micrometer gauge or a suitable dial ‘gauge which reads accurately to 0.001 mm. ‘The gauge should be rigidly mounted in a measuring frame ‘and have a conical recessed end with a 90° internal angle ‘and a face dismeter of 5.5 mm to 6.5 mm which can be located upon a 6.3 mm to 6.5 mm diameter stainless stee! ball cemented in the specimen (as described in D.3). The lower end of the frame should have a similar recessed seat- ing which can be locsted upon the other ball in the specimen, Use a steel reference rod as a standard length against which gauge readings can be tested. The rod should have a negligible coefficient of expansion and should be of 8 suitable length with hemispherical ends 6.3.mm to 6.5 mm in diameter or with 6.3 mm to 6.5 mm diameter stainless steel balls mounted in the ends. The brick should bbe rotated at the seating and the minimum reading taken. This enables corrections to be made for any changes in the dimensions of the apparatus between successive measure: ‘ments of a test specimen of different lengths. A convenient form of apparatus is shown in figure 1. D.2.2 Oven, Use either a conditioning oven as described jn D.2.2.1 or an oven in a controlled humidity room as described in D.2.2.2. Adjust and check as described inD223. D.2.2.1 Conditioning oven. Use a conditigning oven complying with the following requirements. (a) An internal volume of not less than 0.05m* or 6 ‘times the total volume of the bricks to be dried at one ‘time whichever is the greater. {b) A fan to keep the air circulating effectively during ‘the drying of the specimens. {c) A partial immersion thermometer should be so fitted that its bulb, and the part of the stem below the immersion lineare inside the oven, and the bulb is not less that 75 mm from the internal surface of the oven The thermometer stem should pas through a suitable 9 ‘bung in the wall or the top of the oven so thatthe temperature inside can be read from the outside. (4) An operating temperature range of 50°C to 65°C. “The fluctuation of air temperature inside the oven at a setting ofthe thermostat in this range shall not be eater than 1°C a8 specified in clause 5 of BS 3718: 1964. The relative humidity ofthe ar inside the oven is controlled as described in D.2.2.3 when the oven is fempty and operating ata temperature of not less than 55°C. (e) Reasonable irtighiness. When a laboratory oven is 10 be used and it isnot airtight this requirement may be met by adopting the following procedures (1) correct any lack of artightness in the oven lining: (2) seal the fan shaft access by a thin flexible sheet > of impermeable material (es. polyethylene) sealed 10 the shaft and lightly pressed against the oven lining around the access hole (eg. by cellular plastic fixed to the shaft); (3) s2a1 any gap around, or holes in, the thermostat housing (e.. with plastcine); (4) seal any ventilation holes completely; (5) provide an efficient door sel When the laboratory oven is sealed and airtight, a relief valve is required which will operate at quite low pressures, e.9. 100Pa to 150Pa, and enable the required rate of flow of air to be maintained through the auxiliary equipment (see .2.2.1) by allowing the air to escape through a bubbler at pressure of 160 Pa. The position of the outlet to the reliof valve is chosen so as to be at a convenient point remote from the circulating fan. D.2.2.1.1 Auxiliary equipment. The following auxiliary ‘equipment is required for providing saturated air for the | (a) An air pump capable of delivering 35 litres of air per minute per eubic metre of oven capacity, i. appro mately two ar changes per hour. (©) A flow meter for connection to the ar pump to check the rate of flow of air. (6) Equipment containing distilled or deionized water to produce saturated air ata fixed temperature. It should consist of @ non-corrodible airtight container with the following features. (1) A means for controling the average temperature of the water at 27 = 1°C with e fluctuation in ‘temperature of not more than 1°C es specified in clause 6 of BS 3718: 1964, (2) nai inlet pipe coiled below the surface of the water and terminating a an sr diffuser near the bottom of the container. (3). An outlet tube with its inlet end well above the surface ofthe water and the opening sereened from spray, The tube passes into the oven through a sealed =! opening (e.g. the top ventilator and terminates inside the oven so thatthe saturated aris directed towards the init ofthe circulating fan. = BS 187 : 1978 Leer iit stem ot ins 001MM da! gauge sabe which might otherwise be subject to thermal = ipanston it ited Sy hen NOTE. Lever is = /onitied Shem Section tor clarity n Grub Siew ‘eile souse C Hole in B $300 to bn ees SA] dia sree be en mounted in Both Min.iSme] | |Stem to Ends SF sper Sh, Travel| | [gouge I+} }erick Rubber sleeved! apeenan Sprghis to sro thermal + Sxponsion ‘hen Randied A Section at centre Front elevation Oetail at 8 fir conica) Saati Bicdie ailat a Plan Fir. Type mesrng spar fo ring sikage | (4) A thermometer with sufficient length of stem for 0.2.2.1.2 Control of relative humidity. When the oven i the bulb tobe inthe water and withthe sala {rnpty and operating ao tempertars of no eta randabeoutide the equipment 557, the relative humility ofthe air nside te over should be capable of being controlled as gen In B2.2.8 (5) A bpe for repienising the water nthe ieee Sausbment. The lower end should be below the ‘it the requirments and unin seesrtanes sah ese ‘Surface of the water and the upper end should be dations given in appenciix L of BS 3718: 1964 or BS 3898. with the onneted toa funnel. It necessary apie section sitar conchee by ena may const of lat tubing so thatthe level of tho Almboratary res neon eG ora see be ed water in the container can be determined, 2f BS 3888 may also be used. (6) Lagging of the container, at least above the water and above the outlet pipe connecting the equipment to the oven, to prevent condensation, (a) A bys ‘Bass tube, with a two-way cock, such that the ipment (given in (c)) can be by-passed id without reducing the flow of air to NOTE. It is posible to construct thie auxiliary equipment from {fandard chemical laboratory equipment but specielly derigned ‘avinment may prove to be more efficint and sotust 0.2.2.2 Controlled humidity room oven. Use an oven in 2 room of high humidity complying with the following ‘requirements, (2) The volume, air circulation and temperature ‘measuring arrangements of the oven should be as described in (a) to (d) of D.2.2.1. (0) The oven should be fitted with vents to allow ovement of air in and out of the oven, (c} The room, when closed, should be filled with moist air ava relative humidity of not less than 95 % and temperature controlled at 20+ 2 °C. When access doo! to the room are opened the volume of ‘access arrangements should be such that the air humicity and temperature within 1.5m of the oven do not depart from the requirements, 1.2.2.3 Adjustment and checking. If using 2 conditioning coven, adjust the thermostat controlling the temperature of the water in the auxiliary equipment for sensitivity so that the water temperature will not fluctuate by more than 1°C, as specified in clause § of BS 3718: 1964, and adjust the setting so that the average water temperature is 2721°C. (Operate the auxiliary equipment so that saturated air at 2 temperature of 27 2 1°C is pumped into the oven. Set the ‘oven control at 3 temperature between 85°C and 60°C and allow the conditions to stabilize with the oven empty. If the auxiliary equipment is supplying saturated air in sufficient quantity to make up for any losses of moisture to the atmosphere outside the oven, the average oven temperature, corresponding to an average water temperature of 27°C, should be about 60 °C. If the average coven temperature required to provide the required test conditions inside the oven is less than 55 °C, the oven and auxiliary equipment should be re-examined to check adequate airtightness, air speed and air saturation. If using a controlled humidity room oven, check the ‘temperature and relative humidity in the conditioned room and set the oven to control at a temperature between 50 °C and 55 °C. Ensure that the vents are open. Check either type of oven by sprinkling very small ‘quantities of calcium chloride and potassium acetate, in the form of a dry fine powder, over separate clean warm watch lasses and immediately place them in the oven at positions ‘approximating to those to be occupied by the test specimens. The oven conditions are appropriate for drying the specimens if, after atleast 16h, the calcium chloride is found to have picked up moisture but the potassium ‘acetate has remained dry. Test the oven periodically by this method to check that it is functioning properly. In the early stages of determining the required average oven ‘temperature the sats may be left for 2h or 3h and then ‘examined. If both are wet raise the oven temperature. If both are dry lower the over temperature. Ifa salt is found to be wet discard it. Clean, dry and warm the watch glass and use a new sprinkling ofthe salt. When the required oven ‘temperature is approached leave the oven undisturbed for at least 6h, and preferably overnight, before examining the salts. 1.2.3 Cooling cabinet. The cooling cabinet shall be capable of being effectively sealed. It may be either of metal or class but metal is preferred owing to its superior properties of heat dissipation, Interna air circulation in the cabinet is desirable but attention is drawn to the necessity for ensuring that no heat troduced into the system. Thus, if a motor-driven fan is employed, it should be capable of operating effectively at low speed: the motor being placed outside thecabinet anit driving the fan by means of a long sheft passing through a stuffing box which offers the minimum frictional resistance. . “4 If the cabinet is metal it should be provided with a partial immersion thermometer so fitted that its bulb and the part of the stem below the immersion line is located inside the cabinet, and its stem passes through a suitable ‘bung in the wall oF lid of the cabinet so that the ‘temperature registered can be read from the outside. If the cabinet is glass it shall be provided with a thermo- meter placed wholly inside it. The thermometer should be placed so that its bulb is between the specimens ot, alternatively, a screened bulb should be used to avoid ) errors due to radiation effects D.3 Preparation of specimens. Use whole bricks for test specimens where the work size length does not exceed 215mm. Bricks of work size length greater than 215mm ‘may be cut by any appropriate means to provide specimens of alength not exceeding 215 mm for the drying shrinkage meaturement. Into the centre of each end of each specimen drill or cut a depression not more than 3 mm in depth. Cement into each depression, with neat rapid-hardening Portland cement CF high alumine cement or other suitable agent, such as synthetic resin, a 6.3mm or 6.5 mm diameter stainless steel ball 50 that it isin close contact with the base of the hole and that about half of the ball is exposed to provide a hhomispherical bearing. After fixing, wipe the exposed hemisphere of the ball clean and dry and coat it with lubricating grease to prevent corrasion. 6 When Portland or other hydraulic coments are used, store the specimens in moist air for at least one day. When synthetic resins are used, the surface of the sample should be dry and should be kept dry during hardening unless ‘otherwise recommended by the resin manufacturer. When the cement has hardened, clearly mark the four specimens {a A,B, C and D respectively. Completely immerse them in water at room temperature for a minimum of 4 days and a maximum of 7 days and maintain the water at a tempera- ture of 20+ 1°C for the final 4h. Measure each specimen to determine the distance over the steal balls to the nearest 1 mm and take this distance, minus 13mm, as the length, D.A Method of test D.A.1| Wet measurement of specimens. Immediately ater removal of the specimens from the water wipe the grease ‘rom the steel balls and measure the length of each specimen to an accuracy of 0.001 mm by the apparatus described in D.2.1, Place the specimen between the recessed ) seating ofthe frame and the recessed end of the gauge. Rotate the specimen in the frame and observe the minimum reading. Then reverse the specimen end to end and measure in the same way. Record the average of the two readings and take this asthe original wet measurement. Before and after each set of specimens is measured check the length of the measuring apparatus agsint the reference rod. Ifthe readings differ by more than 0.002 mm repeat ‘the measurement of the specimens and the checking with the rod. Record the average of the two readings taken with the referenge rod. NOTE. The messurement required is not the absolute length of the seecimen but the difference in length between the specimen and the feference rod which are of approximately the sme lenath. .8.2 Drying, cooling and measuring of specimens. Dry the specimens in the oven which should be controlled ap, described in D.2.2 and ensure that al surfaces of the specimens have free access to air. Do not place further wet ‘specimens in an oven containing partly dried specimens. For the first 24h after placing the wet specimers in the coven, by-pass the apparatus for saturating’ the ar in the coven, (described in 0.2.2.1.1(c)) using the by-pass cock {see D.2.2.1.1(d)) to allow quicker removal of water from the specimens. At the end of the 24 h close the by-pass to maintain the required humidity. Remove the specimens from the oven atthe times specitied below and coal them inthe cooing cabinet dereribea ino2a, ‘The room in which messuroments ae tobe made should preferably be controlled at a temperature of 20 + 2°C; ‘therwise, make the measurements in a oom re rors draughts and rapid temperature changes. Place a ther- mometer near the measuring apparatus and leave the. ‘operat in postion for an adequstepaiod poy to use so "hat ais the tonpeatre of he surouncingat The cabinet should preferably be plz in the same 5 Take readings from the cabinet thermometer from time to time and leave the spaciment unt the tempera dose got chan by mare than 05 C ovr prio at halo hour and until the temperature is within 3°C of the temperature ofthe air at the place where the length ofthe soecimen is tobemeaureds NOTE. At ont 4 wl norms be eed to atin «constant {ireernare a guen sve Record the cabinet temperature at ‘the time each individual specimen is moved from the cabinet and ropa as te temperature ofthe specimen a the tite of mersurement this tomperature is other than 20°C reduce the mesa’ tment by 0.001% ofthe length foreach dee Cason above 20°C and vice versa. Measure the length of each specimen as soon as possible after its removal from the cabinet and, in any event, within 18min by the method described for determining the. original wet measurement, including checking with the reference rod. Make a correction of the measurement of the length of the specimen for any apparent change in the length of the reference rod between measurements Take readings at 13 days and at 15 days from the day that ‘the specimens are taken out of water and calculate the ‘average of the readings on these 2 days as the dry length of the specimens. Table 7. Mortar mixes = BS 187: 1978 DS Calulation of rests. Clcuat the drying svinkage for each specimen as the difference between the. original wet maoturetlot and the ry meatureiank seats Percentage of the length measurement. Should the value for drying shrinkage or wetting expansion, obtained with any one ofthe three specimens, A, Bor lifer trom the average of the value forthe same three specimens by more than 25 X, discard the excessively differing value of the individual specimen and substitute ‘the yalue obtained with specimen D. Should one of th specimens A, B or C be so damaged thet no value can be obtained, substitute the value obtained for D. Then ‘eealeulte average values Yor drying shrinkage and for expansion. Report the average value of the drying Shrinkage and the wetting expansion to the nearest 0.008 %, IF the value of Dis aso found to differ from the average of ‘the value for the second set of three specimens by more than 25 % of this average, the result ofthe test shall be Fegarded as invalid A re-test, either on specimens from the same four bricks or from a new sample of four bricks from the same consignmenment, may be carried aut by apres. ment between the supplier and the purchaser, Appendix E Recommendations on the use of calcium silicate bricks The selection of the appropriate.class of bricks and class of ‘mortar for a particular use depends on a number of factors. s2¢ tables 7 and 8 for appropriate classes of mortar and table 7 for minimum strength class of bricks. For guidance fon other aspects reference should be made to BS 5628: Part 1 and CP 121: Part 1. Precautions should be taken prior to laying to keep bricks clean and dry. Increasing Inrenngaoliy saa] resem Seong tarcommearts | eersan | EtsStee une we sae 9 ee ie ‘ Toeatiomont, Sprite | Meerryoment: | coma nh eee tid as = = ti 1:0 to %:3 - |- (ii) ‘kdtode | 1:2Kt03% | 13104 tip uke tee im taews | tenesex’ | wSe8 | Ww) 4:3:10 to 12 1:6%to7 | us Direction of change in properties is ‘attack during construction ee feecrsrertin it galosoieaa eae NOTE 1. The proportions given are for lime putty, which isa mixture of dry hydrated lime and water allowed 6 atu ‘ard. Where a range of sand contents is given leg. 60 6, er values apply ta sand that well ower values to coare or uniformly fine sand to obtain workebliy {1 hydrated lime is batched when dry, the volume maybe increased ‘By up to 50 %, if necessary, to obtain adequate workability. Because of the bulking of damp sand, especially if fine, the sated volume ‘2y be increased in proportion to the bulking but ths adjuster not often made in practice, therefore the sitemade mixes wil be {omewhat richer than is indicated. The error with cements lie {and mixes cue to bulking is recucad ifthe mortar is prepared Irom lime : sand coors stuff and cement in appropriate proportions ‘because each part by volume of coarse stuff contains approximately ‘one part by volume of dry snd, NOTE 2. In the cate of coment: lime: sand mortars, the term ‘ime’ refers to non-hydraulie oF semi hydraule lime, NOTE 2. The masonry cement mortars, plasticized mortars and hydreulic lime mortars that are included in 2 given designation are of approximately equivalent strength to the corresponding emma limo: sand type. These types should, however, only be uved in ‘aleulated brickwork (sea BS 5628 : Part 1) i information ‘vaileble on the strenath ofthe given type and materiale, Other Properties are broadly similar within a given designation but some "Ary with the type as shown by the arows below the tabla at: 88118771978 Table 8. Minimum quality of calcium siligate bricks and mortars for durability @ == | —— os Foc ie [ener eee wat frost during during eS ioorietal ah GUNTER rte External walls including the above dampproof course (dpe) 2 (iv) ii ae | eee aes on dint nae ner ba i iii deectcoa ls = below ground (see note 4) (see note 4) € (see note 3) ra aaa caer oD al Tait a Scr ate ii ‘note 5) (see note 3) (see note 3) NOTE 1. The classification of bricks is given in table 2, [NOTE 2. The designation of mortar it that given in table 7. The ‘mortar designations shown in this table are those considered most ‘sppropriate in relation to durability. Loading requirements ee {8S 8628 : Part 1) or other special fectors may necessitate the use ‘of a type with higher strength. NOTE 3, Where sulphates are present in the ground water, the use of sulphate-esisting cement for the morter may be necessary, 12 NOTE 4. An effective and continuous dpe should be provided at the 0p of the wal, 2 well as just above ground level, NOTE 8. Walls should be boekfilled with fee-daining materials as ‘recommended in the Civil Engineering Code of Practice mo.2

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