ACP Intro 2020R1 EN LE08 Appendix 01.1 Mechanics of Composites

Introduction to ANSYS Composite PrepPost
Appendix 1.1: Mechanics of

Composites - Introduction
Release 2020 R1
©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

1.1 Composite Introduction
Agenda
• General Introduction of Composites
• Classification of Composites
• Matrix and Fiber Materials
• Reinforcement Forms
• Manufacturing Methods
• Draping
• Ply Drop Offs
Use the hyperlinks to navigate

to the specific sections!
2 2 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Agenda
• Numerical Approaches
• Single Plies
• Rules of Mixture
• Anisotropic, Orthotropic & Transversally Isotropic Materials
• From Three Dimensional Stress State to Plane Stress
• Measuring Ply Properties
• Failure Indicators
Use the hyperlinks to navigate

to the specific sections!

General Introduction of
Composites
Click to return to overview

• Composites materials are materials composed of two or more constituent materials
and are typically made of multiple layers.
• They typically are light weight and high in strength but also other very specific
properties can be engineered into them (e.g. good fatigue behavior…)

Application Areas
• Aerospace
• Wind Energy
• Sports & Recreation
• Motorsport
• Construction
• Automotive
• Marine
• Defense
• … and more

Terms:
Fibers- Bonded or embedded reinforcing
Matrix- A homogeneous base material
fibers that are usually responsible for the
that forms the bulk of a composite
anisotropy of the composite.
material layer.
T
Lamina- A composite material in sheet form usually Laminate- A stack of lamina joined together
referred to as a layer or ply. The material properties in arbitrary directions, referred to as a
of a layer is usually determined through an equivalent composite lay-up or stacking-sequence.
homogenization (smearing) process.


Typical Positive Features of Composite Designs (1/2)

• Oriented stiffness and strength properties
• Material properties adjustable by engineers (material design)
• Parameters to modify e.g. type of fibers and matrix, fiber volume fraction,
fiber orientation, stacking sequence, layer thickness, fabrication method
• Significant reduced weight compared to metals
• High stiffness and strength properties with respect to weight
• High fatigue resistance (e.g. for Carbon Fiber)

Typical Positive Features of Composite Designs (2/2)

• Specific material characteristics possible (e.g. thermal stability due to
negative coefficient of thermal expansion of carbon fibers)
• Reduced corrosion tendency
• Low moisture absorption
• Damping of vibrations
• Electrical conductivity or non-conductivity
(depending on the materials used)

Typical Negative Features of Composite Designs (1/2)

• Low stiffness and strength perpendicular to fiber direction
• Anisotropic thermal strain behavior
• Low interlaminar shear stiffness and strength
• Long time durability (especially concerning environmental influence, e.g.
heat, moisture, chemical, UV, aging …)
• Heat resistance (e.g. fire resistance of matrix material)
• Undesirable brittle failure behavior (safety concepts)

Negative Features of Composite Designs

• Open questions concerning recycling
• Difficulties in damage detection (x-rays, ultra sonic, thermo graphic, non-
destructive methods)
• Open questions concerning reparability
• Relatively high material costs
• Problems with conventional joints (bolts, rivet, adhesive)
• Sensitive with respect to the fabrication process (flaws, bubbles, dust)

Classification of
Composites

Classification of Composites Based on Reinforcement

Composite Materials can be classified by the type of reinforcements used for the
matrix material.
A. Particle Reinforced Composites

B. Fiber Reinforced Composites
• Short Fiber Reinforced (<2mm)
• Long Fiber Reinforced (2-30mm)
• Endless Fiber (>30mm)

A. Particle Reinforced Composites

• Particle reinforced composites consist of particles of one material dispersed
in a matrix of a second material. Particles may have any shape or size, but
are generally spherical,
ellipsoidal, polyhedral,
or irregular in shape.
Ceramic - Aluminum


• Fiber reinforced composites (FRC) are composites where one material
component (fiber) is used as a reinforcing material for the matrix.
Carbon Fiber - Epoxy Glass Fiber - Epoxy


Short Fiber Reinforced Long Fiber Reinforced Endless Fiber Reinforced

Random and oriented

short/long fiber reinforced
composites
Random and oriented

long/endless fiber reinforced
composites

Matrix and Fiber Materials

Materials
• Fiber Materials
• Matrix Materials
• Glass
• Thermosets
• Carbon
• Thermoplastics
• Aramid (Kevlar)
• Metals
• Boron
• Ceramics
• Ceramics
• Hemp/Flax

Gel Coats
Gel coats are specialized resins formulated to provide a cosmetic outer surface on
a composite product.
They provide the high quality finish for composite products and increase the
durability and resistance of the outer surface.

Core Materials
• Foam
• Polyurethane PU
• Polyvinylchloride PVC
Foam
• Polystyrene PS
• Honeycombs
• Aluminum
• Aramidpaper (Nomex)
• Glass / Penol
Nomex
• Wood
Honeycomb
• Balsa
• Prestressed wooden cores Balsa

Reinforcement Forms

Reinforcement Forms
Unidirectiona Woven Mat

l
Knits Stitched Braiding

Manufacturing Methods

There are two general methods of manufacturing composites. Open molding
describes processes with materials being exposed to the atmosphere during the
manufacturing process while closed molding processes use two-sided mold sets
or vacuum bags.
• Open Molding
• Closed Molding

• Often Open Molding Process is applied in context with
• Hand Lay-Up
• Spray-up
• Filament Winding

• Typical Closed Molding Processes
• Vacuum Bag Molding
• Vacuum Infusion Processing
• Compression molding
• Pultrusion
• Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
• Centrifugal Casting
• Continuous Lamination

Hand Layup Prepreg Winding / Braiding RTM
Geometry Complex Complex Near to rotational Complex
Holes/Inserts Possible Possible Difficult Possible
Stiffeners Possible Possible Difficult Possible
Back Tapering Possible Possible Not possible Difficult
Surface Moderate – Good1 Good1 Moderate1 Good2
Fiber Architecture Any Any Limited Any
Typ. Fiber Volume Content 40% 65% 50% 50%
Typical Mechanical
Middle High Middle Middle
Properties
Typical Quality Moderate Very good Middle Good
Reproducibility Moderate Very good Good Good
Tooling Costs Moderate Moderate Moderate Very High
1 only one side

According to Ermanni, ETH Zürich
2 both sides
From Fibers to Finished Composite Components
Source: SGL Group

The Carbon Company

Draping

Draping
• The ability to drape describes the formability of textile preforms and how
they adapt themselves to the contour of 3D surfaces
• Draping is simulated to avoid wrinkles or other undesired effects and to
consider changes of the fiber orientation

Draping of a Ply
Inside a Ply In a Laminate
“Trellis”-Effect:
change of angle between fiber
directions due to shearing
Fiber Stretching:
curvature of woven fibers
changes due to tensile loading
Fiber Straining:
due to elasticity of fibers
Fiber Translation: Translation:

due to slipping, especially at translation of plies with respect
edges and corners to each other
According to Ermanni, ETH Zürich

Draping
• High ability to drape and low
deformation resistance allow
high
2D-
Knitted Fabrics
draping of complex
Ability to Drape
Mats
geometries
2D-Wovens
3D-Wovens UD-Clutch
low
high low
Deformation Resistance
Plank, Wiesbaden 1992

Ply Drop-offs

Ply Drop-offs
• Achieve gradual thickness changes and tapering in composite laminates
• Introduces resin pockets, which may lead to delamination failure
terminated plies
resin pocket

Numerical Approaches

5.000.000 : 1
Scale relation geometry to
fiber diameter
Rotor Diameter 82m

Hub Height up to 100m
(Figure Coutesy by Senvion )

• Micro-Scale Approach
(Fiber Level)
• Meso-Scale Approach
(Ply Level)
• Macro-Scale Approach
(Laminate Level)
• The most detailed approach describes the micro-structure of the composite.
This includes fiber shape, fiber location and material properties of
reinforcement and matrix.
• If only displacements, buckling loads, or vibration frequencies and modes are
required, the laminate can be analyzed as a homogeneous shell using a
macro-scale approach.

• Analyzing strains, stresses and failure criteria of the composite laminate
requires to model the single layers a composite design is built up by. This
method is called meso-scale approach. It requires material properties and
thicknesses for each layer of the design.
• ANSYS Composite PrepPost is mainly used to prepare and evaluate
composite specific results of a design using the meso-scale approach.

Single Plies

Single Plies
• The Ply Coordinate System
• 1-Direction: Parallel to fiber direction
(also II-direction, L-direction or x-direction)
• 2-Direction: Perpendicular to fiber direction
(also ⊥ direction, T-direction or y-direction)
• 3-Direction: Normal to ply
(also “out of plane” or z-direction)

Unidirectional Plies
• Fiber Volume Fraction

Fiber Volume V F A
 = = = F Fibers Matrix
F Total Volume V tot A +A
F M
• Fiber Weight Fraction

 =
Fiber Weight G F
= =
A F F
F Total Weight G tot A  +A 
F F M M
• Matrix Weight Fraction

 =
Matrix Weight G M
= =
A  M M
M Total Weight Gtot A  +A 
F F M M
• Conversion

1
=
F
1+
 
F  1

− 1
 M  M 


Unidirectional Plies
• Fiber volume fraction, fiber mass and the ply thickness are dependent values
Wovens and Fabrics:

• Fiber volume fraction for  kg 
 = M F
M F  2 
specific ply thickness  t F
F t arg et m 
• Ply thickness for a specific
fiber volume fraction t t arg et = M F
 F F

Rules of Mixture

Rules of Mixture
• Rules of mixture are used to estimate material properties (Young's modulus in
the 1 and 2 direction) of a composite based on the fiber and matrix material
properties
• Multiple different rules of mixture exist in literature, all of them are an
estimation
• Using the rules of mixture we simplify the mechanics of the composites layers

Rules of Mixture, Jones

EM  E F 2
E1 =   EF 1 + (1 −  )  EM E2 =
  EM + (1 −  )  EF 2
GM  GF 12
G12 =
  GM + (1 −  )  GF 12
 12 =   F12 + (1 −  )  M
E2
 21 =  12
E1

Rules of Mixture, Puck

• Empirical modification with respect to experimental values using a nonlinear
approach according to Puck
EM  (1 + 0.85 2 )
*
EM
E1 =   EF 1 + (1 −  )  EM =
*
E2 = EM
EM
*
1 − M2
 + (1 −  )1.25
EF 2
GM (1 + 0.6  0.5)  12 =   F12 + (1 −  )  M

G12 =
GM
 + (1 −  )1.25 E2
GF 12  21 =  12
E1

Rules of Mixture, Halpin-Tsai Equations
• The Halpin-Tsai equations are a set of semi-empirical relationships that enable the
property of a composite material to be expressed in terms of the properties of the
matrix and reinforcing phases together with their proportions and geometry.
• Halpin and Tsai showed that the property of a composite Pc could be expressed in
terms of reinforcement volume fraction f and the corresponding properties of matrix
Pm and reinforcing phase Pf using the following relationships:
1 + f  is the contiguity factor defined empirically by curve fitting
Pc = PM
1 − f and it is used to describe the influence of geometry of the
PF reinforcing phase on a particular property. This factor is
−1 different for different properties in the same composite. The
P
= M table in the next slide summarizes this factor for many typical
PF
+ geometries.
PM
D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, 1996, An Introduction to composite
Materials, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rules of Mixture, Halpin-Tsai Equations

E1 E2 V12 G12
D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, 1996, An Introduction to composite Materials, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
In all composite systems the equations are not valid above f=0.9 since these volume
fractions of fibers are impossible geometrically.

Anisotropic, Orthotropic &
Transversally Isotropic
Materials

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials

• Heterogeneous materials have varying properties at different locations within
the material
• In contrast, properties for homogeneous materials (e.g steel) are the same at
every location within the material
• Composite laminate material is considered predominantly as a homogenous
material for simulations on a laminate level

Isotropic Material
• Most common materials of industrial use are isotropic (aluminum, steel, etc.)
• Isotropic materials have an infinite number of planes of symmetry, meaning
that the properties are independent of the orientation
• Two constants (Young modulus and Poisson’s Ratio) are necessary to represent
the elastic properties of isotropic material

Anisotropic Material
• Anisotropic material has properties (mechanical, etc.) that vary with the
orientation
• The stiffness of an isotropic material is described by two properties, the
modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio ν, whereas anisotropic material
requires up to 21 properties

Anisotropic Material
• Material definition requires the full 6×6 elastic coefficient matrix [D]
 xx   D11   xx 
   D D22 symmetry   
 yy   21   yy 
 zz   D31 D32 D33   zz 
 =  
 xy   D41 D42 D43 D44 
  xy 
 yz   D51 D52 D53 D54 D55   yz 
     

 xz  
 D61 D62 D63 D64 D65 D66 
 
 xz 
  = D  

Orthotropic Material
• An orthotropic material has three planes of material symmetry
• A unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite may be considered to be
orthotropic
• One plane of symmetry is perpendicular to the fiber direction, and the other
two can be any pair of plane orthogonal to the fiber direction
Z
Fibers Matrix
Y
X

Orthotropic Material Fibers Matrix
Ex , E y , Ez , xy , yz , xz , Gxy , Gyz , Gxz
• Nine constants are required to describe an orthotropic material
 xx   D11 D12 D13   xx 

   D D22 D23   
 yy   21   yy 
 zz   D31 D32 D33   zz 
 =  
 xy   D44 
  xy 
 yz   D55   yz 
     

 xz  
  
D66  
 xz 

Fibers Matrix
Orthotropic Material
• The compliance matrix  = S    S  = D−1 ( ) is defined as

 yx
 E1 − − Ezxz 
 xx   x Ey
  xx 
  − Exy 1
−
 zy
  
 yy    x   yy 
Ey Ez
 yz
 zz   − Exzx − 1
  zz 
 =    
Ey Ez
 xy     xy 
1
G xy
 yz   1   yz 
   G yz
  
 xz   1   xz 
 G xz 

Transversal Isotropic Material
• Transversal isotropic materials are orthotropic materials characterized by

isotropic material behavior in one material symmetry plane
• A unidirectional layer has transversal isotropic material behavior with the fiber
direction as symmetry axis
• The number of constants to define is reduced to 5
• Woven fabrics may also be symmetric but are not necessarily isotropic in the
in-plane direction.

Transversal Isotropic Material

• Unidirectional Layer
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑧 𝜈𝑥𝑦 = 𝜈𝑥𝑧
𝐺𝑥𝑦 = 𝐺𝑥𝑧 𝐸𝑦 Unidirectional

𝐺𝑦𝑧 =
2 ⋅ 1 + 𝜈𝑦𝑧
• Plain Woven Fabrics (warp equals weft)
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑦 𝜈𝑦𝑧 = 𝜈𝑥𝑧
𝐺𝑦𝑧 = 𝐺𝑥𝑧 𝐸𝑥
𝐺𝑥𝑦 ≠
2 ⋅ 1 + 𝜈𝑥𝑦
Woven
From Three Dimensional to
Plane Stress State

From Three Dimensional to Plane Stress State

• Composite materials are often used in form of plates and shells, which have
two dimensions (length and width) much larger than the third dimension
(thickness). When the thickness of a plate is small compared to the other
dimension, it is reasonable to assume that the transverse stress is zero
(σZ=σ3=0).

S13   xx 
  
S 23 1.1 Composite   xx   Introduction yy  Compliance Matrix   = S   
S33      
  x   S11 S12   x 
  yy     zz        

 From   zzDimensional
S 44xx Three    xy  to Plane Stress State   y  =  S12 S 22   y
   S     
   S66   xy 
 xy  
4
  yy   55 xy    yz 
=00, ,yzyzyzzS==
66=00
1 1 1
S55zzzz= 0,,,
xzyzxzxz===000,  xz = 0 S11 =
E1
, S 22 = , S 66 =
E2 G12
      12
  xyS66   xz  S12 = S 21 = −
 yzxx  S11 S12 S13   xx 

E1
Stiffness Matrix   = D  
  yy  S 21 S 22 S 23   
  x   D11   x 
S 66   xz     yy    
D12
   
 zz   S31 S32 S33   zz    y  =  D12 D22   y
 =     
 xy   D66   xy 
 xy   S 44   xy  D11 =
E1 E
, D22 = 2 , D66 = G12
 yz   S55   yz   
       E
S12 = S 21 = − 12 2
 xz   S 66   xz  
E
 = 1 − 2  12
2
E1

Transformation to the Global Coordinate System

• Layers are defined with different specific fiber angles
• In order to build a stiffness matrix for the complete layup the stiffness
matrixes for each layer are transformed from the layers x,y,z or 1,2,3
coordinate system into the global coordinate system using a transformation
matrix
 cos 2  sin 2  2 sin  cos  X
T  =  sin 2  cos 
2
− 2 sin  cos 
 x
− sin  cos sin  cos cos 2  − sin 2   y z


Y
 cos 
2
sin 
2
− 2 sin  cos  Z
T −1 =  sin 2  cos 2  2 sin  cos 

sin  cos − sin  cos cos 2  − sin 2  

Transformation to the Global Coordinate System

 x   X   X   x 
      −1  

 y = T   
 Y  
 Y  = T   
 y X
       
 xy   XY   XY   xy 
x
y
 x   X   X   x  z
      −1  
  y  = T    Y    Y  = T     y 
Y
Z
       
 xy  XY   XY   xy 
Compliance Matrix:
  X   S11 S12   X 
  
  Y  =  S12 S 22
 
   

Y  S  = T −1 S  T 
   S 66   XY 
 XY  
Stiffness Matrix:
  X   D11 D12   X 


 
 Y  =  D12 D22
  
   Y  D = T −1 D T 
   D66   XY 
 XY  
Layered Shell-Elements in ANSYS
4-Node Structural Shell 8-Node Structural Shell

• Structural shell elements require the definition of the following mechanical material
properties per layer
• Young's Modulus in X, Y and Z direction
• Shear Modulus in the XY, YZ and XZ plane
• Poisson's Ratio in the XY, YZ and XZ plane

Element Technology in ANSYS

• A layup can also be defined for solid elements (SOLID185, SOLID186) and solid
like shell elements (SOLSH190) in ANSYS
• Furthermore discrete reinforcements (REINF264) are possible for shell and
solid elements
• Please see the ANSYS Theory Reference in the ANSYS Help
(// Theory Reference) for more information on element technology in ANSYS

Measuring Ply Properties


• Mechanical properties of composite materials depend on the production
process and the specific material properties of the basic materials used as well
as on the manufacturing process of the composite design
• For individual material data ask your material manufacturer about data,
recommended tests and/or recommended test laboratories
• Contact test laboratories offering standard test (ISO or ASTM) and non
standard tests


• International Organization for Standardization
‐ “The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard-

setting body composed of representatives from various national standards
organizations.”
‐ Examples:
• ISO 14125:1998 fiber-reinforced plastic composites -- Determination of flexural properties
• ISO 527-5:2009 Plastics -- Determination of tensile properties -- Part 5: Test conditions for
unidirectional fiber-reinforced plastic composites

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
‐ “ASTM International is an international standards organization that develops and

publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials,
products, systems, and services.”
‐ Examples:
• Committee D30 on Composite Materials
• ASTM D7205 / D7205M - 06 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Matrix Composite Bars
• ASTM D7617 / D7617M - 11 Standard Test Method for Transverse Shear Strength of Fiber-reinforced
Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

Tension Tests and Failure Mode
Unidirectional
Composite Tensile Test
Carbon Fiber
Tensile Test

Compression Tests and Failure Mode

In-Plane Shear Tests and Failure Modes

Failure Indicators

Failure Indicator
FPF – First-Ply-Failure Indicator
• Mathematical equations indicating first failure of any ply
• Indicates the occurring failure mode: fiber tension, fiber compression, matrix
tension, matrix compression
• Determines reserve factor, inverse reserve factor, margin of safety
• Typical criteria: Max. Stress, Max. Strain, Tsai-Wu, Tsai-Hill, Hashin, Puck2D,
Puck3D, Cuntze

Failure Indicator
LPF – Last-Ply-Failure (Progressive Damage)
• Further loading beyond FPF until ultimate failure of laminate.
• Post-failure formulations needed (ply-discount method)
• May also include energy dissipating methods

Delamination
• Interface failure between two plies in normal direction
→ Interlaminar Failure
• Driven by normal stress in thickness direction

Debonding
• Interface failure between face sheet and core of sandwich structures.
• Only predictable when core and sheet are separately modeled.

Wrinkling
• Local buckling of a face sheet under compression
• Failure indicator available using shell modeling of
sandwich
Core Failure
• Local failure of core in shear or tensile loading
• Failure indicator available using shell modeling of
sandwich

End of presentation

ACP Intro 2020R1 EN LE08 Appendix 01.1 Mechanics of Composites

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACP Intro 2020R1 EN LE08 Appendix 01.1 Mechanics of Composites

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to ANSYS Composite PrepPost

Appendix 1.1: Mechanics of

©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Use the hyperlinks to navigate

2 2 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Use the hyperlinks to navigate

3 3 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Click to return to overview

5 5 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

6 6 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

7 7 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

8 8 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Typical Positive Features of Composite Designs (1/2)

9 9 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Typical Positive Features of Composite Designs (2/2)

10 10 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Typical Negative Features of Composite Designs (1/2)

11 11 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Negative Features of Composite Designs

12 12 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Click to return to overview

Classification of Composites Based on Reinforcement

A. Particle Reinforced Composites

14 14 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

A. Particle Reinforced Composites

15 15 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

B. Fiber Reinforced Composites

Carbon Fiber - Epoxy Glass Fiber - Epoxy

16 16 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

B. Fiber Reinforced Composites

17 17 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Random and oriented

Random and oriented

18 18 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Click to return to overview

20 20 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

21 21 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

22 22 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Click to return to overview

Unidirectiona Woven Mat

Knits Stitched Braiding

Click to return to overview

26 26 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

27 27 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

28 28 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Geometry Complex Complex Near to rotational Complex

Holes/Inserts Possible Possible Difficult Possible

Stiffeners Possible Possible Difficult Possible

Back Tapering Possible Possible Not possible Difficult

Surface Moderate – Good1 Good1 Moderate1 Good2

Fiber Architecture Any Any Limited Any

Typ. Fiber Volume Content 40% 65% 50% 50%

Typical Quality Moderate Very good Middle Good

Reproducibility Moderate Very good Good Good

Tooling Costs Moderate Moderate Moderate Very High

1 only one side

From Fibers to Finished Composite Components

Source: SGL Group

30 30 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Click to return to overview

32 32 ©2020 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited.

Fiber Translation: Translation:

According to Ermanni, ETH Zürich