HOMEWORK

` xm
 x  x2 y1  y2 
, ym    1 , 
y  mx  b This study sheet provides a
general review of all topics in
 2 2  the BC Math 10 Principles

STUDY SHEETS
DEPOT
Math10 Formula Sheet
 x
2
3

123.123123123 x
curriculum. For an extensive
online lesson of each topic,
visit www.BCMath.ca

Chapter 1:Number Sequences: Ex: A rat colony doubles every week. If Chapter 2: Real Numbers:
a colony has 12 rats now, how many will 2.1: Radicals:
1.1Arithmetic Sequences & Series:
there be in 20 weeks? (double, r  2 ) Radicals are numbers that have sign. When
In an arithmetic sequence, each term in-
creases or decreases by adding or subtracting a  12, r  2, n  20  find t20 simplifying radicals, easier to use perfect
a common difference d  . t20  12  2 
20 1
 12  2   6291456 rats
19
squares and perfect cubes
th
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
tn : Value of term of "n " term.
t n  a  ( n  1) d n 2 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64
S n The Sum up to the n term
th 1.5 Exponent Laws:
ie:  35  32   37
n3 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512
n a: Value of the first term xm  xn  xmn
Sn  (a  l ) x means square root 3
x means cube root
ie:  35    32   33
2
n: The term number,ie:1st , 2nd , . xm  xn  xmn
Simplifying Radicals Steps:
 x m   x mn ie:  32   310
n
1st: Split the number into multiples of different
n 5
Sn  (2 a  ( n  1) d ) d : Common Difference
2 perfect squares
2nd Square root each perfect square separately
x y  n k
ie:  32 43    310 415 
5
Ex: Find the 20th term in the sequence:
m
 x mk y nk
3rd Numbers that are not perfect squares stay
5,13, 21,.....? (Note: each term incr. by 8) k 5 in the root sign
 x m   x mk   32   310 
a  5, d  8, n  20  find t20  n    nk  ie:  3    15  Ex: Simplify each of the following:
y  y  4  4 
t20  5   20  1 8  157 i ) 32  16  2  4 2
The 20th term is 157. x0  1 xn
1 1
 n ie: 52  2 
1 ii ) 72  9  4  2  3  2  2  6 2
Ex: Find the sum of the sequence: x 5 25
iii ) 3 192  3 64  3 3  4 3 3
 12   5  2  9+ 16+....  107 . Ex: Simplify
iv) 3 81  3 1  3 27  3 3  1 3 3 3  3 3 3
a  12, d  7, tn  107, n  ?
i
a b   a b 
3 2 3 3 2 3
a 9b 6
 2 6  a 7b12
(We don't know how many terms there are) a b 
1 3 2
a b  1 3 2 ab 2.2 Exponent Laws with Radicals
tn  a   n  1 d 1st Solve for " n " The exponents are fractions. The numerator
ii)  a    1  a 
3 3 3 3
 1 a   a
3 9 9
becomes the power and the denominator is the
107  12   n  1 7  n  18
root.
1.7 Sequences in Tables:
18
Sn  12  107  2nd Solve for " S18 " I  Prt
1 1
2 n
x  xn A3  3
A
 855 The sum is 855 I : Interest Earned r:Interest Rate-decimal form
Ex: If the 4th term in an arithmetic seq. is 7 t: Time  years 
1 1
P: Principle-beginning amount  1  1
and the 8th term is 23, find the first term. x n
 B 3

Ex: $1000 was invested at 3% for 3 n
x 3
B
t1 t2 t3 7 7  d 7  2d 7  3d 23
years. How much interest is earned?
d d d d
   C
m 2

x 
m 2
Yr Open Bal. Int .  r  Int . Earned Close Bal . xn  n
x  n m
C3  3
8 term : 23  7  4d  d  4
th
1 $1000 0.03 $30 1030
t1 t2 t3 7 Go to 1st term by subtracting 2 1030 0.03 $30.90 1060.90 m 2
  1
t1  7  4  4  4  t1  5 3 1060.90 0.03 $31.83 1092.73 x n
 1 D 3

 x
 
d d d n m
3
2
4 1092.73 0.03 $32.78 1125.51 D
The first term is 5 . 5 1125.51 0.03 $33.77 1159.28
Note: If the exponent is negative, flip the base
1.4: Geometric Sequence: Total Interest Earned = $159.28
(reciprocal)& change the exponent to a positive
In a Geometric Sequence, each term increases Closing Balance= Open. Balance + Int. Earned
Ex: Simplify:
or decreases by multiplying or dividing by a
Recursive: A sequence where every term
 
2
common ratio  r   32  5   2   4
2
 32
5 2
requires the previous term.

tn  a  r 
n 1 3 3
r : Common Ratio 1.6/1.7 Date in Tables:  25  2  25   5  125
3

PST C os t     49   7   343
  
PST Rate 
Object Cost
 49   
Ex: Find the missing term in the geometric
Appreciation: Increase in value of an
2 2 2
sequence 10, __, __, 270

 27   64  3  3 64   4  16
2
3
object by a percentage.       3     
10, 10r , 10r 2 ,  270  64   27   27   3  9
Depreciation: decrease in value of an
r  r r
4th term :  270  10r 3 Solve for " r "
object by a percentage.    x4
 4  2 
x 2   x 2  x 2   x 21  x 3
  
Ex: A $45000 minivan depreciates by 15%.
 27  r 3  r  3 What is the worth after 3 years?
x3   3 x      1  x    x 
2 2 2 2 2
 3
1  3 x 3 3

10, 30, 90, 270 Yr Open Cost Deprec. 15 % Close Cost 3

1 1 
  3   3   3 1 45,000 6750 38250  3
x 4

2 38,250 5737 32512.50 4

x3
The missing terms are 30 and 90 . 3 32512 4876.88
27635 .63
x4
2.5 Irrational Numbers: 2.7/2.8 Multiplying& Dividing Radicals Chapter 3: Line Segments:
Irrational Numbers: Decimal values don’t When multiplying radicals, first multiply
3.1: Distance between two points
stop, and no pattern. Usually the square the number outside of the radicals. Then
multiply the number inside the radicals x  x2    y1  y2 
2 2
root of a non-perfect square. D
B

and simplify.
1
D y  y2 
Ie: 1.717117111….,  , 3 1

ie: Pythagorus x  x2 
Rational Numbers: Decimal values stop or ie: i )4 3  2 5  8 15 ii)
8 15
4 5
A 1

repeats with a pattern. Can be written as a 2 3 3.2 Midpoint of a Line:

fraction with two integers.
2

Ex: Simplify 3 2 4 6  2 8  2 24  x
 x  x2 y1  y2 
, ym    1 , 
Average of the
Ie ,1.1111..., 3.33, 16 m
 2 2  x coordinates &
3 3  4 2 6  3  2 2 8  3  2 2 24
y coordinates
Integers:-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4.. 12 12  6 16  6 48
3.3 Slope of a Line
Whole Numbers: 0,1,2,3,4,5 12 4  3  6  4   6 16  3
Natural Numbers: 1,2,3,4,5 rise y1  y2 y
slope   
24 3  24  24 3  48 3  24 run x1  x2 x
Irrational Rational Numbers
Numbers Integers Ex: Expand Positive slope: Negative Slope:
Whole
6  
7  8  42  48  42  4 3 Slant UP Slant DOWN
Ex: FOIL:
Natural Horizontal Line: Vertical Line:
3  5   3  5 3  5 
2
Slope = 0 Slope is undefined

 9  3 5  3 5  5  14  6 5
Pythagorean Theorem: a 2  b 2  c 2 Ex: Find the distance, midpoint, & slope
2.9: Adding & Subtracting Radicals: between the A  3,4  ,B  4, 1
The Pythagorean Theorem is for When add/subtr radicals, only the
finding missing sides in a right  3  4    4   1    7   5 
2
D
2 2 2
number outside changes. The number in 74
triangle. the radical does not change.
 3  4 4   1 
a-height Note: Need at
You can only add/subtract radicals if they M :  xm , ym    ,   12 , 32 
a c b-base least 2 sides to  2 2 
are “LikeTerms” (radicals are the SAME).
c-hypotenuse find the third
If radicals are not liketerms you 4   1 5
b side. Slope : m  
CANNOT add/subtract them. 3  4 7
Ex: Given hyp=15, base=10, find height
Ex Simplify:
 a  x, b  10, c  15 Find a , b, c Ex: Given A  3, 5 B  6, k  and the slope is 1
2 . Find
a  x , b  100, c  225
5 32 3 36 3
the value of “k”
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Find a , b , c
x 2  100  225 Solve for "x" 5 3  3 5  (Not Liketerms) 1 k   5 1 k 5 7
    3  2k  10  k
x  125
2
2 63 2 3 2
x  125  5 5 Simplify radical 2.10. Rationalizing Radicals
Never leave radicals in the denominator.
Pythagorean Triples: a 2  b2  c 2 3.4 & 3.5 Slopes of Parallel Lines &
Rationalize the denominator by multiply
3,4,5 5,12,13 8,15,17, 7,24,25 20,21,29 -ing the top&bottom by the same radical.
Perpendicular Lines:
9,40,41 6,8,10 10,24,26 16,30,34 14,28,50
Ex: Rationalize: If two lines are Parallel  Slopes are
Special Triangles 1 1 2 2 equal. Slanted in
 
30  60  90 45  45  90 2 2 2 2 the same angle
30 45
Equilateral 2x
3x Right angle 2x 6

6 3 6 3
 2 3 If two lines are Perpendicular    ,
triangle cut isosceles
1x
3 3 3 3
in half 60
triangle
45 intersect at 90 Slopes are Negative
1x 1x
If the denominator is a binomial with a Reciprocals
Ex: Find the length of the missing side: radical, rationalize by multiplying top 1
The triangles are similar AAA, so compare the and bottom by the conjugate. (change (flip& change sign) m  
the sign in between) m
sides using ratios.
ie: 4  5  4  5 Note: The product of two neg. recip. is 1 .
5 5 x
a
60 a x 3  a  5 3  5 3 53 2 53 2 Ex: Find the neg. recip. of each number
30  c  5  2  10 2 3 18 1 1
c c 2x i)   ii )  iii )  2 
Ex: Rationalize: 3 2 3 6 2

6 3 i)
 6  5    6  5  3  5   23  9 5 Ex: Is VH  DY? V 1, 2  H  5, 4  D  6, 4  Y 12, 0 
x 3 6x  x2 3
3  5  3  5  3  5 
6 x 3
3 3 4 4   2 6 3
30 mVH   
 
Slopes are neg. reciprocals
6 e e 2x e  2x  2 2 3  4 3 5 1 4 2
16  16 3  5 48  16 5 0  4 4 2
mDY    Lines are perpendicular
60 d x d x d 2 3   12  6 6 3
3 5 3 5 3 5 95
d ii)
48  16 5 Ex: Given each slope, indicate T/F:
  12  4 5 5 10 15 30 12
Rationalize the denominator!
4 AB  CD  DE  FG  HI 
6 12 18 36 10
x After rationalizing, the radical in the
x 4x 2x
4 2
2 2 denominator will be gone. a) AB & CD are parallel - True
45 2 2
b) CD & DE are parallel - False
45
4 so x2 2 c) DE & FG are parallel - True
d) HI & AB are perpendicular - True
Chapter 4: Straight Lines 4.5: Line Equation: Ax  By  C  0 Chapter 5: Functions
Equation of a Line Property: This is a line equation in standard 5.1: What is a Function?
The coordinate of every point on a line will form. To find the slope and y intercept, A rule/equation where the input variable (x)
satisfy its line equation. isolate the y variable. will create a output variable (y).
4.2 Equation of a Straight Line m A
, y  intercept  C Domain: all possible X values (Input variable,
B B
2 things you will always need to find the Independent)
equation of a line: Slope and y-intercept Ex: Find slope and y-int. 2 x  3 y  5  0 Range: all possible Y values (Output variable,
2x  3y  5  0 Dependent)
y  mx  b m : slope b : y-intercept
3 y  2 x  5 When interpreting graphs, take note of what
i ) y  3x  11 m  3 b  11 variables are on the x and y axis. Sometimes
ii ) y  12  4 x m  4 b  12 2 x 5 2 5 it’s “Cost (y) vs Time (x)”, “Speed(y) vs
y  m ,b 
5x  4 5 4 3 3 3 3 Time (x)”, or “Distance(y) vs. Time(x)”
iii ) y  m b
3 3 3 Ex: Indicate the Domain & Range:
Constant Slope Property 4
4
Ex: Given the slope & a point, find Despite which two points on a line are 3
3

1 chosen to calculate the slope, the slope will 2

equation of the line: m  point  4,3
2
1
2 always be the same. 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
1st m  12  y  12 x  b Ex: Given that points  2, 1 5,118, k  are
-3 -2 -1 0 1
-1
2 3 4 -1
-2
2nd Find b : 3  12  4   b  1  b all one the same line, find “k”.
-2
-3
-3

The line equation is

-4
y  x 1
1
1  11 11  k 12 11  k -4
   D: x
2

25 58 3 3 D: 3  x  4
Ex: Given the two points, find the 36  3 11  k  Cross Multiply R: y  2, 1,1,2 R: y  1; y  3
equation of the line:  3, 2  &  1,8 12  11  k 4

82 6 3 k  23
4 3
1st m    y  32 x  b 3
1  3 4 2 2
2

Ex: Given the line y  x  3 find a

2 1
2nd Find b : 8  32  1  b  b  192 3 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

The line equation is y  32 x  192 perpendicular line that crosses (3,2). -3 -2 -1 0 1

-1
2 3 4 -1
-2
3
1st Slope of perpendicular line: m  -2
-3
2 -3
Note: At the Y-intercepts, the x co- 3 3 -4
-4

ordinate is zero. Likewise, at the X- 2nd Line equation: y  xb 2  3  b

2 2 D: 3  x  3 D: x  , x  0
intercept, the y-coordinate is zero. 2  4.5  b  b  2.5
Ex: Find the x & y intercepts: y  4 x  12 R: 2  y  4 R: y  , y  0
3
 y  x  2.5
y int :  x  0   y  4  0   12  y  12 2 5.3 Different types of Function:
x int :  y  0   0  4 x  12  x  3 Linear Functions
(4,9)

Applications of Linear Functions

(Straight lines) (2,5)

Ex: The cost of ordering “n” textbooks is y  mx  b (0,1)

4.1) How to Graph a Line: y  mx  b given by the formula: C  100  80n

b : y  intercept
(-2,-3)
m : Slope
1st Method: a)make a table of values up to 100 books
Make a table of values. Pick values for x, b) Graph c)How many books can be Quadratic Functions
and then use the equation to solve for the y- purchased with $4000? 20
y  x2
values. Need atleast 2 points. 1st base cost = $100; cost per book =$80 (Parabolas) 10

Ex: Graph y  2 x  1 (4,9)

n 0 20 40 60 80 100
x 2 0 2 4 a)
(2,5) C 100 1700 3300 4900 6500 8100
y 3 1 5 9 Root Functions
y  x; D: x  0
(0,1)
c) b) (60,4900)
(-2,-3)
4000  100  80n (Square root)
2nd Method: 3900  80n
Find the slope and y-intercept. Draw the (40,3300)
48.75  n
first point on the y-inter. and apply the Reciprocal Functions 4
3
slope to get the next point. 48 books (20,1700) 1
y , x0
2

Ex: Graph y  3x  2 x
1

-3 0 1 2 3 4
 m  3, b  2
-2 -1
(“x” in denominator) -1

y-int.=2 -2
Ex: Rogers charges $35/month at 0.20 per -3

Rise=3 minute. Bell charges $25/month at 0.25 -4

per minute. After how many minutes will Exponent Functions

Run=1
Bell exceed Rogers in cost? y  Ax , A  0
3rd Method: Find both the ‘x’ & ‘y’ intercept. (“x” is a power)
35  0.20n  25  0.25n
Connect the two intercepts.
10  0.05n
Ex: Graph y  32 x  6 .
200  n
 y  int  6 Absolute Functions
x-int=4
y x
 x  int  4 After 200 minutes Bell will exceed Rogers
make y  0, in cost.
y-int=-6
solve for x
 5.6: Function Notation: Chapter 6: Polynomials 6.8 Factoring a Difference of Squares
General Rule: Whatever ‘x’ becomes There are 3 types of factoring: GCF, This is used when you have a perfect square
inside the brackets, ‘x’ will become the Trinomials and Difference of Squares subtracting another perfect square.
same thing in the equation.
Note: GCF: Greatest Common Factor a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
ie : GCF 18,12  6 GCF 21,49  7
Ex: f ( x)  3 x  4, g  x  = x  3 Find:
6.4: Factoring Out Common Factors: Ex:Factor: 25 x 2  64 y 2
i) f ( x  1)  3( x  1)  4
First look for the GCF of all terms, then  a 2  25 x 2 , b 2  64 y 2  a  5 x, b  8 y
1 1 divide all terms by the GCF.
ii) f    3    4   5 x  8 y  5 x  8 y 
 
x  x
Ex: Factor 9 x3 y 5  12 x6 y 2 ii )  x  1  9
2

iii ) g  f  x    f  x  3   3x  4   3 GCF  3x 3 y 2  3x 3 y 2  3 y 3  4 x 3   a 2   x  1 , b 2  9  a   x  1 , b  3
2

 3x  1
  x  1  3  x  1  3
iv)f  g 12    3  g 12    4  3  
12  3  4
6.6: Factoring Trinomials x 2  Bx  C  0
Steps: 1. Find two numbers that mult. to C
3  9   4  33  4  13 2. Pick the Pair that Adds to B 6.10 Long Division with Polynomials
3. Use the two numbers for the two Quotient  Q 
binomials Divisor  P  Dividend  D  Re mainder  R 
5.7: Relations vs Functions:
Ex: Factor:  x 2  11x  24 
Ex#1) Divide 3x3  11x 2  6 x  10 by x  4
Functions are one to one, where one input 3  8  24, 3  8  11   x  8 x  3
value yields only one output value. 3x 2  x  2
6.7:Factoring Trinomials Ax  Bx  C  0 Divide 3 x by x  3 x in Q
3 2

x  4 3 x 3  11x 2  6 x  10
2

Relations can be one to one, one to two, or When factoring trinomials with A  1 , there
Mult . 3 x by divisor  subtract
2

  3 x 3  12 x 2 
one to three and so on. One input vale can are 3 methods of factoring. Carry down  6 x

yield more than one output value. 1st Method: Grouping Method:  x2  6x Divide  x by x   x in Q
2

i Split B as the sum of two numbers where   x  4x

2 Mult .  x by divisor  subtract
Vertical Line Test: Any vertical line can each are factors/multiples of A or C Carry down  10
cross only one point at a time.  2 x  10
ii Group A with one factor& C with the other Divide  2 x by x  2 in Q
iii Factor out common factor, the binomial   2 x  8 
Function Relation Mult .  2bydivisor  subtract
should be the same, then factor the binomial R  2
Ex: Factor 6 x 2  7 x  2
X x Division Statement D  PQ  R
x 6 x 2  3x  4 x  2  7 x  3x  4 x 
x 3x 3  11x 2  6 x  10   3x 2  x  2   x  4   2
X
x
x 6x 2
 3x    4 x  2  group A &C with factors
3 x  2 x  1  2  2 x  1 factor out common factor 6.10 Synthetic Division:
V All functions are 1.Use the divisor to find number on the left
Relations  2 x  1 3x  2  factor out the binomial 2.Bring the first number down, you add
relations BUT
Not all relations 2nd Method: Criss-Cross Method downwards
Functions are functions i Find 2 factors of “A” and “C” 3. Multiple each number on the bottom with
ii Multiply factors, one each from A&C divisor to find next number diagonally
Ex: Indicate if each of the following is a iii The sum of the 2 products should equal B Ex#1) Divide 3 x 3  11x 2  6 x  10 by x  4
function or a relation?
Note: there will be many combinations, 3 11  6  10
pick the one that adds to B. 4  Quot : 3 x 2  1x  2
  12 4 8
iv Factors of A placed first& factors of C placed
3  1  2  2 Remainder:  2
second in each binomial. Factors that are
Note: Degree of terms in dividend must in
multiplied can not be in same binomial
descending order.
Ex : Factor 6 x 2  7 x  2
Not a function Function 3  2=6 3  1=3 Two Reminders with Synthetic Division
Left graph not a function because vertical
adds to 8 adds to 7! i)If the Dividend is missing a term (skip in
2  1=2 2  2=4
line crossed two solid dots: not one to one. the exponents), replace missing term with
The sum needs to be equal to B  7  ,so second one
coefficient of zero
Right graph is a function because one dot works.Place factors of "6"first in each binomial,
ie: 3x3  2 x  1  3x3  0 x2  2 x  1 (skip from x 3 to x1 )
is hollow: does not have a value. then factors of "2"afterwards. 3 & 1 must be in
different brackets. 2. If Divisor has a coeff. for the x-term, solve
Note: A hollow dot means a value does not for “x” from the divisor. Do synthetic
exist at the point. A solid dot means that   3 x  2  2 x  1 division. At the end, factor out the same
a value does exist. 3rd Method: Bum Method.” coefficient from the quotient.
Ex: Find the values from the graph: i) Multiply C with A  A = 1. Ex: Divide: 4 x3  6 x 2  2 x  4  2 x  1
ii)Factor it into 2 binomials 2 x  1  x   12 Dividend   x  1  4 x 2  4 x  4  6
 
f(x)
9 iii) Bring A back in both binomials front of x’s 2

  2 x  2 x  2  6
iv)Eliminate any common factors in binomials 4 6 -2 4
 1
 D =2  x  1
2
2
5 2
Factor 6 x 2  7 x  2 -2 -2 2
=  2 x  1  2 x 2  2 x  2  6
4 Ex:
D
2  x 2  7 x  12   x  3 x  4  Mult. 6 with 2 4 4 -4 6
X   6 x  3 6 x  4  Bring the 6 back Quotient (Q): 2 x 2  2 x  2 Divisor (P): 2 x  1
0 1.5 4 7 11.5 13
Eliminate  Bum  out Dividend 4 x3  6 x 2  2 x  4 Remainder R  6
 
6 x  3  6 x  4 
  Division Statement:
 3  2  any common factors
f 1.5  2 f 7  9 f  4  4 f 11.5  4 4 x3  6 x 2  2 x  4   2 x 2  2 x  2   2 x  1  6
  2 x  1 3 x  2 
Formulas for Volumes: 7.3 Multiplying & Dividing RE: When there are two terms only, cross
4 multiply them.
Sphere V   r 3 Cube V  S 3 When multiplying fractions, simplify by
Ex: Solve for “x” and all NPV’s
3 cancelling out common factors in the 4 7x 4 3
numerator and denominator. When ie :  ie : 
Cylinder V   r 2  h 3x 6 x 1 x
dividing fraction, flip the second fraction 4  x  3  x  1
Rectangular Prism: V  l  w  h 8 7 x2
 
first, and then simplify. 6x 6x  x  1  x  x  x  1
Formulas for Surface Area: Ex: Simplify: 8  7 x2 4 x  3  x  1
5

8 10 30
 6x x  x  1
Sphere SA  4 r 2 Cube SA  6s 2 24 15 21 49
4 x  3x  3 x3
Cylinder: SA  2  r 2    2 r  h 1 1

10 49
 
x  x  1
 
x  x  1
3 3 21 30
Rectangular Prism: S  2  lw  lh  wh  1 1 7 7
  When Solving RE with three terms, find
9 3 3 9 the LCD. Multiply all terms with the LCD
Applications of Polynomials: Ex: Simplify and find all NPV’s to cancel out the denominator in each term.
Ex: A cube with 10cm sides has a sphere 4x  8  x  3 x  2   x  4  Then solve algebraically.
inside. Find the volume of the largest i) ii)  Ex: Solve for “x” and all NPV’s
2x  4  x  4  x  1  x  3
sphere. Find the ratio of the sphere’s 8
x 4 move terms with LCD together
surface area compared to the cube. 4  x  2  x  2 x5
 =2 =
4
r  5cm  V    5   523.3cm3
3 2  x  2  x  1 8
 4 x cross multiply
3 x5
NPV: x  2 NPV : x  4, 1,3
SASphere  4  5   314cm 8   4 - x  x  5  FOIL
2 2

SACube  6 10   600cm

2 2 When looking for the NPV, consider the
8  4 x  20  x 2  5 x Move Left
denominator for all steps!
314 x 2  x  12  0
%
600
 52.3% NOTE:  x  5  1  x - 5  1 Factor
5  x   x  5  x - 3 x  4   0
Ex: 2 spheres with radius of 5cm are
x  3, 4
placed in a cylinder. Find the % of the
sphere’s volume compared to the cylinder. 7.4/7.5: Adding & Subtracting RE Extraneous Roots: A solution that is also
You can only add or subtract rational an NPV. Extraneous Roots are rejected.
expressions if they have a common Ex: Solve for “x” and all NPV’s
4 3
2Vsphere  2    5    1046.7cm3 denominator. Find the LCD. 5

9
LCD: x  2  3 x  6 
3  x  2 3x  6
Ex: Simplify by Adding or Subtracting:
 
Vcylinder    5  10  1570cm3
2
4 7x

4

3 5  3x  6 

9  x  2
Cancel out LCD.
1046.7
ie :
3x 6
ie :
x 1 x x  2  3x  6  3x  6  x  2 
%  66.7%
1570 8 7 x2 4  x  3  x  1 15 x  30  9 x  18
Ex: A box with a volume of 200cm3, is   6 x  12
6x 6x  x  1  x  x  x  1
increased by a scale factor of 3. Find the x2
new volume. 8  7 x2 4 x  3  x  1
NPV : x  2  extraneous roots  x  2 is rejected
Voriginal  l  w  h 6x x  x  1
No solutions!
Vnew   3l    3w    3h  
4 x  3x  3
 
x3
 27  l  w  h  x  x  1 x  x  1

 27 Voriginal   27times larger Ex: Simplify: 7.7 Applications of R.E.

 x  3 
2 x  10
Factor
Box Questions:
x 2  11x  24 x 2  11x  30 A company makes boxes (V=1000cm3) with a
square base of 15cm. Find height of box. If base
Ch7: Rational Expressions (RE)  x  3  2  x  5  Simplify length decreases by “x” what is the increase in
 x  3 x  8  x  5 x  6  height?
NPV(Non-Permissible Values) Values of
1 2 V  base  base  height
variables that make the expression  LCD:  x  8  x  6  let y be increase in height
undefined, which means making the  x  8  x  6  1000  15  15  h h  4.44  y
denominator equal to zero. 1  x  6 2  x  8 1000  225  h w  l   base  x 

Ex: Find all NPV’s (Denominators only)  x  8  x  6   6   x  8
x  h  4.44cm h  4.44  y 
1000
 base  x 
2

2x  3 x 2  3x  1 2x  4 1 x  6   2  x  8  NOte : h 
Volume
 x  8 x  6   base 
2
1000
3x x  81
2
x  5x  4
2 y  4.44
 base  x 
2

x  2
3x  0 x 2  81  0 x2  5 x  4  0  NPV : x  8, 6
 x  8 x  6  Speed Questions:
x0  x  9  x  9   0  x  1 x  4   0 Jack and Jill both travel 300km. Jack’s speed is
x  9 x  1, 4 7.6 Solving Rational Expressions (RE): 10times faster than Jill’s and took 4.5hours less.
Solving means finding a value for x where the What are their speeds?. Note : Speed  DisTime
tan ce
NPV : x  0 NPV : x  9 NPV : x  1, 4
equation is equal on both sides. You can “solve” Dist. Speed Time
only when the equation has an “equal” sign. Jack 300km 10 x 300 /10 x
Some expressions may not have an NPV: Solve RE by eliminating the denominator Jill 300km x 300 / x
2 x 2  3x with the LCD.
Note : Jack ' s Time  Jill ' s Time  4.5
 no variable in denominator Solving is different from simplifying. You
5 simplify when there isn’t an equal sign. 300 300
  4.5 4.5 x  270
3x  5 x 2 10 x x
 x2  1  0 30  300  4.5x x  60km / hr
x2  1
©Homework Depot, Vancouver, Canada
All rights reserved. Copyright at www.BCMath.ca
Author: D.G.W. Young
Chapter 8: Trigonometry 8.5 Defining sin x & cos x of Obtuse Angles Chapter 9: Probability
SOH-CAH-TOA Q1 Q 2 Q3 Q 4 Q2 Q1 9.2 Sampling Method:
Basic sin x,cos x,& tan x functions can only Sinx     S A Simple Random Sytematic
be used with right triangles. cos x     T C Completely random,
th
ie: every 5 person in
tan x     Q3 Q4 ie: names in a hat a population is chosen
Opp Adj Opp.
sin x  cos x  tan x  Ex: Find x Stratified Random Cluster
Hyp Hyp Adj one member selected one group is chosen
i )sin x  0.8  positive  Q1 & Q2  90
from different groups among several groups
Hypotenuse: The longest side, opposite from x2 x1
x  sin 1  0.8 
the square. 53 53 Convenience Self-Selected
Opposite: Side opposite from the angle. x1  53 180
0,360
only convenient interested members
members are chosen will participate
Adjacent: Side next to the angle. x2  180  x1  127
270
Hyp x Hyp
Opp Adj ii )cos x  0.75  positive  Q1 & Q4  Box Plots and Sampling
90
x Box plots are for events with binomial
x  cos -1  0.75 
x1
Adj Opp outcomes (2 possibilities: ie: T/F, Success or
The opposite and adjacent side will x1  41.4 180
53
0,360 failure).
interchange depending on where the angle 53
Desired percentages on the left & number of
x2  360  x1  318.6 x2
“x” is. 270 successes on the bottom. Each box
Ex: Find the missing angle: corresponds with a desired percentage.
opp  8.5, hyp  12 8.7 Sine Law Sample Size: The number of trials
12cm
8.5cm
sin x 
8.5 The Sine Law can be used for solving non- performed.
x 12 right triangles. Requirements:
x  sin 1  0.708  Inverse! One side with an opposite angle Ex: If I rolled a dice 20 times, how many
A times will the number 6 appear?
x  45 sin A sin B sin C c
  B Desired Percentage 
1
16.6% (Y axis)
Solving a right triangle means finding all a b c b 6
the missing sides and angles
a Sample Size: n =20
C
Ex: Solve the right triangle: Ex: Solve for “A” Box Range: (x-axis) 1 to 6.
Use Pythagorus to find the sin A sin 35 12sin 35
x A   sin A 
13cm missing side: 8cm 12 8 8
8cm There is a 90% chance that the number 3
82  z 2  132
y 35 will appear from 1 to 6 times.
z z  105
2
12cm sin A  0.86  A  sin 1
 0.86 
z  105  59.4
Use SOH-CAH-TOA to find missing angles Probability:
8
Ex: Solve for “B” given: a  5, A  28 , b  10
Number of desired outcomes
cos x 
13
y  90  x
(Note: “B” is obtuse) P  x 
8 total number of outcomes
x  cos 1   y  90  52 sin 28 sin b
 13   cross mulitply & simplify The probability of an event can range of
x  52 y  38
5 10
2sin 28  sin b zero to 100%.
0.939  sin b  sin 1  0.939   b Ex: Find the probability of each event:
8.4: Solving Double Right Triangles
Most questions in this section is about b  70  Obtuse!  b  180  70  110 i) Drawing a club from a deck of cards
solving problems with two right triangles P  c lub s  
13c lub s 1
  25%
placed next to each other. 8.8 Cosine Law 52cards 4
The cosine law is used when given 2 sides ii)Rolling a 4 or 5 from a die.
Ex: Find “y” with angle in between and asked to find 2desired outcomes 1
P  4or 5     33%
First find "x" opposite side of given angle or when given 6total outcomes 3
10cm 8.5cm
x all 3 sides and asked to find any angle. iii) Flipping 2 coins and getting 1 head
x sin28 
10 a 2  b 2  c 2   2bc  cos A A c P 1head  
HT TH 2
  50%
28 y 4.7cm  x
b 2  a 2  c 2   2ac  cos B B HH HT TH TT 4
b
c 2  a 2  b 2   2ab  cos C a Expected Value
4.7  4.7  The amount you expect to win or lose each
Then find "y" sin y =  y  sin 1    y  33.7 C
8.5  8.5  game on average when playing many times.
Ex: Find " c ", given C  55 , a  9, b  7 : Step: Multiply the payoff of each event by
its probability. Then add all the results.
Ex: Find the height of building “B” c 2  92  7 2  2  63 cos55
B The height is the sum
Ex: Find the expected value for the
x of x & y : First find "x" c 2  130  126  0.5735  following dice game:
50 A

y
30
tan50 
x c 2  130  72.27  57.73 Dice 1, 2,3 4,5 6
150 Pr ize 0.05 0.10 0.25
178.8m  x c  57.73  7.6 units
150m 3 2 1
Ex: Find B, given a  10, b  5, c  6 : E     0.05      0.10      0.25 
6 6 6
Then find "y" 52  102  62  2 10  6  cos B
E  0.025   0.033   0.042 
y
tan 30=  y  150  tan 30   y  86.6m 25  136  120cos B Simplify, Isolate "B" E  $0.03  Expect to win $0.03 each game.
150
Total Height  178.8m  86.6m  265.4m
111
120
 cos B Inverse! If you play the game 100times, on average
22.3  B you will win $3 altogether.