NATIONAL if DIRECTORATE OF CURRICULUM AND CURRICULUM TEACHER EDUCATION UNCI KHYBER Pai [WA ABBOTTAHAD freon 3 Es MACKAY FRANC! NE MOORCROFT CHRIST! CHOOLS SOCIAL STUDIES FOR PRIMARY 2 OXFORD Tina ien aso illustrationsOXFORD Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in Pakistan by Oxford University Press No.38, Sector 15, Korangi Industrial Area, PO Box 8214, Karachi-74900, Pakistan © Oxford University Press 2021 ‘The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 First Edition with digital content published in 2019 First Edition with digital content (SNC) published in 2021 For sale throughout Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia All rights reserved. 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Ltd, Karachi Acknowledgements Photographs: p. 4: courtesy Chandana Liyanage: pp. 5 (turtle), 24 (coal). 32, 35. 49 (savannah), $5 (debit card), 125 (oil bottles), and 127 (fruits): OUP Picture Bank, UK: D.8 (cloth merchant}: courtesy Steve Evans; p. 9 (boats: courtesy TRTA Pakistan; p- it: courtesy Pradeep Nahata; p. 12 (road in Thar) courtesy Sheryaar and (Karachi roads) courtesy CDGK; p. 16 (large mud volcano): courtesy Shah Murad lian .17 Gignk courtesy Ameer Hamza: p. 19 (copper mine} courtesy Irshad Ali Baloch; p.21 (baryte: courtesy Chris Raiph andl (magnesite. courtesy Meagan Goodnight; p. 2: courtesy Gino LoFredo;p. 44 (globe) © Picsfve / Shutterstock; p.56: courtesy Kashf Foundation: pp. 57 (woman) and 113: courtesy Lindsay Lucas: D. 64 (Mount Olympus}: courtesy Ryan Hadley: p. 66: courtesy Eamonn Maher; p. 68 (tiippocrates): © Everett Collection / Shutterstock and (Bust of Alexander the Great) Shutterstock; p. 70 (theatre): courtesy Christine Moorcroft; p. 74 (monastery) courtesy Zafar Yaabs p. 75 (Gor Khatn: courtesy Sarfraz Hayat p. 77 (Buddha) courtesy Azfar Bukhari; p. 96 (Colosseum): © JeniFoto | Shutterstock; pp. 98 (Pakistan Montiment) and 100 (kebabj: © SAKhanPhotography / Shutterstock: . 103 (Kalash girls): © Maidah Maha J Shutterstock; p. 106 (passport): courtesy Muneeza Malic p. 118 (socal media): © Ellagrin | Shutterstock: pp. 5 (Roding). 17 (nurse) 29 (hood water), 37, 115 (newspaper clipping). and 124° courtesy Dawn Dp. 6 (acral view of Karachi Port), 12 (straw house), 16 (small mud voleano), 21 fall except baryte, magnesite}, 30 (earthquake). 31 (tsunami), 34 (stadium), 36, 48, 49 (all except savannah), 50 [all except Coniferous tre), 53, 54 (ll except Pakistani currency), 57 (doctor), 59, 81, 82, 86 (Gandhi), 87 (train), 92 (National “Assembly, 102 (craftsmen), 112, 116 (wireless radio), 121 (Anarkali bazaar), and 122; Wikimedia Commons p. 125 (oil bottles), 127 fruits): OUP Picture Bank, UK Disclaimer ‘The third-party website addresses mentioned here are provided by Oxford University Press in good faith and for information only. Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the material contained therein,Mount Olympus Olympia ‘Olympic Games Persian remains stadium statues temples ‘trading Trojan Troy vote ‘a mountain in the north of Greece. The Ancient Greeks believed that th gods and goddesses lived there. ‘the area around a temple in the southwest of Greece. It had a stadium, where the Ancient Greeks held sports such as the Olympic Games. sports competitions held every four years in Ancient Greece. Today we have the modern Olympic Games. These are held every four years in o different country each time. from Persia the parts that are left when buildings, villages, towns, or cities fall down. a place where sports are held models of people, gods or animals, normally made of stone or metal places of worship in some religions buying and selling things ‘a person or thing from Troy dan ancient city in the Land that is now part of Turkey when people vote they choose what to do or who should be their leader Unit 7 Gandhara Buddha Buddhist capital city excavation Greek kingdom ruins silk Silk Road stupa ‘a name people gave to the founder of Buddhism. It means ‘The Enlightened one” (someone who knows the meaning of life). someone who follows the religion of the Buddha ‘the main city of a country a place dug up by archaeologists from Greece land that a king rules ‘old buildings or settlements that have been badly damaged thread that the caterpillar of a silk moth makes, or cloth made from this thread ancient trade route across Asia from China ‘a small building that is holy for Buddhists. Stupa means ‘heap’ because the ‘were heaps of stones. stupas Unit 8 Struggle for independence AlLIndia Muslim League a p conference election Governor General home rule ical group that was started in 1906 to help Muslims in the subcontinent have more say in government a large meeting for discussion voting for the people to form government the seniormost official representing Britain in a Commonwealth country home rule for the subcontinent meant ruling itself instead of being ruled by Britain Indian National Congress a political group that was started in 1885 to help the people of the subcontinent take majority minorities nation protest more part in government ‘the Largest group, ‘the smallest group, country or people that are linked by their ancestors, culture, and beliefs take action to make officials take notice of people's views Unit 9 Understanding governance authority criticism federal framework oppos parliament. senate social contract state supenise ‘the power to make decisions expression of disapproval «system of government which is formed by the union of several parts a basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text. _group of people or parties in partiament that do not agree with the government law-making body ‘upper house of parliament that approves laws drafted by lower assembly ‘agreement between members of society for social benefit nation or territory under one government to overseeUnit 2 Balochistan border the place where two countries or provinces meet electricity ‘akind of energy used for lighting, heating, and making machines work fossil fuel a natural fuel such as coal, oil, or gas ‘generate make or create something juniper an evergreen shrub or small tree that hos berrylike cones ore rock containing metal plain a large flat area of a country sandstorm ‘strong wind carrying clouds of sand with it, espedally in a desert Unit 3 Climate change atmosphere the oir around the Earth biomass plant and animal woste that can be used to produce energy carbon dioxide 0 gas breathed out by humans and animals glacier ‘a river of ice and snow in the mountains government the group of people who are in charge of a country greenhouse effect _the Earth’s atmosphere keeping the Earth warm like a blanket hydroelectrcity electricity produced by the movement of water oxygen «@ gas breathed in by humans and onimats polar ice caps ice that covers the North or South Pole renewable resources natural resources that provide energy and ore not used up, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. solar power electricity produced from the Sun temperature «© measure of how hot or cold something is wind power electricity produced from wind Unit 4 Our world degree ‘ unit for measuring temperature and angles Equator ‘an imaginary line drawn on maps and globes that marks the halfway point between the North and South Poles latitude imaginary lines going across a map (from east to west) to help us find places on the map longitude Imaginary tines going down a mop (from north to south) to help us find places on the map parallel Lines that remain the same distance aport rainforest « forest in an area of very high rainfall rotate turn, spin scale the size of « map in relotion to real tife Unit 5 Money and banks bbonk account ‘money that a customer keeps in 0 bonk and from which he/she can take it out when itis needed barter exchange goods for other goods without using money cheque a piece of paper that orders @ payment of money from a bank account currency the money used in a country employ ay someone to work for you poverty being poor salary an amount of money paid to someone every month for the work they do wage ‘money paid to someone for the work they do—paid daily or weekly Unit 6 Ancient Greece and Rome athlete «a sportsman or sportswoman cargo goods carried by ship or other transport, mainly for trading discus ‘adisc that athletes throw as far as they can in competitions goddesses gods who are women, gods in some religions people worship many gods Greek from Greece jovelin ‘@ spear that athletes throw as far as they can in competitions OXFORD.Copy and complete the chart about Pakistan‘s three main trading partners. Trading partner Exports Imports Pakistan exports cotton clothing and household textiles but imports raw cotton. Explain why this is. Explain why the other countries that export raw cotton don’t use it for making textile goods. Here is something to do when you go home. Write notes and bring them to school. Read the labels on some clothes, food packages, and other goods. Find out where they come from. Which of these goods are imported? Find out names of 2 local and international student entrepreneurs. Explain why supporting entrepreneurship is important for social progress. those Public sector provides goods and services for everyone in the country; that pay taxes and those that do not. Why do you think not paying taxes is a crime? Discuss 5 ways in which public sector can be improved in Pakistan. Unit | Karachi arch beach delta drought export factory ‘goods harbour import manufacturing population services sewage stack tourist a hole that goes right through a cliff part of the seashore close to the land, covered in sand or pebbles the flat area at the mouth of @ river «long time without rain to send goods to other countries to be sold ‘a place where things are made ‘objects that can be sold ‘a place where ships can shelter or untoad 10 buy goods from other count making things with machines in a factory the number of people in a place tosks that can be done by people waste from toilets and sinks { piece of Land out in the sea thot was once joined to the headland «a person who is travelling or on hotidayTrade means buying and selling goods or services. @ A market is a place from where we buy or sell goods or services. © A country or region has a surplus when it produces more than it needs of goods or services. Trading partners are countries that export to, and import from, one another. The government provides public goods and services. Private companies also supply goods and services. Inflation is a rise in price for goods and services. ooo@ Markets see a scarcity of resources when the demand is high for a product or service, but the supply is low. Transportation plays a key role in providing goods and services to people. © An entrepreneur is someone who organises, manages, and takes the risks in setting up of a business. A. Write your answers in your notebook. I. List Pakistan’s three main exports. Which Regions regions of Pakistan do they come from? You could make a chart to list these on. List Pakistan’s three main imports. 3. Why does Pakistan import these? OXFORDThe mind of an entrepreneur |. Attitude Entrepreneurs don’t give up when things go wrong - they find out what caused the problem and look for a solution. They reach their goals because they are determined to make things happen. This is a positive attitude. 2. Creativity Entrepreneurs look for new solutions. They think about problems from different points of view. They use their imagination to find a solution. They are creative. 3. Relationships Entrepreneurs build good relationships with 0 Entrepreneurs tivated to find their customers to make sure they understand __,.,, ways of aging: what they need. They are careful listeners as they listen to their employees for new ideas. They discuss ideas with partners and other businesses to keep learning. Listening to others to find out about their needs and to share their own helps them to solve problems. 4. Organisation Entrepreneurs need to keep careful notes and other records of their work. hey need to file their ideas and results in a way that helps them to find them in the future. This is organisation. Ce a ee | Do this im your netebock 1. Wha rakes an entrepreneur diffrent from other business people? 2.What are the rain qualies of an enbrpreneu's rand? 1 Find od oba the them 4, Abdul Sathor Edhi (socal entrepreneur) b. Thomas Edison (Innovative entrepreneur) allowing entrepreneurs and. write a few sentences about each ofTransportation Transportation means moving people or things from one place to another. Buses, cars, trucks, rickshaws, motor bikes, delivery vans, etc. move on roads and highways. Trains can move passengers and heavy goods over land for long distances. Ships can move passengers heavy goods over very long distances by sea. Planes can move passengers and lightweight goods by air. Governments use money from taxes to pay for public transport. Sometimes the government gives private companies permission to build roads, railways, airports and so on. Transport is very important in providing the goods and services we need. ren FACT! Most of Pakistan's internal trade of goods is done using roads for transportation. © Means of transportation Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs are different from most business people. They see problems as opportunities. They like to solve problems by developing new ideas for goods or services. They use their skills and talents to learn from mistakes find practical solutions to solve problems, such as ideas for re-using or recycling rubbish — or even avoiding some types of rubbish. Examples of entrepreneurship include starting a catering business at home to supply meals for office workers; building robots to do dangerous work; selling goods and services online; researching and producing vaccines for the Covid-19 pandemic.example, during the Covid-I9 pandemic in 2019- 2020 some products were in great demand: e.g. hand sanitizers and face masks. So, the prices of these goods rose at first. Then, when producers could make large numbers of them, their prices began to fall. 2. Cost-Push inflation Sometimes prices rise because the cost of producing the goods increases. This might be because the price of oil increases. When oil prices rise, transport Germany saw hyperinflation in 1920. The purchasing power of their currency fell so Low that | or more German Mark became cheaper than firewood. costs rise, so the prices of many goods rise as well. If the government of a country spends more than the country earns, this can cause a sudden high inflation called hyperinflation. Many people then find that they do not have enough money to buy everything they need. Scarcity Scarcity is when there is not enough of any good or service. This might happen after a natural disaster such as a flood, earthquake or pandemic. It causes a greater demand for medical workers, medical equipment and medicines. This leads to a scarcity. Sometimes there can be a scarcity without greater demand. This can happen when the supply of a good or service falls. For example, a scarcity of some foods could be caused by a flood that washes away crops and drowns livestock. © Searcy of eecbrichy is « major problem acess bebebeubuaa Write the ansuvers in your notebook. ' 2 Whe soa? Esplin the difference between the tuo types of infltion oy giving everyday examples er aye teeter el ol sector.Tax collected by the government from the citizens is used to provide public goods and services such as safety (military, police), infrastructure (roads, bridges, ports), transportation (railway), education (government schools, colleges, and universities), and even health care (civil hospitals). Everyone benefits from these goods and services which is why not paying taxes is a serious crime. Inflation The Goods and Service Tax (GST) was first introduced in France. Inflation is when the prices of goods and services rise. This means we can’t buy so much with our money, so we need more money. Reasons for inflation |. Demand-Pull inflation When people want more of any good or service, then the supplier has to put the price up. This is because there will be more people to pay, more equipment to buy, or even extra space such as land or buildings. For Lee The Four Main RM eC O Tapes of ifltion Cyne gxroRD 2aProducers and consumers People involved in making and selling of goods and services are called producers. People who use the goods and services are called consumers. One can be a producer and a consumer at the same time. When goods are sold, the money is used to buy other goods and services. 6bebbbbbubu_oue Copy. ard. complete this in your notebook 1. How can one be 0 producer and a consumer at the same time? Give two examples 2. entity the following as a good, a service, a producer or a consumer? Pizza Good 1 service 1 producer consumer Pizza delivery [Good / service / producer / consumer Books Good 7 service! producer / consumer Students Good 1 service | producer 1 consumer Library Good 1 service 1 producer / consumer Construction worker | Good / service / producer /_ consumer Tool at Good 1 serve / producer / consumer © Stete Bark of Pakistan Private and public goods and services Goods and services provided by private companies owned by individuals or institutions are called private goods or services. The public goods and services are provided by the government. For example, PTCL, Pakistan State Oil, Radio Pakistan, etc. Public goods and services are usually cheaper than private goods and services.ny | Pakistan's main exports to China are yi cotton fabric and thread, mineral ores and ash, marble, chemicals, leather, fish, and seafood. From China we import mainly electrical equipment, machinery, military equipment and aircraft, iron and steel, and fertilisers. Our main exports to the European Union are textiles, rice, leather, carpets, and fruit. Imports from the European Union include industrial machinery, power machinery, telecommunication and broadcasting equipment, chemicals, medicines and medical products, metal ores and metal In 2006, Pakistan and China signed a free trade agreement. They stopped charging taxes on imports and exports and made trade easier in other ways. @ Fruts exported toon Poston Fe) © Exports from Pahison's fisheries éesesueb bbe EEUU dOESGS A. Write the answers in your notebook, Use your atlas and. the map on page 126 to answer these questions 1. Name three European countries that Pakistan trades with. 2. Does Pakistan trade with South America? How do you know? 3.Name three African countries that Pakistan trades with. «Name three Asian countries that Pakistan trades wrth. 5. Does Pakistan trade with Japan? B. Pakistan's trade wrth China has more than doubled since 2006. Why is this?6bbsbe bbb’ bhHeeEEDS A. Write the ansurers in your notebook, 1. What i Pakistan's main import? 2.What i Pahstan’s second largest import? 3. What is Pakistan's third largest import? ss Noe of fod tt Pan inpre s. Hour much did Pakistan spend, on eecrical goods import in 201-2020? B. Pakistan exports and imports chemicals. Why co you think this is? Trading partners Pakistan trades with many countries around the world. Our main trading partners are the USA, China, and the European Union. Our main exports to the USA are clothing and household goods, sports goods, and camping goods. 9 nee Our main imports from the USA are raw cotton, tanks, eee ae a istan ordered weapons, ammunition and parts for military 36.0 tas plas equipment, steel-making materials, and civilian in 2006. aircraft. QA map of Pakiten's export parbwrs eroand tha workSome other goods we import are petroleum goods, some types of machinery, synthetic fabrics and threads (such as rayon), cotton, some metals and plastics, and foods 35000 30000 The main type of machinery that Pakistan imports is for generating electricity. 25000 3 3 US $ millions : ta000 Foods cotton Telecom 2 Electrical goods Petroleum goods Plastic moteriot Tron ond steel scrap Imports This graph shows Pokistan’s impors in 2019-2020. Que main onport is ood. Poestan is rain hurl country bd does nok produce enough food fora ele ba is ring very quechly aids i food, we ie he whee, sugar, tea and pulses (0g. chickpeas from Ausrala, Ebiopia and Myanmar). Our her main arr pln uae Theale ol perl ed go Wao ep pen gs. Tis i lactic oa ecyrt er pw: ah psacigrdss ee eqeed Olea oo rack alc pion goods ob dilrat Eines Th tal npr wes eet $33 ilo. Can you Fd theeifeence bso prs off aed petroleum goods? oc oO @ ‘ & Pakistan irnports ih 0 6 ond leéb6b bb bee E HEHEHE HEHEHE HS A. Copy and complete the puzzle m your notebook 1. Pakistan is the urorll's second. lgest produces of buflale ———~ 2. Pakistan's main export 3. We import and ——---- pebroleumn goods. 1. Pakistan's second largest export s. An important export courted. separately from tories 6. Shoes are made from this export. B. Do any of Pakistan's exports surprise you? Balin your answer. Imports Imports are the goods and services a country buys from other countries. It buys goods and services if it cannot produce enough for its needs. In Pakistan sometimes we are not Kee de Hist ah able to produce enough of some Ca re ee foods, such as wheat and sugar, so we have to import these. 124 OXFORDExports Exports are the goods and services a country sells to other countries. A country sells its surplus goods and services so that it can buy others. In Pakistan we produce more of some food and other crops than we need, so we export those. Our fine textiles are valued throughout the world, so they are another important export. Our beautiful carpets are such an important export that they are counted separately from textiles. They are exported to many countries QA tedie worker examines fabri in a factory in Faisalabad 12000 10000 The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) lists Pakistan as the world’s second largest producer of buffalo milk! It makes up 68% of the country’s milk, g followed by cattle (27%) and sheep, goat, and camel (5% altogether). The value of buffalo milk is more than wheat, sugar cane, and rice added together. Most of the country's buffalo are farmed in Punjab but there are also many in Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan. US $ millions © This graph shows Pohistan’s exports in 2014-2020, The menbers up the side ofthe graph shew how mach each export was woh in milons of US dolars. Our main export uras tvs, worth $10.4 ron, Con you find. that on the graph? Foods Textiles Petroleum Carpets Sports Leather Surgical Chemicals ‘goods goods goods instruments ExportsRegional trade Some regions produce more of some goods than they need. So they sell them to other regions. They buy some goods from other regions too. Some regions specialise in services such as tourism, computer skills, or banking. They sell their services and buy the services they need. All these goods and services are part (ry funl del of Eve, Kev sl lly sis of the country’s economy. A. Write the ansurers in your notebook. 1. Which regions of Pakistan produce wheat? 2. Which regions produce rmachivery? ; 3. Which regions produce frat? Punjab produces wheat. It sells wheat B. Which region do you think gives the most products Ci and. services to the economy of Pakistan? This chart shows the main goods and services of different regions of Pakistan: Region Main goods and services Balochistan gas, coal, minerals such as gold and copper Sindh cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes; petroleum products, machinery, cement, plastics, banking Khyber Pakhtunkhwa_ wheat, maize, tobacco, rice, sugar beets, fruit, tourism Punjab wheat, cotton, sugar and fruit; fertilisers, textiles, coal, gas, petrol, rock salt, cement, sports goods, machinery, electrical goods, surgical instruments, vehicles, aircraft ‘Gilgit Baltistan wheat, maize, barley, fruit; tourism Islamabad Capital finance and banking, information and communications Territory technology Azad Jammu and agriculture (maize, wheat, rice, and millet), livestock, Kashmir tourism, construction, and handicrafts 2d cxzone bs” aLocal trade Unit 13' Trade: Trade means buying and selling. When you buy or sell something, you trade. You give money in exchange for goods or services. A market is where people buy and sell goods and services. It could be a street, a village, or a city market. The market could be a shopping mall or town or city centre. It could be an Internet site where things are sold online. A market could be an office that sells services you can’t see: for example, licences to use services, permission to do something, information, advice. Traders at small village or street markets sell Local goods. At the bazaar or shopping mall goods come from farther away. A big shopping mall has retail traders. These are shops that buy goods such as clothes, fruit, or sports goods from different traders and then sell them. © The Anarkal bazaar in Lahore OA is a market. It sells many different 5. Here has. mn are some of them: ae clothes, pee food, : _jocelery. pertone, tedts, é666 6 bbb’ bb ESS all n Karachi: a mart. Ib ts for diffrent goods avd svi. Copy and. complete the chart in your notebook A. List some goods ond. services that you ard Goods Services marke tips our Faraly have bought this wed: Cd ere a keller B. List any goods and. services that your family sel Write where they sell these goods and services.© Newspapers helped to spread news to large numbers of people in the eighteenth century, © Electricity and new technology helped to spread news very quickly. © New technology helped people to set up radio and television stations that could send information quickly over longer distances. © Newspapers, radio and television helped to change people's opinions as well os giving information. ® Radio and television entertain people as well as giving information. ® Social media have made it even quicker to send information. @ As well as helping to send news to people, new technology has helped to make life safer ~ one example is on railways. ‘A. 1. How could people in Sindh send messages or packages to one another at the beginning of the 19" century? 2. How did the British make this quicker? 3. What was the quickest way to send a message across a long distance in the 1860s? 4, How did electricity change the way we get news? B. What is good and bad about the different media for news? Copy and complete the chart in your notebook. Medium Good Bad Think about: newspapers © what news was printed or broadcast © where the news came radio from * who could get the news © who could read or understand it television Social mediaAdvantages and disadvantages of various forms of communication Advantages Disadvantages 1. Getting information |. Information can be spread without 2. Being entertained any check that it is correct. 3. Being educated 2. risk of facing cyber crimes. e.g. 7 bullying, harassment, fraud, data 4, social networking theft, etc. 5. Damage by viruses 3. risk of Losing personal information 6. Quick Corn eonOn 4. spam emails, text messages, pop ups for business is 5. damage to devices due to virus 7. Helps professional : : , 6. People spending more time on social networking media and less time with their 8. Less paper is used - friends and families good for the ‘environment 7. Connectivity issues, poor radio signals, network problems in some places 8. People spend a Lot of time sitting. 4. Computers, phones, tablets and so on use electricity. 10. Equipment can be expensive. 11. Social media and websites stay online when they are out of date. besebe bbe bhbbhbbuaud A. Woite your answer in your notebook 1. Wile a four sentences to desenbe a. mass media b. socl media ea Nel a pat ie a ree, en pei reach to 4 2. Which means of communication has the reaxrmm vases? 8. Do you think that media plays a rele in imparting educrtin to the students? Explain ‘your answer. oxFoRDSocial media The means of electronic information through websites and social networking platforms, e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Linked In, Instagram, WhatsApp, etc. It has made the transmission of information faster than before. Similarities and differences between mass media and social media Mass media Social media It has a large unlimited audience. | It has a smaller audience chosen by the sender. Information can travel quickly. Information can travel quickly. | Sender creates information. Audience can only create information if invited. _ Uses print and electronic media, e.g newspaper, radio, television. Both sender and audience can create information. Only uses electronic medium on the internet. Aims to give information and entertain. Aims to create discussion as well as sharing information. There are rules about what they are allowed to broadcast, and organisations to check, and fine them if they break the rules. Its advertisements are for everyone to read, hear or watch. Social media began without rules that can be enforced, but people are trying to change this. Its advertisements are sent only to people the sender thinks will be interested. OXFORD. nia, In Pakistan, National Response Centre for Cyber Crime is a law enforcement agency to fight cyber crime. Q Different forms of social media and. mass mediaIn 1947 All India Radio had three radio stations in the area that became Pakistan. The Pakistan government took these over. It started the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation. Most households in the subcontinent had radios. The world’s first public service television broadcasting company was the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). It began in 1922 but could not broadcast over very Long distances. Very few people in the world had TV sets then. Pakistan Television began broadcasting in 1964. Advertising There have been advertisements since ancient times. They used the media of the time: papyrus (in Ancient Egypt), wood, or stone. Advertising is to tell people about goods or services. One way is to call out to people in towns and cities. To make people listen the advertiser could sing, dance, or entertain people in another way. Radio advertisements also entertain with music and songs. These help to make people remember the advertisement. Radio advertisements could reach many people at the same time. $beebsbe see bh bebe SOoSO A. Write your ansuvers in your nolebook 1. Which was the first radio statin in the subcontinent? 2. Which was the first radio statin in Pahiston? 2. Could. people listen to radio rews in our part of the subcontinent before 147? How fenow? 1. Gould. people in Pakistan wretch television in THH7? Hour do you know? B. Do you think radio vews programmes i the 1120s just told people the fads or toed Bete Uae ay 4 ent area gat ae ©. Talk to a friend about this. Then write your answer: IF you were advertising in the THO: in Pokstan, vhich of these wrod you choose rearspoper, radio, or felevson? Explain your ansurerThe news on air Around the beginning of the 20" century governments began to use radio to send out news. Then radio manufacturers and large shops started small radio stations. This helped them to sell radios because people would have programmes to listen to. Newspapers had small radio stations for broadcasting their opinions as well as news. In the 1920s radio technology became much better and more people had radios. Radio companies started to broadcast entertainment programmes and news. There was also some television broadcasting but very few people had TV sets. The Indian Broadcasting Company began radio broadcasting in the subcontinent in 1927. Later the government took over. It named the company AIL India Radio. <= In 1895 the Italian inventor Marconi made the first wireless radio transmitter and receiver. The broadcast went through the air as ‘radio waves’. Marconi built the broadcasting transmitter at Peshawar and gave it to the radio station there. the 1940s, urhen most Radio Pakistan, Karachi families had a radio. It had a wire for electricity bud no wires to link it to the transmitter. QA wireless’ radio from 116 OXFORDQuaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.s«:+ started Dawn in 1941 in Delhi. The Muslim League used it for their news. In 1946 the editor urged Muslims to take part in protests to support the partition of the subcontinent. Now Dawn has offices in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. obese bbbUbehU_UOEUS A. Copy the sentences into your notebook. Write true or fase after each sentence Corred: the fale sentences. 1. Before Independence the subcontinent had. no newspapers. pyre ee freee eterna env Oe cre 2. The British East India Company controlled. nevspopers. B. Was the purpose of the nevrspapers you have read about on this page to tell people fads or to. give opirions? Explain your ansurr. ici) In 1947 Pakistan there were four large Muslim-owned newspapers: Pakistan Times, Zamindar, Nawa-i-Wagt, and Civil and Military Gazette. They were all based in Lahore. After Independence other Muslim papers moved to Pakistan: for example, Dawn, the Morning News, and the Urdu-language newspapers Jang and Anjam. QU: . i i tee LIVE PAKISTAN! | i Ha jan The editon of Dawn anvovring the death of ©The offices of Daven newspoper Quaid-e-Aeamnabai, in KarachESE A train driver didn’t know if another train was stuck on the track if he couldn't see it. It took a Long time for signalmen to walk along the track to get a message to the driver. So there were a lot of crashes. The electric telegraph made it much quicker to send messages. By the 1850s there were signal boxes. A signalman could use levers to change signals in different places, but not very far away. Electricity helped to make railways safer. Signals and moving parts of tracks could be changed quickly using electric switches. ébbbbesebee_KHRBE_hLEOU_S A. Write the answers in your natebook 1, Give one reason why there were a bo of crashes on old. rabvays. 2.Whet made it quicker to send messages to trains farther olng the track? a Hour did. decricly change raibvay signals? «How did. dedrichy help to make roivays safer? B. Work with a frend. Fund the quichest uray you can to send. a rmessoge to one arother without using anything eledrical. Draur ond write about what you di. and Prous urellt avorked Mass media The means of communication that reach to a large audience is called mass media. Television, newspaper, and radio are examples of mass media. The news in print Before printing was invented people gave out news in different ways. They called it out in towns, or wrote and drew pictures on paper or other materials. Some carved words and pictures in stone, metal, or wood. When the British East India Company ruled the subcontinent, the newspapers here were all in English. The news was about the British. The first newspaper was printed in 1766. The editor criticized the British East India Company. He was sent back to Britain. Another British editor wrote about corruption in the Company and about the suffering of Indian people. The Company fined him and put him in prison. The newspaper closed. Later there were other English language newspapers in the places ruled by Britain. One of these was Dawn.66666 bb bbb bE SE A. Copy and. complete the sentences in your notebook 1. The fist postage stamps in Asia were call nso 2. People pad to take messages ond packages from one place to 3. Instead of runners the Brlish East India company std ono becouse «. Eledriely made it even quicker to send messages using the 5. This send messages along nn. using codes. B. Write any other words you know that have tek’ or ‘graph’ in them Write thor meanings Railway communications The first trains were pulled by horses and went very slowly. A horse rider went ahead of the train, beside the track. He waved a flag to say that a train was coming. Later, steam trains had whistles that the driver could sound using steam from the boiler. Where tracks met, signalmen used their arms and hands to show train drivers which way to go. Signalmen moved parts of tracks to Let trains go from track one to another. Railway companies put up tall poles with signal bars. Train drivers could see them from far away unless it was very dark or foggy. Signalmen moved the bars up or down with levers. Train drivers knew what message the bars were giving. eres O Old railaray signals at Chok Thurrra OA man @ lever in the box. ee | Qo 113Wt uals fon (Fi inter el Sending messages The subcontinent had a very old mail system. People paid runners to take messages and packages from one place to another. They paid by weight and distance. When the British East India Company ruled Sindh they needed faster mail. So in 1851 they used horses and camels QA Scinde Dawch stamp, instead of runners. They used stamps Dh a elias: Us called Scinde Dawk. They were the first Ae LD ore Oh postage stamps in all of Asia. Scientists and inventors worked at sending messages using electricity and magnetism. The messages spelled words using a code. There were many different codes. In Russia Pavel Schilling made the first electric telegraph in 1832. It could send messages along wires from one room to another. By the 1860s there were telegraph cables between tg and cities and even under the seas to link continents. = “Tele” means ‘far’. ‘Graph’ means ‘writing’. ey So ‘telegraph’ means ‘far writing’. Somer] This port sud int sas O An dedicleegroph machine Messages came in here. Et printed them in code te thin ribbon of er. Then someone wed, them out as ite we 7What have I learned about citizenship? Bey Factey F Citizenship means being a legal member of, and supporting, one’s country. With civic freedoms of education, movement and freedom of expression come civic responsibilities like paying taxes, voting and following laws, Common manners and behaviour are socially accepted and expected like greeting people we meet and being respectful of another person’s time. Globalisation is changing the idea of citizenship as more and more people think of themselves as global citizens with more things in common than differences. Online behaviour should be as good as our face to face behaviour. We should check facts before believing or sharing any information. We should respect people's rights, such as their freedom to express themselves both online and otherwise. Peace is possible when people try and find ways to cope with differences through discussion and negotiation. A: Our use and dependence on the Internet has grown over the last decade. Find out what happens when the following steps are not taken: a, fact-checking There is a Lot of misinformation circulating ‘on the Internet. We must be vi global citizens! b. respecting freedom of speech B: Imagine you are in the middle of a conflict. Look at the following list of actions and sort them into lists with the headings Do and Don’t for your conflict. collaborate - laugh - mock - share - reassure - accuse - lie - honesty ~ dishonesty - compassion - gossip Do Don’t | argue - interrupt - listen - cooperate - judge - criticise - ignore - yell - |ORS Peace, tolerance, and diversity We look around and find people with many differences. We have Sindhis, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Balochis, Hazaras, and many other cultural groups. Thanks to globalisation we also get to see Chinese, Arabs, Europeans, Americans and even Africans visiting our country for many reasons. Through social media we get to see these differences even more clearly. Do these differences matter? Sometimes yes, sometimes no. We should accept people as they are and not treat them differently for it. Global citizenship also teaches us to not discriminate and to be tolerant of each other's differences. This way we can work towards building a society that treats everyone equally and actively protects each other's rights. Do this when you face a conflict So, what are you going to do the next time you disagree with your, brother, sister or friend or anyone else? Just follow these steps and try to understand each other's views. See if you can find something you agree on. Focusing on our J differences will keep the conflict going, but discussion may help you to understand and accept one another's views. * Identify the problem. © Think of possible solutions. b 4 4 boobed 4 * Share and discuss these | 4.0, ths m yor misbck Sa 1. Explin how one person's rights afleds oer * Be willing to give way to | peodt's human rights? some of the other person's |) », What does the Universal Declraton of Harman ideas or wishes while they do |) Rights guarantee? the same for you. This should be fair and equal. 5 pee ay inne ee © If you need to, find someone to act as ‘mediator’ (like a referee or umpire in a sport). in_your dessrooms D806 606 606 {reedomand rights and fe, betty fairand presumption privateand freedom of respect for the freedom of equally freedoms and security pubiletrial af innocence family fe thoughts, fights gesembly and for ail conscience freedoms set “association forth inthis declaration bonon bon on recognition demesticand —_arylum social security democratic freedomof work and ‘lavory® torture ofthe legal international freedom porticipation opinion and right to corvtude Personality of movement ‘expression unlonisation equality ——tagat ban on rationality edveation private property resteand health and marriage before aeeistance arbitrary leisure wallbeing equality the law detention protection of ‘the fomiy 60 social and inteenationat order culture Freedom of Speech Freedom of expression is vital to democracy as it allows people to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from censorship. When societies lose this choice or misuse it, there are more cases of hate speech, fraud, encouragement of poor behaviour and even lawlessness. community O Fundamental Haman Rights for all Tie FACT! Freedom of speech was the First Amendment of the United States Constitution in 1791 along with freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble.important. Through online activity we see, hear, and read about poor online behaviour such as bullying, not respecting privacy, and spreading misinformation. So, what makes us good global citizens online? Nothing unusual. The same things that make us good citizens at home and in our community make us good global citizens online. Our rights and responsibilities as citizens should include: © being responsible by checking facts before sharing information understanding the consequences of what we share choosing friends and role models wisely being fair respecting opinions of others cece Human rights On 10th December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations announced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which its member-states have promised to follow. According to this, every human should have the same human rights and freedoms. These rights are universal, which means they are for all, because everyone is born with them whatever their race, ethnicity, gender, religion, culture, or the country where they live. It says that these rights cannot be taken away from anyone. One person’s human rights affect ery those of others. If we take away the [mLWX0y 4 rights of anyone or any group of people, we set an example that other | jiuman Rights has been translated people or groups can be mistreated, into nearly 400 Languages, too. We cannot choose to respect making it the most translated some rights but not others. So, we | document in the world. cannot choose to give rights to some and ignore the same rights to others. The Universal Declaration of For example, everyone has a right to freely express their views. This does not mean we should encourage those who have the same views as us and discourage those who do not. However, it is important to express views politely and not in ways that insult or offend others or cause conflict.Digital Citizenship Behaving with good manners everywhere helps to make us good citizens, but this is more than just being polite. This code of conduct includes all correct behaviour, such as being honest, obeying rules and laws, and being thoughtful about the time and efforts of other people. People communicate and trade with others all around the world. This is called globalisation. We can see and meet others from around the world virtually. Most businesses depend on other businesses around the world. This has even made some pue down your anid book ‘hen comeone seniors te 100 10k people in the eye when sty “Yes Maar" ayes Sit” when ‘eer bunping ino somone © Corman egueltes ore practiced everyuhere changes to the cultures of different societies around the world. Global citizenship means being a member of the world community. We all share problems such as climate change, unemployment, illiteracy, and diseases. This makes it more important for people to cooperate in finding solutions to such problems. Most of us are global citizens through using social media. We come across many different ideas and opinions daily. This makes good online behaviour 107Citizenship A citizen is someone who can legally live in a country. Citizens have certain freedoms and rights. Citizens can travel, buy property, and vote. They can protest to bring attention to anything they believe needs to be done or anything they think is wrong. But with rights come responsibilities. If citizens want to enjoy the freedoms, they must play their part by taking responsibility for their actions. OA c Good citizens make sure they know about issues that proof of clizenship concern their community. They pay taxes and follow the law of the land. They try their best to do what is right and try to be fair to everyone. They obey the traffic rules, do not Leave litter or vandalise property, and treat all people equally. Most importantly, good citizens Civic responsibilities * right to have an education * to vote * right to protest * protect the rights of all * right to practise religion * pay taxes . * follow the law right to buy property éebebbbsue tb bbbuetu_oue Answer the follwing in your notebook 1. Wha is meant by etizenship? 2. List at last five rights of elizens. 3. Ouline some responses of a good ttizon. 106 OXFORR( A: The population of Pakistan is growing so fast that there could be pressure on the resources we need. “Two of these resources can be goods; the other two should be services.” List four resources that could face pressure because too many people need them. Explain what could happen. B; Makes notes about the regional similarities and differences between the following Pakistani cultures: Azad ; ; i Khyber Gilgit. | Jammu Sindh Punjab | Balochistan | paxhtunkhwa | Baltistan | and Kashmir Religion Language Food Clothing Sports Arts and crafts Festivals4. Variety Diversity in Language, customs, food, and festivals makes the world a colourful and interesting place. People travel around the world to see new places and meet people with different cultures. Such exchanges can help to make a society peaceful and help it to develop. $oebebeb ube bUbUEHHE GS Do this in your notebook, 1. List the meals you think are special to. Pakistan 2. Find out how art and craft help to shoe the culture of a socly, ss Bole the lent of beep oie wee ese What have I learned about the people of Pakistan? Population is the number of people living in an area. Studying population is important because it helps the government to plan how to organise goods and services such as roads and railways, telephone lines and internet services, food and hospitals. Culture means the ways of life of people from a community or country. They include language, traditions, festivals, sports, food, clothes, art, literature, and music. Pakistani culture is diverse as it comes from regions that have their own unique cultures: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A multicultural society has greater chance of progressing as people find common goals and work together to reach them. 104 OXFORD a esBenefits of multicultural society A multicultural society has people from many different cultures. They can work together in different ways towards goals that they share. This helps them progress as a society. For example, people from many cultures have settled in the United States of America and Canada. As a result, multicultural societies have formed, with people from different backgrounds having different skills. They contribute to the economy of these countries and in return get the benefits of Living there. People in a multicultural society are: |. Tolerant Working and living together makes people less focused on their differences. To progress together, they become respectful, easy-going, and avoid negative feelings such as bias and racism. 2. Adaptable Living with people from different backgrounds teaches us to be adaptable. That means we are willing to learn new ideas, knowledge, and skills. We learn to be patient and accept the differences among us. This helps us to adjust to different situations in school or work, at home or in our community. 3. Have a greater chance of progress People from different areas and cultures have different experiences. These shape their day-to-day lives, their decisions, and their work. When people from different cultures work and live ‘together, they begin to share their ideas and find new solutions to common problems. aoe.° Meena kari, enamelling and carved wooden furniture from Chiniot in Punjab © mirror work block printed cloth and Ajrak from Sindh ° earthen pot handicraft from Rawalpindi e truck and rickshaw art with calligraphy os a 7% aPC MAN, | O) Graftsrnen anc. women in Pakistan are famous arcu the world for their work 8. Cultural dances Cultural dances are not performed by everyone from the area but are enjoyed and treasured for their stories. The most famous dances are bhangra in Punjab, lewa and jhumar in Balochistan, rouf in Kashmir, alghani in Gilgit-Baltistan, and khattak in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Sindhis are also fond of stories, traditional dance, and drama. Their Sindhi Bhagat, Ho Jamalo, Dhamal and Jhumro are popular forms of entertainment. © Khattah dancers 4. Cultural festivals Punjab is the land of five rivers, with farming its main industry. It has the highest population of all the provinces and is known for its joyous celebrations like Mela Chiraghan and horse and cattle show. Sindh is also called the Land of saints and is famous for its celebrations of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar.s.i:+ and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai,s«-. People in Balochistan celebrate Jashan-e-Kalat, Sibi Mela, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa celebrate Kalam festival to honour its diverse cultural heritage.from the hot and dry winds from the mountains. Sindhi’s shalwar is called suthan and their qamees is called cholu. They match their outfits with colourful caps and ajrak. Traditionally, Pashtuns dress in khet partug, which is a long, loose robe with wide sleeves and a belt. Kashmiris wear pherans which are long and loose clothes. The women's pherans are embroidered and O Pakistanis wear colourful traditional clothes the men wear it plain. Men in Gilgit-Baltistan wear a woollen sleeveless coat over their shalwar qameez and an iraghi cap; women wear Loose, colourful shalwar qameez with the iraghi cap. In urban areas, men who work in offices wear trousers and shirts. 6. Sports The national sport of Pakistan is hockey but the most popular sport in all cities is cricket. Other popular sports in different regions are Kabaddi in Punjab, Wanj Watti and Malakhro in Sindh, Hashti in Balochistan, polo in Gilgit- Baltistan, and tent pegging in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 7. Arts and crafts © Pakistanis ore passionate about crche. Pakistan's rich history and its tribal cultures have contributed to its tradition of arts and crafts. It is famous for the following: ° carpets and rugs from Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa * onyx, embroidery, caps, and shoes from Balochistan ¢ embroidery and bead work of the Kashmiri crafters * stone carving in north-western areas3. Family For Pakistanis, love and respect for the family is very important. ALL ethnic groups are close to their extended families. They protect their family members and value their trust. Women play a role outside the house too. They are seen working in the fields, in factories, offices, schools, colleges and universities and in banks. 4. Food Pakistani food is famous for its spices and variety in tastes. Wheat, rice, lentils, vegetables, and meat cooked in spices are are important © Mbst Polistaris have strong links foods in every province. Fish is a traditional — wh i» whol fornly food near coasts. Tea is favourite everywhere in Pakistan but with long summers, chilled drinks like lassi are enjoyed, mostly in Punjab. Pakistanis in other countries have made biryani, gorma, shawarma, and tandoori chicken, common items on menus. proce © Med famous Pakistani fods; Kebab ond. Bryon 5. Clothing Pakistanis wear vibrant and colourful clothes. Traditionally, women wear shalwar and qameez and cover their heads with a chaddar or dupatta. Men wear shalwar and qameez, too, but these vary for different regions. In Punjab, shalwar for men are Loose and, in the villages, some men wear lungi and kurta too. Baloch men wear a long smock-frock down to their heels with a Loose shalwar and a cotton head cover. It helps protect them 100. QxFoRDunited because they are citizens of the same nation and share similar values, such as: the national Language, Urdu. the national religion. 96% of the population is Muslim. the national dress shalwar qameez. values of respect and love for the country, elders, and fellow citizens are instilled in youngsters. Distinct features of Pakistani culture ° ° ° ° 1. Language Different ethnic groups speak different languages. More than 70 Languages are spoken in Pakistan: for example, Punjabi, Pashtu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Balochi, wakhi, sheena, siraiki, and Brahui. Urdu is the national language, and most people in Pakistan speak or understand Urdu. Many people speak English too. 2. Religion Pakistan has a population of more than 270 million. About 96% of them are Muslims. They celebrate two major religious festivals, Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha. Other religious events like the birth of Hazrat Muhammad ssntsitutestiwi Joost iss, Tftars and Tarawihs in Ramzan are celebrated with much enthusiasm. People of other religions make up 4% of the population of Pakistan. Christians, Hindus, Parsees, and Sikhs living in Pakistan celebrate their religious festivals and pray in their respective places of worship. pole eine ‘A, Do this i your notebook. 1. What is meant by eubure? 2. What is nationalisen? 2 Fl does atonal hd in heaping clizers united B. Discuss how language makes a callure different from thers8 Have you ever noticed the differences between people in Pakistan? The differences can be because they come from different regions or have different beliefs or ideas about Life, or different customs. These are different cultures. Culture means the ways of life of people from a community or country. It includes everything people do to express themselves, like art, music, dance, way of dressing, rituals, games, religion, language and food. Some people share cultures because of their shared history. Cultures develop over a long time and go through changes. These changes happen when people are influenced by other cultures or events they see around them or in places they visit or learn about on television or the Internet. Pakistan is rich in culture as it has six distinct regions: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir. Other communities live in these regions, such as Hazara, Potohari, Siraiki, Makranis, Dards, Wakhis. Pakistanis promote nationalism, meaning love and pride for the country, through their culture, to build a strong nation Each of these ethnic groups has its own language and other cultural differences, but they demonstrate a spirit of nationalism. They stand OXFORDobese bubbboeboue_bUoud A.Copy and complete the sentences in your noteook, ‘oe is the member of people hving in em area. EASED errant ale ec ie Eb Cty ers Uy ence ay i pce cot . Average number of people in an area is called 2. Average yearly increase in population is counted. as population It is important to study about the population because the government needs to make sure everyone has the goods and services they need: roads and railways, telephone lines and Internet services, food and hospitals. The government has to be ready for changes in population. Factors affecting population growth Here are some factors that have Led to a rise in population: 1. Natural increase The number of births and deaths in a country affects the population growth. If there are more births and fewer deaths, the population growth will be high but if the number of births is not as high as number of deaths then the population growth will be low. 2. Migration The numbers of people immigrating and emigrating, change its population. When people move from rural areas to urban areas, the populations of urban areas increase, while the population of rural areas decreases. 3. Illiteracy 6666066 6 A low literacy rate is a major cause of high population. Many people do not understand how AWrle your ansurers in your roleook 1. Why do you think the population of urban areas is greater than the rural over population uses up resources. ete PART. Most of the people of Pakistan 2, How is ilteracy 0 couse of population live in rural areas and they have th? large families so that there are 3. Find out three reasons for a higher more helpers on the farms or in rue, of natural increase in modern ions. other family businesses. OXFORD q7Unit 110) People of Pakistan Population Every ten years we have a national census. The census records the number of people in the country. This is called the population. The last census in Pakistan was conducted in 2017. The population of Pakistan was 207,774,520. The census records the population of each province. This does Since the last census in 1997, Pakistan's population has grown by 57%. A study of population is called demography. There are many ways of studying population. Population growth rate means how much the population increases each year. Population density means the average number of people per square kilometre in a place. Urban areas like Karachi, Lahore, Quetta and Peshawar have a high population density (more people per square kilometre). Rural areas have a Lower population density. For example, the population densities of Sindh and Punjab are _ higher than those of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. D( : A. Find out names of the following position holders of your country. Write the problems next to the form of government holding the power to resolve it? police reforms—garbage disposal near your house—education policies— climate change action—road construction—improving relations with neighbouring countries Positions People in power Problems for resolution Prime Minister Chief Minister Nozim of your area B. Do this in your notebook. |. Describe the function of political parties in a democracy. 2. Inwhat manner are political parties different from one another? 3. What is the task of the opposition in the National and Provincial Assemblies? 4. What is the role of Pakistani citizen in a democracy? C. Sometimes political parties in a country become too powerful and to remain in power longer, they make new laws. What do you think will happen to a democracy if this happens? What should citizens do to stop this from happening? Why do you think respecting the constitution is important for all citizens? D. Brainstorm the importance of responsibilities of citizens. What will happen if there were no rules or laws at home, in school, in traffic or against stealing, and attacking.of the government. Their criticism can guide the government to be more attentive and not abuse their power. Since democracy is a people's government, it does not restrict political parties from campaigning or expressing their opinions. But it is important for the political parties to follow and respect the constitution to make sure the rights of all citizens are represented and provided for. Role of Pakistani citizen in a democracy The rights of Pakistani citizens are protected by the constitution of 1973. This legal document helps maintain Law and order. Every legal citizen of the country enjoys these rights. However, one cannot enjoy freedoms and rights without certain responsibilities. All citizens are represented and treated equally before the Law. Citizens should cast vote without bias and treat others equally. All citizens have the right to practice their religion and preserve their language and cutture. Citizens should respect the civic rights of all citizens of the country like their own. Citizens have the right to a fair trial if they are arrested or detained. Citizens should strive to follow rule of law, equality and fair dealing with all. Citizens have the right to move freely and form a peaceful gathering. Citizens should not abuse their access to public spaces by damaging property or inciting violence. Constitution promises to protect life and property of its citizens according to the law. Citizens should not do anything that harms the state or other people's life or property. What have I Learned from understanding governance? faith and the problems they face. protects the rights of all citizens. © Pakistan has a parliamentary federal form of government. © Astrong federal system has national, provincial assembly members and local government work together as a team to improve governance. © A democracy represents the diversity of its people like their cultures, © Constitution is a legal document that helps maintain Law and order. It