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    9 views13 pages

    Group of Elements

    Uploaded by

    Maria Ingrid Lagdamen Pista

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 13
    ‘One valence electron * Te nos mace slant bong i up Cee ois, thy a etn sos sch '* The group members do not occur in the free state in nature (they always in combined state) HYDROGEN — “inflammable ar* © Ughtest element ‘© Not pharmaceutical important Three isotopes: 41. Profium — most abundant . 2 Deuterium — heavy; used in the manufacture of batteries. 3. Tritium- radioactive '* Exists in the monovalent cation (+) positive or monovalent anion (-) in hydrides UTHIUM - “ithos*- earth ‘+ _Lightest of all metals bridge element, resembles Mg? + Ca + Used as heat exchangers in air condifoners Pharmacologic properties: 1.) depressant action to the nerve centers and circulation; 2.) diuretic action (less effective as thal of potassium) * Compounds: 1. Uthium bromide (Li8r) - depressant 2. Lithium carbonate (LizCo,) — Lithase; drug of choice for mania SODIUM—“natium’ — from nature '* Predominant cation in the extracellular uid Produces osmotic effects in the body Pharmacologic properties: 1.) fluid retention (patients with edema, hypertension and CHF should limit their intake of salty foods) © Compounds: 1. Sodium acetate (NaCHsCO0) — diuretic, urinary and systemic alkalizer, antacid, alakalizing agent in Benedicts solution 2. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOs) — “baking soda"; systemic/absorbable antacid; carbonating agent (on ingredient of effervescent salts which would react with the acid component to lberate carbon ioxide which will improve the taste of the pharmaceutical); Problems associated with its use: systemic alkalosis, edema formation; should be used with ‘precaution by patients with CHF and HPN 3. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH:PO,) ~ “leet enema’ (combined with the monchydrogen ‘phosphate sodium salt); cathartic source of bicarbonate ions, baking purposes, treatment of cystitis (altemafive treatment is Zea mays) and urinary acidifier (to activate prodrug urinary antiseptics ‘such as methenanine Hipperex)) Sodium metabisulfate (NaHSO;) — water-soluble anti-oxidant ‘Sodium carbonate (NazCO;.H,0)- anhydrous form: “SODA ASH’ dekahydrate form: "WASHING “SODA CRYSTALS’ "SAL SODA’; used as antacid and as source of carbonate ions (which may Improve palatabitty of food products and pharmaceutical). 6. Sodium chloride (NaC!) —“rock salt’, “table salt”, “soler salt’ electrolyte replenisher (ingredient of normal saline solution, ringers solution and lactated ringer’s solution), tonicity adjustod condiment and preservative 7. Sodium citrate (NaxCsHs0;) - alkalizer, buffer, diuretic expectorant and shortens coagulation time. 8. Sodium fvoride (NaF) — ant-cariogenic agent as (2% solution) (four applications are necessary) 9. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ~ "ye", “caustic soda’, sapontying agent formation of hard soaps) 410. Sodium hypophosphite (NaPH0,) — reducing agent 41. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) —"dakin's solution’, Chiorox, oxidizing agent, disinfectant and bleaching agent; diluted sodium hypochlorite is known as “modified dakin's solution” and is used 2s an igating solution and antiseptic 12, Sodium iodide (Nal) -solubilzer of iodine and expectorant 19. Sodium lactate (NaCH;0,) ~ same alkalizing effec as that of bicarbonate salt 14. Sodium nitite (NaNO,) ~ vasodilator and treatment of cyanide poisoning (simultaneous with sodium thiosulfate); also used as a preservative of foodstuff 16. Sodium nitrate (NaNO:) ~ “chile salt peter; used 2s a preservative offoodstut : Paar ae tih may meee patty bd auc and phases) . = gargies 7 Potassium chloride (KC) — electrolyte replenisher (component of ringers and lactated ringer's ‘solution) 8. Potassium citrate (K:CeH<0;) — diuretic, expectorant and diaphoretic S) FPotassium hydroxide (KOH) —“caustic potash’, ‘ye potash’; saponifying agent (formation of soft soap) 10. Potassium’ iodide (K)~ anttngal, expetorant and solbilzer of iedne (prefered over sodium because itis 11. Potassium irate (KNO:) —"salt pete, ‘sare’; stronger dureic due to potentiating effect of nitrate to potassium: food preservative 12 Potassium permanganate (KMnO,) ~ oxidizing agent and antiseptic; used as volumetric solution ‘and indicator in 13. Potassium monohydrogen phosphate (K:HPO,) — cathartic 14, Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaCJH.0,) ~cathartc and sequestering agent 15. Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) — hypotensive agent Suflrated potash (KeSeK:S:0,) ~ “iver of sutu’; mixture of potassium polysulides and potassium {hiosuate; used inthe preparation of white lotion for the treatment of parasitic skin diseases ‘AMMONIUM Hypothetical alkali metal (behaves like an alkali metal ion) Phamacolgic action: 1.) dure bur (combating systomic acdoss) 2 )expecorant and ant: caragenic ‘Method of preparing ammonia: HABER'S PROCESS Household ammonia contains 10% or 16 degrees Baume (a tem for concentration) Important compounds: 1. Ammonium bromide (NHB) - sedative and depressant 2. Ammonium carbonate (NH.CO) ~ sal volatile’, hartshom’; expectorant respiratory stimulant antacid and phamaceutical necessary in the preparation of aromatic ammonia spr 3. Aromatic ammonia spint— ‘spt of hartshom, ‘spiro al volaio' used prima a a respiratory stimulant ‘Ammonium chloe (NH.C) ~ "muriate of hatshom: diuretic, expectorant and urinary aciifer a 5. _Ammoniated mercury (HgNH;C!) - white precipitate; topical ant-infective 6. Ammonium iodide (NHul) ~ source of iodine and expectorant CESIUM © Catalyst in the polymerzation of resin forming materials. ‘GROUP 18 - COINAGE METALS ‘+ Members are employed for omamental and coinage purposes * Occur in matal state Allmembers readily act as ceniral unt of complexes! chelates COPPER, ‘= Only reddish colored metal '» 3° most malleable and 3 best conductor of electricity. 2 important alloys: 1.) BRASS - copper and zinc; 2.) BRONZE ~ copper and tn salts are gonerally blue (others are greenish and reddish) © Occurs in the respiratory pigment hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase . eae ‘actions: {.)proten precipitant (anisepic and astingent and enhances physiologic utilization ion) * Toxicity: Wison's disease; antidote: penicilamine (increases the excretion of copper va the urine) Important compounds: 1. Copper sulfate (CuSO,*5H;0) —“blue vitriol’, ‘blue stone”; used in the preparation of Benedict Barfoed's and Fehiing's reagent local emetic (due fo iitant property tothe GIT), antidote for phosphorus poisoning (mechanism of action is due tothe fomation of metalic copper coating) ‘Combined with iron for increased hematnic propery; algicde and fungicide (when combined with ccalcium oxide — Bordeaux mixture) 2. Copper acetoarsenate (Cus(AS0:)z Cu(:H,01)2~ "Paris green’; insecticide 3. Cuprous citrate ((Cu)s(CeHs0)s]— astringent n 8% concentraron SILVER ~ “shining” of “bright ‘© Types: AMERICAN or STERLING silver ‘© 2 types of silver salts: 1,) highly ionized salts (such as silver nitrate) and 2.)slightly ionized salts (silver halides and silver protsinates) * Pharmacologic actions: oligodynamic property(germicidel action), protein precipitant ‘* Toxicity: argyra (darkening of the skin due to chronic use of silver preparations); antidote is saline solution O Ingietoat Siver nitrate (AgNO.) “lunar caustic’; treatment for warts and antiseptic forthe eyes (for newly bom babies of mothers with 2. Ammoniacal silver nitrate (Ag(NHs)2NO7) - used as dental protective (protect the dentin) and disinfeoting agent Silver iodide (Agl) — germicide Silver proteinates: ‘a. Mild silver protein- argyrots; 19- 28/25% of silver (yields les ionized sive); antiseptic for the eyes b. Strong siver protein protargo; 7.5- 8.5% silver, stronger germicide forthe ears and throat ©. Colloidal siver protein-collargol; 18-22% silver, general germicide GOLD -“shining” © King of all metals ‘© Most malleable, duotile and best conductor of electricity ‘© Metal is dissolved by aqua regia/royal water (3 parts HCI and 1 part HNO) and selenic acid Purple of Cassius ~ a pigment containing gold and stannic acid Panning method (floatation process) — crude metallurgic procedure for the extraction of gold Types : white and yellow ‘Antidote : Bal/ dimercapro! Important compounds: 1. Aurothioglucose — for out and rheumatoid arthOrtis; given via IM 2. Gold sodium thiomaleate — for gout and rheumatoid arthritis; given via IM 3. Auronofin — orally given for gout and rheumatoid arthritis GROUP 2A ~ ALKALINE EARTH METALS. ‘* All members contains 2 valence electrons ‘BERYLLIUM, } + Never employed in medicine due to is toxicity + Used inthe uorescent fighting industry MAGNESIUM + Ughtest of al structurally important metals ‘+ Used in the manufacture of flares ‘+ Natural sources: 41. AS slicates: tal (3MgO.4SiO;H:0) and asbestos (Ca(Mgx(SiO,).) 2. As carbonates: magnesite (MgCO:) and dolomite (MgCO:.CaCO;) 3._ As sutates: kanasite (MgSO. H.0) + 2 most abundant intracellular cation ‘compounds: 41. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO:) —"magnesia’; antacid and laxative 2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH).) — antacid and laxative 3. Magnesium oxide (MgO) — antacid and laxative; component of universal antidote (which includes tannic acid and actvaled 4. Magnesium trsticate (2MgO. 3SiO,, nH0) — an antacid which possesses the advantages of forming a protective coating on ulcers and| ‘antacd acon due fo the gelannous 6. Hydrated magnesium silicate (3MgO. 4SiO2 H:0) — (tac) softest mineral known fitering and clarifying agent and dusting powder, magnesium citrate '* Pharmacologic use: 1.) 2s blood coagulation factor .) muscle contraction release of neurotransmitiers 3) structural function [primary elements of bones and teeth (98-99%) ‘+ Vitamin 0 is necessary forthe maximum absorption of dietary calcium in the upper portion ofthe small intestines + Deficiency state: osteomalatia and rickettsia, hypocalomic etany Se ecind cmcane Calcium bromide (CaBn) ~ sedative 2 Calcium carbonate (CaCO) ~“precipitated chalk’ or “prepared chalk’; antacid and ingredient of “green twig’ /~ Rodenticides “Poisoning causes green tongue GROUP 4A- CARBON FAMILY CARBON Exclusively non- metalic Fundamental constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues (common in all organic compounds) Only element forming bonds with its se Occurs free in nature Zs Allotropic maniestations- crystalline: diamond and graphite, amorphous: coal and anthracite ‘= Activated charcoal- residue from the destructive distillation of various organic materials treated to increase its adsorptive power, itis a component of universal antidote used in alkaloidal poisoning cases ‘= Important compounds: 1, Carbon dioxide (CO.)- carbonic acid gas; used forthe treatment of persistent hiccups and ‘most potent respiratory stimulant dry ie (solid carbon dioxide is used forthe treatment of ‘ace, coms, and calluses, moles, warts and eczema. eal 2. Carbonates- used as antacids and carbonating agent (liberation of carbon dioxide in pharmaceuticals to improve taste), buf in blood 3. Carbon monoxide (CO}- odorless’ coloress gas; very toxic which possesses 210X afin to hemoglobin as compared to oxygen; death due to asphyxia; antidotes for poisoning; pure or 100% oxygen, cxygen- helium mixture, hyperbaric oxjgen and oxygen- carbon dioxide SILICON ‘Second most abundant element (forms an inert oxide, silica (Si.), which is very abundant in nature) Silica causes silicosis (a lung condition resembling chronic tuberculosis in nature) GLASS is prepared by fusing a base (such as sodium carbonate) with pure silica; glass is modified by the addition ofthe f. agents: ‘Manganese dioxide- mask the blue-green color of ron usually present in siica . Boroniborates- decease the coefficient of expansion ofthe gas . Potassium: to render the glass brown with light resistant property 4, Lead: 10 increase refractive index of the glass Important compounds 1. Purified sliceous earth (SiO.)- absorbent, fitring aid, claifying agent 2. Kaolin-china clay, native hydrated aluminum silicate; adsorbent and demulcent in diarrhea 1o(OH)2. 8H.0}- Diatabs®, Polymagma®, Quintess®; absorbent similar to 3. Attapulgite (Mg(4Si kaolin Bentonite- soap clay, mineral soap; native, colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate; suspending agent Pumice- complex silicate of aluminum, potassium and sodium; volcanic origin; used as dental abrasive Tale- soapstone, French chalk; softest mineral known; filtering aid, clarifying agent and dusting powder Natural calamine- hydrated zinc silicate; topical protectant ‘Simethicone- polymeric dimethylsiloxane; anti-foaming agent, water repellent and anti latulent TN ‘* Used in manufacture of cans, household utensils ‘© Important compounds: 1. Stannic fuoride (SnF)- dental prophylactic, ant-carlogenic 8% solution (1 application), should always be freshly prepared since deteriorates on standing (oxidation to stannic lon) 2. Stannic oxide (SnO:)- germicidal against Staphylococcal organism LEAD Pharmacological property: astringent protein precipitant Poisoning is known as plumbism fastest va inhalation route Antidotes of poisoning EDTA and Caleium sodium versenate Sources of poisoring; canned foods, od lead pipes, paints, automobile exheust, earthenware utensils, cable wire, cocktail glasses, batteries ‘* Important compounds: 1. Lead acetate (PbAC.. 2H.0}- sugar of lead, burow’s solution; astingent and pharmaceutical necessty in the preparation of lead subacelate solution 2. Lead subacetate (Pb,0Ac3)- Goulard extract: astringent and antiseptic 3. Lead oxide (PbO)- phamaceutical necessity in he preparation of lead subacetate solution GROUP 4B- TITANIUM FAMILY TITANIUM. “itans- sons of the earth” + Powerful reducing agent Important compounds 1. Titanium dioxide (TiO.)- solar ray protective, ingredient of various lotions and sun blocking cream (due to its high refractive index); opaciying agent: PABA (oare-aminobenzoic acid) absorbs rays while titanium oxide reflects UV rays ZIRCONIUM © Compounds are used in decdorant and ant-perspirant preparations (soft and dry); Zirconium compounds are banned since the metal nduces granuioma formation (mast cel which may lead to cancer) + Former official compounds; oxide and cartonate which are used as ant-perspirants and for athete's foot GROUP 5A- NITROGEN FAMILY NITROGEN- “without life” ‘Azote mephitic air ‘Occurs free in the atmosphere (78-79%) and combined in organic compounds Component of plant and animal tissues (as proteins) Important compounds; 1, Nitrogen gas (N2)- used as an inert atmosphere for readily oxidizable pharmaceuticals (the triple bond ‘structure is responsible forthe inertness); iquid nitrogen s used as a refigerant, in nature, iis uiized by plants for fixation; kept in black cylinders 2. Nitrous oxide (N20) laughing ges; used as an inhalation goneral anesthetic; possasses analgesic properties; may cause diffusion hypoxia (could not be given alone; should be combined with other anesthetics); kept in blue cylinders. 3. Nirite- vasodilator, antidote for cyanide poisoning and preservative; nites are potentially dangerous singe they form N- nitroso derivatives of amunes and amides which are carcinogenic as \Nitrates- preservatives; nitrates are reduced to nitrites and may produce carcinogenic derivatives. Aromatic ammonia spint: spr of hatshom’; reflex respratery stimulant moseronove “light carior ‘St Elmo's fire + Used in manufacture of fireworks © 2forms; 1, White P/ yellow P- the yellow color is due to the presonce of small quantities of red P; may remain white "opti scan aor recent cron ect silo ‘upon exposure to light, white becomes low, poisonous, soluble In some organic solvents a Fes Pear pups ed oe ‘non- poisonous; insoluble in all solvents; used in the preparation of matches + Allotropic modifications: a. Scarlet P- heating P tribromide with Hg et 240°C b. Violet P- heating white P with a small quanity of Na at 200°C. ¢. Metallic of black P- heating P with Pb at 530°C ‘+ Important compounds: 1. Phosphale- of Ca, Mg and Al are utilized as antacids; monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphate salts are utlized as cathartcs ARSENIC © Lewisite metal ‘© Component of frst anti- syphilis drug: SALVARSAN, 606, ARSPHENAMINE prepared by Paul Ehrich ‘© _ Used in the preparation of vanous insecticides (e.g. Paris green [(Cus(AsO3)2Cu(C2H30z)2). Fowler's Solution [KAsO, or KH2AsOs]; sodium arsenate [Na,HAsO,), lead arsenate (PbHAsO,) and 1% mercuric jodide * Protoplasmic poison (toxic to all types of cells); causes pale bonds on fingernails; the antidote is

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