Bua — reed conerete beam for a clear span of 4000 my, — d the size of the beam is limited to 250 mmx. 400m ey, 415 steel. Support width is 300 mm each ang vie 4 hfe Design a rectangular reinfo imposed load is 35 kN/m an M20 grade concrete and Fe cover is 40 mm. EE, Solution: = 250mm d = 400 — 40 = 360 mm d= 40mm fer = 20 N/mm? fy = 415 Nimm? 1. Effective Span : Least of Centre to centre of supports = 4 + 0.3 = 4.3 m Clear span + d = 4 + 0.36 = 4.36 m Hence, Effective span = 4.3 m 2. Loads : Self weight of the beam= 0.25 x 0.4 x 25 = 2.5 kNim Super imposed load = 35 kN/m Total load = 35 + 2.5 = 37.5 kN/m Factored load wy = 1.5 x 37.5 = 56.25 kNIm w,P _ 56,25x4.3" 8 3. Limiting moment of resistance of the given section as a singly reinforced seei™ Mujlim = 0.138. fe,-bd? = 0.138 x 20 x 250 x 3602 = 89.42 x 106N-mm = 89.42 kN-m Factored Bending moment M,= = 130 kN-m As My > Mujim, the section should be designed as a doubly reinforced section: 4. Area of Tension Steel Corresponding to My jim (Asit) 0.87 fyAs = 0.36 fek B Xumax WARNING : XEROX . PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGALestan es De One ular senms. 0:36fek b Xumax 0.874, 0.36 x 20 x 250 x 0.48 x 360 = 861.5 mm? 0.87% 415 1 Reinforcement (Age) : st ressio’ 5. Comp! . d 40 fot 4° 3600 0.11, stress in compression steel fge from table F of SP16 foc = 351 Nimm? d (For design problems take f;- from Table-F of SP16 for different values of a for analysis problems (to find M, ) take f.- from Table-A of SP16 or from stress strain cane of corresponding steel] The remaining bending moment has to be resisted by couple consisting of compression eel and the corresponding tension steel. Muz = Mu Mu,lim = 130 - 89.42 = 40.58 kN-m Muz = foc Ase (d — d') 40.58 108 = 351 x Age (360 - 40) 40.58 x 10° pesSBxl0 4 2 Acc * 351 (960240) ~ 361-29 mm Additional Tensile Steel (Ag¢2) : 0.87 fy Ast2 = fc Ase Sec Ase 351 361.29 ae = Bare = Sppteangy 7 35123 mm? Total tension steel Ay = Aga + Asz = 861.5 + 351.2 = 1212.7 mm* Provide 4 20 mm bars in tension (Ag = 1256 mm?) and en : 16mm bars in compression (Asc = 402 mm?) WARMING : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGALped jand Design of Rectangular Beams : ma Ea 23 mavSHEAR C Bencing eed accompanied by shear. The combination of shear and bending stresses a a ae stress which causes diagonal tension in the beam section. The liagonal tensile stress caused by the shear and combination of shear and bending is likely to bend failure of the section by Producing cracks as shown in the Fig. 2.6. This should be resisted by providing shear reinforceme: nt in the form of vertical stirrups or bent up bars along with stirrup > ° Diagonal Tension Crack-at 45° Flexural-Shear Flexural 4 “ Crack Crack at 90° 4 ? a Crushing of aq Concrete FIG 2.6 : Crack Pattern in Beams (Simply Supported Beam) 2.3.1 marSicar Stress in Beams 1,_Homogeneous Beams : The distribution of shpat stress across the homogeneous beam of rectangular section is shown in Fig. 2.7 (a) The variation of shear stress is parabolic. It is zero at the top and bottom and is maximum at the neutral a: the maximum shear stress = 1.5 Average shear stress Vv . 15x55 w 5 Tmax Shear force Where, V 2. Reinforced Concrete Beams : In reinforced concrete beams, the concrete below the neutral axis is neglected being in tension. The shear is assumed to be resisted by the bond between concrete and steel. the shear stress in reinforced concrete beams varies parabolically with zero at the top’Compression face, reaching maximum value at the neutral axis and constant from neutral axis up to the centre of gravity of steel bargjas shown in Fig. 2.7 (b). ‘WARWING : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGALVv * br Where z = lever arm Yo. -—»— b—+| v7 0-0-0-0- (2) Homogencous Beams (b) Reinforced Concrete Beam FIG 2.7: Shear Stress Distribution in Beams. However the procedure presented by IS: 456-2000 is based on average shear stress across the section, The average shear stress also called as nominal shear stress is given by —_ ~ Nominal Shear st a ress Bi Where Vy = Ultimate shear force d Effective depth Width of the member . (In case of beams of varying depth Nominal Shear stress x, = —4/ __ Where My = Factored bending moment at the section B = Angle between top and bottom edges of the beam (Negative sign when bending moment increases with the increase in effective depth and positive when BM decreases with the increases in effective depth) 2.3.2 04 Design Shear Strength of Concrete Concrete is capable of resisting shear force to some extent. This value depend: on grade of concrete and the area of ste! provide for resisting bending moment.) WARNING : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK Is ILLEGALfeeb Deena a Zoncrete in beams as afunction on of gr erate’ of concrete and percentage of tension steel. However in finding the percentage of steel in any section, the steel bars should extend at least one effective depth beyond the section considered. Table 26 : Design Shear Strength of Concrete re, Nenm? (Table 19 in IS : 456-2000) Mis | M20 | M25 M30 M35. | M40 and esd easels 02 =| 028 0.29 0.25 035 | 0.36 = 0.50 0.46 048048 075 0.54 0.56 0.87 4.00 060 0.82 06s 4.25 0.64 os7 | 0.70 a) 0.68 0.72 0.74 175 om 075 0.78 2.00 ort 079 0.82 225 ort ost 0.85 2.50 om os2 0.88 275 ort 0.82 0.90 3.00 and ort os2 | 092 ce avoid compression failure of the section in shear, the nominal shear stress t, should Hot exceed the maximum shear stress in concrete T.,max ¥ ues given in table 20 of IS: 456-2000. “Table 2.7 : Maximum Shear Stress temax: NI mun? (Table 20 in IS 456-2000) M40 on Words a] 234 mai Design of Shear Reinforcement Shear reinforcement has to be provided against diagonal tensile stresses caused by the shear force. The longitudinal bars do not prevent the diagonal tension failure. The ‘WARING : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL be _REINFORCED CONCRETE STAUCTyp inclined shear crack starts at the bottom near the support and extend towarg, , ; i compression zone, The shear reinforcement can be provided in any of the folloys, forms as shown in Fig. 2.8. ° Ay {af Vertical stirrups. ABT Bent up bars along with stirrups. Jer Inclined stirrups. _ Vertical Strrups Vertical stirrups Inclined Surrups Bent up Bars — i =—_—— ' Fig 2.8 : Different Forms of Shear Reinforcement ~ PTs Fig. 2.9. shows the general arrangement of vertical stirrups. Generally the vertical stirrups are provided as two legged or four legged stirrups bend round the tensile reinforcement and taken to the compression zone and anchored to the hanger bars. Hanger bars ate provided to keep vertical stirrups in position otherwise they may get displaced while concreting, WARNING : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL— ae Gnalysls and Design of Rectangular Beams ———————E——e—e Eras PERN) 2s | /#K— a4 Hanger Bars Sy Sy) Vertical | Sire Crack at 45° Main Reinforcement Fig 2.9 ; General Arrangement of Vertical Stirrups The shear to be resisted by the shear r ‘einforcement is given by Vis = Vu-Vue = Vy= te bd Where h Let Shear resistance of concrete = t bd_ = Total area of the legs of vertical stirrups S, = Spacing of stirrups d = Effective depth of the section The number of stirrups cut by the 45° crack line is a nes ‘Total shear resistance of vertical stirrups is given by S.F = Force resisted by each stirrup x Number of stirrups 087 f, Awd Vs = 0.87f A, w fy Dew , Su = Ty, ‘TEE Some of Jongitudinal bars can be bent up near the supports as the bending moment to be resisted near the supports is very little. Such bent up bars resist diagonal tension. Ifall the bars are bent up at the same cross section at an angle of «t , the shear resistance of bent up bars is given by, Vusb = 0.87 fy Ash sine WARWiNG : XEROX | PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL TT TEPEM eee cua Shear resistance of bent up bars Where Vusb = Agp = Total area of bent up bars a = Angle between the bent up bars and the axis of the member (> 455 acing of Sy, the shear resistangy If the bent up bars or inclined stirrups are provided at a sP* of bent up bars Vagp = 0.87 fy Asp (sina + e080) 5,” I istance of bent up bars shall no! Because exceeds 50 % of the total shear to be The shear resi resisted by the shear reinforcement. bent up bars alone (with out stirrups) are not effective in preventing shear failure. Vas (von <8 7 Z | 5 mm Minimum Shear Reinforcement reinforceme! like lintels is given IS: 456, Clause nt that should be provided for all beans) 26.5. 1.6 by the a The minimum quantity of shear except those of minor importance revised equation. A ba. _ 04 bS, 0.87f, um Spacing of Shear Reinforcement exceed 0.75 d (or) 300 mm which ever is less as 5 then 6 mm. 2.3.6 waa Maxim hould not Spacing of vertical stirrups s IS : 456 and the diameter should not les given in Clause 26.5.1.5 of 5°, the maximum spacing is cor 300 mm which ever is les. For inclined stirrups at 4 Hence, spacing should be least of the following (F @ Spacing calculated to resist Vus 0.87fy Awd S= ye for vertical stirrups). (b). Spacing calculated from minimum shear reinforcement consideration 0.87f, Aw Su= 0.46 (c) 0.75 d_ (d) 300 mm >) -~~ swaping: XEROX / PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK Is ILLEGALrocedure for Design of Shear Reinforcement wy ( calculate the Factored Shear force Vy in the beam F calculate the nominal shear stress ; V, _ fw *v bd 5. Calculate the % of tension reinforcement at the section P; and obtain the design shear strength of concrete t, from table 19 of IS : 456. Case (a) : When 1, , (and less than t,,max given in table 20 of IS: 456), design the shear reinforcement as explained in 3.4.4. Case (c): When t, > tc,max> the section must be redesigned such that the nominal shear stress falls with in the maximum limit.