Ss c STRUCTURES CENTRE Structures from first principles! = MENU © 18APRIL 2020 & BY OMOTORIOGUN VICTOR Designing a Combined Footing-Worked Example Spread foundations supporting two or more columns are classified as combined footings. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to combine the footing for two or more columns for two reasons: + If columns are so close to each other such that constructing single footings will result in an overlap. ‘+ When columns are very close to a property line such that a single footing cannot be constructed without projecting beyond the line. In designing combined tootings, it is always best to proportion the footing such that the resultant of the applied loads pass through the centroid of the footing area. This allows a uniform bearing pressure under the footing and helps to prevent differential settlement. However, sometimes, the footings are constraint from projecting in a certain direction due to the property line or site restrictions. Thus, itis not possible to proportion the footing for uniform pressure distribution, the eccentricities must, therefore, be calculated and the footing designed for varying earth pressure. Alternatively, a strap foundation may be used where a property line or site constraint exists. However, a strap foundation might not be economical for closely spaced columns. The design of strap foundation has been the subject of a previous post, see: Designing a strap foundation to Eurocode Design ProceduresThe design procedure of a combined footing is almost the same with that of pad foundation. The only concern is proportioning the footing for uniform pressure distribution, Gencrally, the steps are as follows: + Determine the required size of the footing using the soil bearing resistance and the loads at serviceability limit state + Proportion the footing for uniform pressure distribution by finding the location of the centroid and adjusting the footing appropriately. + Determine the bearing pressures at the ultimate limit state. ‘+ Assume a suitable thickness for the footing, calculate the effective depth and verify punching shear at the column face. + Analyze the footing in the longitudinal and transverse direction. + Design the bending reinforcement in the longitudinal and transverse direction. + Verify shear at the critical sections including punching shear at the basic control perimeter 2.00 trom the column race. + Verify detailing requirements. The analysis of the combined is idealized as an inverted overhanging beam subjected to the earth pressure at the ultimate limit state. Worked Fxample Acombined footing is required in a proposed office building for four heavily loaded closely spaced columns. Design the footing completely assuming a presumed bearing resistance of 150kN/m2 using C30/37 concrete with 460mpa bars. The design data for the columns are presented in Table and Figure 1 shows a part of the column layout. Columns: Sizes Gk (kN) Qk (kN) cL 350x350 900 600 c2 400x400 1200 800 c3 400x400 1200 800 C4 275x275 350 215Figure 1: Layout of Columns Serviceability limit state. Let's start by determining the actions on the footings. Nea = 1.0Gy +1.0Q¢ = (1.0 x 900) | (1.0 x 600) = 1500k.V Neag = 1.0Gy + 1.00% = (1.0 x 1200) + (1.0 » 800) = 2000k.V Neag = 1.0G, + 1.00, = (1.0 x 1200) + (1.0 x 800) = 200k. Neas = 1.0Gx + 1.0Qx = (1.0 x 350) + (1.0 x 215) = 565k Assume the self weight of the foating is 20% of the total axial laads @ serviceability. 0.2 x (1500 + 2000 + 2000 + 565) = 1213kN Tolal loads = (1500 + 2000 + 2000 + 565 + 1213k.N) = 7278kNTotal loads 7278 Area required = 7 ars = 48.52m? Assume a square base 48.52 = 6.97m Provide a 7mx7m_ Footing (Area = 49m?) Proportioning the Footing The base is unsymmetrically loaded, therefore we must proportion the base in the y-y and 2-2 direction inorder to have a uniform pressure distribution. \-V direction ‘Structurescentre xyz (1500+ 565)kKN R (2000+ 2000)KN 2, 1 ee 4500 | y = ¥. Y ¥ | 1213kKN Figure 2: Proportioning Footing in the Y-Y Direct on ‘Take moments about the centerlines of column C2 & C3 (1500 + 565) x 4.5 + 1213e, — Rey =0 R= 1500 + 2000 + 2000 + 565 } 1213 = 7278kN _ (1500 + 565) x4.5 ey = Garg aaigy = 150m(approe) —1.5 = 2.0m = 0.5m yo =1l-45-yw =7-4.5 Z-Z direction‘Structurescentre.xyz (565+2000)kN R (1500+2000)kN 22 3500) 1 ¥ { T21SKN Figure 3: Proportioning the footing in the z-z direction ‘Take moments about the centerlines of column C1 & C2 (565 + 2000) x 3.5 + 1213e. — Re: =0 R= 1500 + 2000 + 2000 + 565 + 1213 = 7278kN ¢, — (085 + 2000) x 3.5 «(7278 — 1213) b 7 a5 ey =~ 15 = 2.0m 22 =b-3.5-—2,=7-35-2=15m = 1.50m(approx)=. a. 8 -3500 = 15001 Figure 4: Proportioned Footing Haven proportioned the tooting, we can now proceed to the analysis and design at the ultimate limit state. Liltimate limit state Neay = 1.35G, +1.5Q, (1.35 x 900 + 1.5 x 600) = 2115KkN Neag = 1.35G; +1.5Q, ee (1.35 x 1200 + 1.5 x 800) = 2820kN Neag = 1.35Ge +1.5Qx = (1.85 x 1200 | 1.5 « 800) = 2820kN Naa = 1.35G; +1.5Q) = (1.35 x 350 + 1.5 = 215) = 795kN7 Neaa + Nowa + Neus + Neos fearing Pressure py = —=0\ “Bie nas SP __ 2115 + 2820 + 2820 + 795 49 Punching verification at the column faces = 174.5kN /m? verify that Nea < Vramar Assume the over depth of the footing, h=975mm and the mean effective depth d=900mm column ci Npa=2115kN ; assume d=900m 30 7 Viramoe = 0.2 (1 ~ 5 ) 80(4 x 350) x 900 x 10 = 6652.8h.V (Nya = 2115KN) < (V raymac = 6652.8kN) column €2.&C3 Nea = 2820kN ; assume d=900mm Vramar = 0.2 ( - mm) 30(4 x 400) x 900 x 10-* = 7603.2k.N (Nea = 2820kN) < (V Ramaz = 7603.2kN) Column C4 Nga=795kN ;assume d= 900mm 30 Vraymar = 0.2 (: a ) 30(4 x 275) x 900 x 10°* = 5227.2kN (Nea = T95KN) < (V Raymax = 5227.2kN) Analysis ‘The footing is idealized as an inverted overhanging beam subjected to the earth pressure. The analysis will be carried out in the y-y and z-z direction for moment and shear. Since the beam is statically determinate simple rules of statics can de used to obtain the bending moment and shear diagram as presented in the following figures.Analysis in the Y-Y Direction eS ftttttrrtrtrtetttt 174.5KN/m2 M(KN.m) on8 x(m) 2% et we 346.0 457.6 v(kN) 87,25 x(m) 0 349 Figure 5 Analysis in the Y-Y Direction Analysis In the Z-2 Direction—————— feppete eter ett 174.5kN/m2 v(kN) 262 x(m) 262 349 Figure 6: Analysis the 7-7 Direction Flexural design Bending in the Y-Y direction Hogging in spans Meg = 271.4kN.m/m assuming mean effective depth = 900mm sed [os a v0.25 — 0.882%) < 0.95d 2 = 0.95d = 0.95 x 900 = 855mmA, at 8 = 2 "087d = 793.18mm?/m 55 Try Y16—250mm_ centeres(804mm?/m) subject to Agmin Sagging at Supports Meg = 349.0kN.m/m assuming mean effective depth = 900mm Mea 349.0 x 10° ==> = 0.0144 bd? fer 10° 900? x 30 z=d|0.5+ v0.25 — 0.882% | <0.95d 2 = 0.95d = 0.95 x 900 = 855mm Mea 349.00 x 10° Mea _ _ 349.00 10" _ 2 “O87 fz 0.87 x 460 x 855 1019.6? /m Lry Y16—175mm centeres(1148mm?/m) subject to Asymin Bending in the z-z direction Hugi sper As we can see, from the moment diagram, the hogging moment is small and insignificant, therefore we can provide the minimum area of steel. ‘Sagging at supports Mea — 349.0KN.m/m assuming mean effective depth = 900mm Mea 349.0 x 10° == = 0.0144 bd? fe~ 10° 900? x 30 = d|0.5 + V0.25 — 0.882k| < 0.95d 2 = 0.95d = 0.95 x 900 = 855mm Mua 349.00 x 10° ‘i i = = 1019.1 HI O.87fyez ~ O87 x 46) x 855 ~ 1019-Sram'/nTry Y16—175mm. centeres(1148mm?) subject to Asimin Verify Minimum Area of Reinforcement Sem fix fetm = 0.3(30)"* = 2.9mpa Agmin = 0.26 bd > 0.0013bd 26 x a x 10* x 900 > 0.0013 x 10* x 900 Agmin = 1475.2mm?/m As we can see, the minimum area of steel is critical in every section, designed for previously therefore we can provide the minimum area of steel and proceed with the design. USB Y10— 125mm Centres (160800 fi) Top & Btm in Both Directions Punching verification at basic control perimeter By inspection, the control perimeter for columns C1, C2 & C4 are outside the footing, therefore punching check cannot be verified. Also since the footing is considerably deep, punching will not be critical in C3. However, you may choose to verify, the procedure is the same as for a pad foundation. Transverse Shear The critical section for shear is taken at 1.0d from the support. Shear is more critical in the y-y direction and will be used for the verification. Upd 5 URdc The expression written above must be satisfied, else we might have to increase the concrete strength, section depth or the reinforcements, Vinaz = 457.6kN/m Vea = 457.6 — (0.9 x 174.5) = 300.45kN /m Va 300.45 x 108 bd x 900 O35mPa ved —Concrete shear resistance Vac = 0-12(100p fa)! > 0.035k9? Fax 200 00 = 147 p= =~ = 0.00179 ~ bd ~~ 10° x 900 VRae = 0.12 x 1.47(100 x 0.00179 x 25)"/3 > 0.035 x 1.479225, Unde = 0.34mpa (v4 = 0.33mpa) < (vrde = 0.34mpa)o.k This concludes the design of the combined footing, by inspection, transverse shear was more critical, and was what governed the thickness of the footing. Figure 7 shows the detail drawing for the footing. soo. ____s0 ~=—2000__ 1 3 | i A Lens. ses-oxm) F1(7000x7000x975) Figure 7: Detail Drawings for Combined Footing. THANK YOU!!!