Low-power Wide Area Networking Protocol Network
Attack
Cristiana Andrei, Irina Bradu, Sebastian-Ion Nae
Low-power Wide Area Networking Protocol Network
(LoRaWAN) networks could be vulnerable to attacks that could
result in falsified information.Another device could send
malicious data to the main gateway, thus compromising the
relevance of the database’s entries.This paper aims to showcase a
simulation of a man in the middle attack in a network of
IoT(Internet of things) devices. This project uses a LoRa-like
architecture and uses bluetooth beacons represented by IoT
devices that send data that is intercepted by a gateway, thus
lowering the energy consumption of both implicated devices.
Keywords—IoT; Embedded Systems; Man-in-the-Middle;
LoRaWAN; Cyber Attack.
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)[23][25] are a common
type of cybersecurity attack that allows attackers to eavesdrop
on the communication between two targets. The purpose of this
paper is to illustrate a simulation of a MITM attack in a
LoRaWAN[17][18] network. In IoT[15][21][22] LoRaWAN MITM
attack, the hacker needs to gain access to an unsecured
LoraWAN network.
Once inside the network, the third party can emit malicious
data that will be intercepted by the gateway and introduced in
the database
The data is encoded in the name of the device and decoded
afterwards by the gateway. The possibility of having redundant
data in case of having a large number of gateways and
endpoints is eliminated by the gateway itself that checks the
database entries before updating or inserting an entry.
This model is inspired by the LoRa Network
Architecture[17][18] , which uses the LoraWAN communication
protocol, and The Things Network, containing multiple
endpoints, gateways and a server for transmitting information
in a fast and low cost way between devices.
II. DATABASE AND METHODS
A. Database (Heading 2)
The database used for this study was PAF Prediction
Challenge Database 2001 from Physionet.org portal [24],
mainly its long-term version [25]. The facilities offered by this
important data base of ECG recordings are presented in [26],
[5]. Each record contains two simultaneously recorded Holter
ECG signals, V1 and II leads, digitized at 128 Hz with 12-bit
resolution over a 20 mV range. This is an automatically
annotated database and consists of 3 types of record sets. The
first record set which has records that begin with the letter “n”
comes from 50 subjects who do not have documented atrial
fibrillation, either during the period from which the records
were excerpted or at any other time. The length of these
records is 30 minutes.
In order to accurately detect R peaks in the ECG signal
some preprocessing steps are necessary. In this way, false or
missed peaks that appear due to noise or artifacts are corrected.
Also, ectopic or supraventricular beats have to be removed. We
have used an automated preprocessing technique - the “20%
filter”, in which RR intervals differing more than 20% of the
previous interval are replaced by the average value of the 5
preceding and 5 following intervals.
TABLE I. TABLE STYLES
Test set (Table Column Head)
Learning set Table column Subhea
Subhead
subhead d
non-PAF recordings PAF
recordings
Pre-PAF areas Non-PAF
areas
99 50 50 198
The SDANN indicator is determined using the formula:
ms 
where is the mean of RR intervals in “i”-th 5-minute
window, is the mean of all means of RR intervals in all 5-
minute windows, and N is the number of analysis windows.
The LF/HF ratio or Sympathovagal balance Index (SVI) (2)
is the ratio between the low frequency (0.04 Hz-0.15 Hz) and
high frequency (0.15 Hz-0.4 Hz) total power components of
the RR time series. They are obtained by applying the Fourier
Transform to the ECG signal and this was done using the
HRV analysis software available on physionet.org.
 
The second analysis is based on a newer signal processing
method named morphologic variability (MV) [18], which
highlights the underlying physiological activity of the heart.
First, as a preprocessing stage, this method uses dynamic time-
warping technique (DTW) which is mostly used in voice
pattern recognition [28]. The need for DTW of ECG signal
comes from the fact that a reliable algorithm has to compute
the energy changes between consecutive beats, not only
differences in amplitude or time axis.
The used algorithm aligns the current QRS complex to the
previous two and the next two complexes, then determines the
difference between the lengths of each consecutive QRS
complex in order to obtain the morphological difference (MD)
time series:
MD = | QRSi2  QRSi1 | + | QRSi 1  QRSi | (3)
where QRSi is the length of the QRS complex of the i beat.
In this way, the technique described here measures changes
in morphology resulting from both amplitude and timing
differences between two beats and transforms the original
ECG signal from a sequence of beats to a sequence of energy
differences. This new signal, comprising pairwise, time-
aligned energy differences between beats, is then smoothed
using a median filter of length 8.
1. Template sub-section (Heading 2)
2. Another Template sub-section (Heading 2)
III. RESULTS
For the training set, as well as for the test set, we have used
first the HRV software and computed two indicators:
HRV_SDANN and HRV_LF/HF. Then, by means of an
algorithm implemented in Matlab 2010, we computed the
morphologic distance between QRS complexes, we obtained
morphologic variability (MV) and computed similar
parameters: MV_SDANN and MV_LF/HF.
Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)
The sampling frequency of 128 Hz was enough for the
purposes of the study, as we mainly computed RR and QRS
intervals, not the exact morphology of the ECG signal. Also, as
we studied a prediction method of the AF onset, not an analysis
technique of PAF signal, the small 2-5 minutes episodes of AF
have no relevance for our study and the obtained results.
A t-test for the parameters of HRV and MV, for the “n”
recording set (characterized by a normal ECG signal) and for
the „p” set (with PAF), was performed. At this stage we
determined confidence intervals for the mean value, for a
confidence level of 99% and p=0,01.
The t-test results given in Table II show that both „n” set
and „p” set do not contain data significantly different from the
reference value (mean value). Moreover, for a value p=0,01
lower and upper confidence level are specific for each type of
HRV or MV indicator, both for normal and pre-PAF ECG
signals. The „t” test set from Physionet contains 142 “normal”
recordings (without PAF episodes) and 56 recordings with
PAF.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this study we have emphasized the synergistic
combination of two different automatic prediction methods of
PAF, one of them usually used – HRV analysis – and the other
– a new technique for surface ECG analysis: morphologic
variability (MV) of QRS complexes. Some efficient
preprocessing methods, of which the dynamic time-warping
(DTW) has a major role, assure better results than those
obtained with HRV alone. The experiments emphasized the
main and new outcome of our study, that MV is a reliable
electrocardiographic risk stratification measure to predict atrial
fibrillation onset. In this respect, the experiments demonstrated
that low levels of the MV_LF/HF measure are significantly
associated with a higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
Also, the experimental work revealed a better accuracy
provided by MV in comparison with HRV method. When
using both methods and a decision support module, the
accuracy of prediction is the best, of about 90%, comparable
with the best results in the literature, which were obtained by
using special recordings and more complex and time
consuming methods. Our method has the main advantage that
uses usual Holter recordings and the analysis is a short-term
one (on a 5-minute window from 30 minutes total interval).
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Project Proposal
Scientific description
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The scientific motivation of the project theme will be justified by delimiting the approached issue in the current scientific context.
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