Functional Group Estimation Laboratory (cy-2704) Prof. Bimalendu Adhikari Department of Chemistry NIT, RourkelaGeneral Course Information (CY-2704) CY2704, Spring 2022-23 Class Room: UG Lab Class Time: 1:15-4:10 PM/Monday TA: Mr. Chandrakanta Guchhait Staff: Mrs. Sahoo Course objectives: The students will become familiar with various quantitative methods used for analysis of organic compounds. Reading: 1. A. |. Vogel, John Bassett, Vogel's textbook of quantitative inorganic analysis: including elementary instrumental analysis, Longman, 2003. 2. DS Gupta, Experimental Organic Chemistry, Qualitative and Quantitative, TATAMCGRAW HILL 2004. 3. Brian S. Furniss, Vogel's Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS Longman, Sth edition, 1996.Evaluation process 1. Continuous evaluation 60 marks Performance in carrying out the experiments, record writing and presentation of experimental data 2. Viva-voce (20 marks) 3. Teacher's assessment 20 marks (Punctuality, Response in the laboratory class) Record writing Write down all the experiments. After every experiment, write-down the experimental data in in the record and get it checked and signed from me or the TA Aim and objective Brief theory Experimental procedure Results Important observationsPersonal Protective Equipment (Basic Rules) OM Safety Goggles Lab Coat Closed toed Shoes ‘WASH YOUR HANDS Gs No Food/Drinkin the LabSCenanawne List of experiments . Separation and estimation of binary/ternary organic mixtures . Estimation of ascorbic acid . Estimation of hydroxyl groups |. Estimation of glucose by using Febling solution . Estimation of carbonyl group . Quantitative estimation of the compound by UV-Vis spectroscopy . Chromatographic separation of compound . lodine number of fat ). Molecular weight determinationAnalytical Chemistry Science of chemical measurements: study of matter to reveal details such as composition and structure: It is the application of chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify matter of interest (called analytes). Quantitative analysis is the Qualitative analysis is the process of determining the process of identifying the numerical amount of the analyte. analyte Applications of Analytical chemistry medicine, pharmacy , industry and quality control, forensics, agriculture, engineering, material scienceMethods used in Quantitative Analysis Gravimetric: Determine analyte based on changes in mass eg: precipitation. Volumetric: Also known as titration. Measurement of a volume of solution to react with another compound, deriving information on concentration. Spectroscopy: Interaction of analyte with electromagnetic radiation, especially visible light. Chromatography: Separation of mixture to isolate analyte. Mobile phase is forced through a stationary phase, which causes separation.Basic Equipment for organic quantitative analysis Measures mass. ‘Weigh only dry objects (moisture damages components) room temperature (heat causes pressure differences) Using the same balance Using the weigh boat (do not place substance ‘on the pan directly)‘Observe at the meniscus. Failure to do so isa parallax error ‘Accurately obtain a fixed volume of fiquid. Tostir, hold upside down and swirl. Donot shake. ‘Accurately obtain a fixed small volume of liquid Obtain a varying amount of small volume of liquid. Consequently, sles accurate than a volumetric pipetteRemoves moisture from samples. Operates at ~200°C Furnace Ignites samples to reduce sample to ashes (pyrolysis) Operates around ~1200°C Silica gel at bottom absorbs moisture, protecting stored contents from absorbing moisture.Common laboratory glassware and apparatus Oe GQ <=> | OOM 'S LJ wachoiss Beaker Florence flask Erlenmeyer flask Graduated Thermometer pipet COT TT ( Condenser Buret Volumetric Test tubes pipet ‘Scoopula@* 2 O oe : 5 Rubber stoppers ‘Mortar and pestle — Funnel Clamps Crucible tongs st tube hold O Clay triangle Platform balance Ring stand Gumer (triple beam)‘Buchner funnel Sintered funnel Hot air oven, Weighing balance Separatory funnelExp-01: Separation and estimation of a binary organic mixture (benzoic acid and naphthalene) Theory: Organic acid and base can become ions in acid-base reactions where their solubility changes abruptly. PhCOOH + NaHCO, = PhCOO-Na* + CO, + H,O When an organic (EtOAc) solution of a mixture of benzoic acid (acid) and naphthalene (neutral), is extracted with aqueous NaHCO, the resulting conjugate base should transfer from organic to aqueous layer, while naphthalene remains dissolved in the organic layer. After extraction, benzoic acid can be recovered by acidifying the salt solution with mineral acid, thereby precipitating the benzoic acid, as it not good in water. Then it can be filtered from aqueous layer. Extraction: Extraction Is transferring @ solute from one phase to another. The solute can be removed from one phase by adding to it an immiscible solvent in which the solute is more soluble. The transfer of solute occurs at the interface between the two liquid phases. Therefore to make this transferring at an effective rate, you must need to shake the immiscible liquids together, At equilibrium, C2/C1 = Ko, as the distribution coefficient. For any organic compound with Ky around 100, only one extraction is sufficient and requires multiple extractions. Multiple extractions are more efficient than one extraction with a large amount of solvent. To become a good extracting solvent, it should possess three features: practically immiscible, dissolve the solute better than that of solvent from which it is being extracted and low boiling point. Materials required: Beakers, glass rod, separatory/extracting funnel, conical funnel, Erlenmeyer flask, filter paper, ice-baths Chemicals required: benzoic acid, naphthalene, EtOAc, aqueous NaHCO, (5%), HCI (2N, conc), pH paper etc.Procedure: 1, You will be given a mixture containing benzoic acid and naphthalene. 2. Take the Weigh of the mixture, 2. Dissolve the mixture in EtOAc. 3, Put the solution into a small separatory funnel of appropriate size 4, Extract it thoroughly with 5% aqueous NaHCO;, 5. Repeat the extraction with a volume of 5% aqueous NaHCO, 6. Draw off organic layer into an Erlenmeyer flask. 7. Collect the aq. layers into a beaker, cool it to ~15°C. 8, Add cold HCI until pH 9. Separate solid precipitate by paper filtration, rinse with water, and collect solid precipitate for further crystallization in future. is reached and keep the beaker in an ice-bath. 10. Washed organic layer with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, evaporated out the organic layer using steam bath and cool it ~50 °C.