Priya 456

Industrial Monitoring And Controlling Applications Using IOT
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT:
In addition, the availability of fast-processing, stable and sensitive products
provided particular benefits in industrial automation. As a result of the developments in
Communication technologies, systems are no longer monitored and controlled by
personnel using classic methods, but automatically by computer-controlled or remote-
controlled devices. Industrial environmental conditions have been upgrading day by day
with this newly introduced automatic techniques.
The next generation industries will be definitely more advanced and automatic as
compared with existing ones. This brings on a new terminology of “Smart Industries” in
this new era of Monitoring as well as controlling of various Industrial applications.
So, the newly introduced concept of “Internet of Things” (IOT)is providing a

helping hand to achieve the Industrial automation through remote access. In IOT each
device or devices constituting a system will be able to communicate with the other
devices or system in the same premises over a common platform. Hence this leads to help
Industries to have better productivity, management and increased throughput.
The field of automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries
beyond manufacturing. Automation is the use of control systems and information
technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services.
In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.

Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the
muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory
and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the
world economy.
One of the important applications of automation is in the soft drink and other
beverage industries, where a particular liquid has to be filled continuously. For these kind
of applications the trend is moving away from the individual device or machine toward
continuous automation solutions.
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Totally Integrated Automation puts this continuity into consistent practice.

Totally Integrated Automation covers the complete production line, from receipt of
goods, the production process, filling and packaging, to shipment of goods. Our project is
also an application of automation wherein we have developed a bottle filling. Our project
aims at filling and capping bottles simultaneously.
The filling and Capping operation takes place in a synchronized manner. It also
includes a user-defined volume selection menu through which the user can input the
desired volume to be filled in the bottles. The entire system is more flexible and time
saving.
1.2OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:
To develop a system which will automatically monitor the industrial

applications and generate Alerts/Alarms or take intelligent Decision using concept of
IoT and also design the system to Take Intelligent Decision and Control Devices.
● Maintenance of industrial device is crucial.
∙ Reduce the maintenance cost.
∙ Optimize critical monitoring system.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. LITERATURE SURVEY
Industrial automation using CAN protocol describe project is implemented to
control the industrial loads that are run by DC motor based on the temperature
variations of the process. Various process control systems are depends on the
temperature. So this project achieves this with the use of CAN protocol which is
highly efficient and reliable low-cost communication.
Two microcontrollers are used in this project, one for acquiring temperature data
and the other for controlling the DC motor. CAN Controller MCP2515 and CAN
transceiver MCP2551 are connected to both microcontrollers to implement CAN
communication for exchanging the data but disadvantage practically it is limited
to 110 nodes due to the hardware transceivers.
It supports cabling up to 250 meters. Industrial automation using ZigBee describe

the transmitter section, the Zigbee module is configured in such a way that it
receives the data collected from the microcontroller and sends it to the remote
receiver.
In this system, the microcontroller is programmed to collect the data from an

analog to digital converter that continuously monitors temperature, voltage and
current parameters. At the receiver side, the Zigbee module receives all the sent
data from a Zigbee transmitter within the range of communication.
This data is further transferred to the microcontroller using an embedded circuitry

wherein the microcontroller program compares all these data parameters with
predefined set limits. If any parameter exceeds its limit, then the microcontroller
sends command signals to a relay driver IC, which is responsible to operate
different loads such as motors, relays, circuit breakers, etc.
All these parameters’ information is also displayed on LCD display as a Human

machine interface. In this way, industrial parameters can be easily monitored and
controlled through the short range low cost and low powered Zigbee
communication technology.
It supports two ways communication between transmitting devices and

controllers at 10-100 meters distance.
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CHAPTER-3
PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
POWER SUPPLY
CLOUD MOBILE
TEMPARATURE
SENSOR
ESP32 WIFI DRIIVER MOTOR
MODULE CIRCUIT
GAS
SENSOR
BUZZER
CIRCUIT
SWITCHES
FIG. 3.1(a) Block diagram of industrial automation using IOT
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Industrial monitoring and control is a combination of architectures,

mechanisms, and algorithms used in the industrial factory for monitoring and control the
activities of industrial processes, motors, machines and devices employed in industry
premises to achieve the goal.
Though it sounds good enough to have a smart industrial environment in the near
future but it will also have to face hurdles of handling big data as all the devices will
communicate with each other and exchange their information over a common-platform.
The present project is focused on Industrial applications that will be continuously

monitored through a set of sensors that constitutes a sensor module.
The sensor module collects the relevant data to determine whether the
applications to be monitored are working well under certain threshold values.
The digital equivalent of these signals is transmitted to the database server by

virtue of the Wi-Fi module interfaced with the Arduino. The data stored on the database
server is transferred to the website time to time and the status of the alarm is checked
continuously for any uneven conditions observed by the industry person on the website.
Then adequate steps can be taken to solve the problems. This can be possible through past
experience and similar previous condition stored in database. In this we use FIREBASE
as database for scalability.
The industry person who will check the status of the industry through the website will
have to login using a user id and password to get access to the website, this ensures
security of the data.
The data from various sensors in the sensor module is fed to the controlling device
basically a microcontroller. This controlling device is interfaced with a IOT module to get
accessed remotely by users.
The controlling device simultaneously forwards data to the main server CLOUD. The
main server located at the industry premises displays the corresponding data received
from the controlling device.
An arrangement of accessing the main server remotely by mobile users can be achieved
through WIFI protocol, thus monitoring of the applications can be done through remote
access. If the industrial applications seem not to be working properly after being
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monitored then they can be controlled remotely by mobile users through accessing the
controller by means of IOT module.
Fire base cloud communication offers a non-stop, secure and cheap communication to
individuals where there is access to Internet.
Thus, industrial applications will be precisely monitored and controlled by means of

INTERNET communication technique without any restrictions to distance or
infrastructures.
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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 ESP32
4.1.1 OVERVIEW
ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on chip microcontrollers with

integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either a Ten
silica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core variations, Xtensa
LX7 dual-core microprocessor or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor and includes
built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters,
and power-management modules. ESP32 is created and developed by Espress if Systems,
a Shanghai-based Chinese company, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm
process. It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.
ESP32 is a low-cost System on Chip (SOC) Microcontroller from Espress if Systems, the
developers of the famous ESP8266 SOC. It is a successor to ESP8266 SOC and comes in
both single-core and dual-core variations of the Ten silica’s 32-bit Xtensa LX6
Microprocessor with integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
The good thing about ESP32, like ESP8266 is its integrated RF components like Power
Amplifier, Low-Noise Receive Amplifier, Antenna Switch, Filters and RF Balun. This
makes designing hardware around ESP32 very easy as you require very few external
components.
Another important thing to know about ESP32 is that it is manufactured using TSMC’s
ultra-low-power 40 nm technology. So, designing battery operated applications like
wearable, audio equipment, baby monitors, smart watches, etc., using ESP32 should be
very easy.
4.1.2 Specifications of ESP32
ESP32 has a lot more features than ESP8266 and it is difficult to include all the
specifications in this Getting Started with ESP32 guide. So, I made a list of some of the
important specifications of ESP32 here. But for complete set of specifications, I strongly
suggest you to refer to the Datasheet.
● Single or Dual-Core 32-bit LX6 Microprocessor with clock frequency up to 240

MHZ
● 520 KB of SRAM, 448 KB of ROM and 16 KB of RTC SRAM.
● Supports 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi connectivity with speeds up to 150 Mbps.
● Support for both Classic Bluetooth v4.2 and BLE specifications.
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● 34 Programmable GPIOs.
● Up to 18 channels of 12-bit SAR ADC and 2 channels of 8-bit DAC
● Serial Connectivity include 4 x SPI, 2 x I2C, 2 x I2S, 3 x UART.
● Ethernet MAC for physical LAN Communication (requires external PHY).
● 1 Host controller for SD/SDIO/MMC and 1 Slave controller for SDIO/SPI.
● Motor PWM and up to 16-channels of LED PWM.
● Secure Boot and Flash Encryption.
● Cryptographic Hardware Acceleration for AES, Hash (SHA-2), RSA, ECC and
RNG.
4.1.3 Different Ways to Program
A good hardware like ESP32 will be more user friendly if it can be programmed (writing
code) in more than one way. And not surprisingly, the ESP32 supports multiple
programming environments.
Some of the commonly used programming environments are:
● Arduino IDE
● Plat form IO IDE (VS Code)
● LUA
● Micro Python
● Espress if IDF (IOT Development Framework)
● JavaScript
FIG. 4.1.3 (a) Drone Bridge for ESP32
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4 .1.4 ESP32 Dev Kit – The ESP32 Development Board

Espress if Systems released several modules based on ESP32 and one of the popular
options is the ESP-WROOM-32 Module. It consists of ESP32 SOC, a 40 MHz crystal
oscillator, 4 MB Flash IC and some passive components.
The good thing about ESP-WROOM-32 Module is the PCB has edge castellation. So,
what third-part manufacturers do is take the ESP-WROOM-32 Module and design a
break-out board for this module.
One such board is the ESP32 Dev Kit Board. It contains the ESP-WROOM-32 as the
main module and also some additional hardware to easily program ESP32 and make
connections with the GPIO Pins.
FIG. 4.1.4(a) ESP32 Development kit
As you can see from the image, the ESP32 Board consists of the following:
● ESP-WROOM-32 Module
● Two rows of IO Pins (with 15 pins on each side)
● CP2012 USB – UART Bridge IC
● micro–USB Connector (for power and programming)
● AMS1117 3.3V Regulator IC
● Enable Button (for Reset)
● Boot Button (for flashing)
● Power LED (Red)
● User LED (Blue – connected to GPIO2)
● Some passive components
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An interesting point about the USB-to-UART IC is that its DTR and RTS pins are used to
automatically set the ESP32 in to programming mode (whenever required) and also rest
the board after programming
4.1.5 Pin out of ESP32 Board

I will make a separate dedicated tutorial on ESP32 Pin out. But for the time being, take a
look the pin out diagram of the ESP32 Development Board.
FIG. 4.1.5(a) ESP32 Pin out diagram
This pin out is for the 30 – pin version of the ESP Board. In the pin out tutorial, I will
explain the pin out of both the 30 – pin as well as the 36 – pin version of the ESP Board
4.2 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
4.2.1 Introduction:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an

electrical current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple
LED circuit. The effect is a form of electro luminescence.
LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in
higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. An LED is usually
a small area (less than 1 mm2) light source, often with optics added to the chip to
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shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. The color of the emitted light
depends on the composition and condition of the semi conducting material used,
and can be infrared, visible. Besides lighting, interesting applications include
using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and disinfection of devices , and as a
grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants.
4.2.2 Basic principle:
Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semi conducting material
impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other
diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode,
but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers electrons and holes flow into the
junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it
falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the band
gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium
diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which
produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The
materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to
near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light. LED development began with
infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials
science have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter
wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. LEDs are usually built on an
n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its
surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well.
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FIG.4.2. (a) LED Functioning
4.2.3 LED Display types:
● Bar graph
● Seven segment
● Star burst
● Dot matrix
4.3 Basic LED types:
4.3.1 Miniature LEDs
FIG.4.3 (a) Miniature LED
These are mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various-
size packages:
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● surface mount
● 2 mm
● 3 mm (T1)
● 5 mm (T1³⁄₄)
● 10 mm
● Other sizes are also available, but less common.
Common package shapes are
● Round, dome top

● Round, flat top
● Rectangular, flat top (often seen in LED bar-graph displays)
Triangular or square, flat TOP
4.3.2 Flashing LEDs
Flashing LEDs are used as attention seeking indicators where it is desired to avoid
the complexity of external electronics. Flashing LEDs resemble standard LEDs
but they contain an integrated multivibrator circuit inside which causes the LED
to flash with a typical period of one second. In diffused lens LEDs this is visible
as a small black dot. Most flashing LEDs emit light of a single color, but more
sophisticated devices can flash between multiple colors and even fade through a
color sequence using RGB color mixing.
4.3.3 High power LEDs:
High power LEDs from lumileds mounted on a star shaped heat sink High power LEDs
(HPLED) can be driven at more than one ampere of current and give out large amounts of
light. Since overheating destroys any LED the HPLEDs must be highly efficient to
minimize excess heat, furthermore they are often mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat
dissipation. If the heat from a HPLED is not removed the device will burn out in seconds.
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A single HPLED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight or be set in an

array to form a powerful LED lamp. LEDs have been developed that can run directly
from mains power without the need for a DC converter. For each half cycle part of the
LED diode emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half cycle.
Current efficiency is 80 lm/W..
4.3.4 Multi-color LEDs
A “Bi-color LED” is actually two different LEDs in one case. It consists of two
dies connected to the same two leads but in opposite directions. Current flow in
one direction produces one color, and current in the opposite direction produces
the other color. Alternating the two colors with sufficient frequency causes the
appearance of a third color. A “tri-color LED” is also two LEDs in one case, but
the two LEDs are connected to separate leads so that the two LEDs can be
controlled independently and lit simultaneously.
RGB LEDs contain red, green and blue emitters, generally using a four-wire
connection with one common (anode or cathode). The Taiwanese LED
manufacturer ever light has introduced a 3 watt RGB package capable of driving
each die at 1 watt.
4.3.5 Alphanumeric LEDs
LED displays are available in seven-segment and starburst format. Seven-segment

displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can
display all letters. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the
1970s and 1980s, but increasing use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower
power consumption and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of
numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.
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4.3.6 Applications:
● Applications with LEDS
Instrument Panels & Switches, Courtesy Lighting, CHMSL, Rear Stop/Turn/Tai,

Retrofits, New Turn/Tail/Marker Lights.
● Consumer electronics & general indication
Household appliances, VCR/ DVD/ Stereo/Audio/Video devices, Toys/Games

Instrumentation, Security Equipment, Switches.
● Illumination with LEDs
Architectural Lighting, Signage (Channel Letters), Machine Vision, Retail

Displays, Emergency Lighting (Exit Signs), Neon and bulb Replacement,
Flashlights, Accent Lighting - Pathways, Marker Lights.
● Sign applications with LEDs
Full Color Video, Monochrome Message Boards, Traffic/VMS, Transportation –

Passenger Information.
● Signaling application with LEDs
Traffic, Rail, Aviation, Tower Lights, Runway Lights, Emergency/Police Vehicle

Lighting.
● Mobile applications with LEDs
Mobile Phone, PDA's, Digital Cameras, Lap Tops, General Backlighting.
● Photo sensor applications with LEDs
Medical Instrumentation, Bar Code Readers, Color & Money Sensors, Encoders,
Optical Switches, Fiber Optic Communication.
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4.4 Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across

its terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance
with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of
various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, the
maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical
resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance
is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.
Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals), are relevant to equipment
designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when
dissipating their power.
4.4.1 Units
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg
Simon Ohm. Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and
electronic usage are the milliohm (1x10−3), kilo ohms (1x103), and mega ohms
(1x106).
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4.4.2 Theory of operation
Ohm's law
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's

law:
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
Equivalently, Ohm's law can be stated:
This formulation of Ohm's law states that, when a voltage (V) is maintained
across a resistance (R), a current (I) will flow through the resistance.
This formulation is often used in practice. For example, if V is 12 volts and R is

400 ohms, a current of 12 / 400 = 0.03 amperes will flow through the resistance R.
Series and parallel resistors

Main article: Series and parallel circuits
Resistors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential difference

(voltage). To find their total equivalent resistance (Req):
FIG.4.4.2 (a) Parallel resistors connection
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The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as
in geometry) to simplify equations. For two resistors,
The current through resistors in series stays the same, but the voltage across each
resistor can be different. The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to
the total voltage. To find their total resistance:
FIG.4.2.2 (b) Series resistor connection
A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series can be broken up

into smaller parts that are either one or the other. For instance
FIG.4.2.2(c) Series and parallel connection of resistor
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However, many resistor networks cannot be split up in this way. Consider a cube,
each edge of which has been replaced by a resistor. For example, determining the
resistance between two opposite vertices requires additional transforms, such as
the Y-Δ transform, or else matrix methods must be used for the general case.
However, if all twelve resistors are equal, the corner-to-corner resistance is 5⁄6 of
any one of them.
The practical application to resistors is that a resistance of any non-standard value

can be obtained by connecting standard values in series or in parallel.
Power dissipation
The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor
network) is calculated using the following:
All three equations are equivalent. The first is derived from Joule's first law.
Ohm’s Law derives the other two from that.
The total amount of heat energy released is the integral of the power over time:
If the average power dissipated is more than the resistor can safely dissipate, the
resistor may depart from its nominal resistance and may become damaged by
overheating. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the resistor
to a point where it burns out, which could cause a fire in adjacent components and
materials. There are flameproof resistors that fail (open circuit) before they
overheat dangerously.
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Note that the nominal power rating of a resistor is not the same as the power that
it can safely dissipate in practical use. Air circulation and proximity to a circuit
board, ambient temperature, and other factors can reduce acceptable dissipation
significantly. Rated power dissipation may be given for an ambient temperature of
25 °C in free air. Inside an equipment case at 60 °C, rated dissipation will be
significantly less; a resistor dissipating a bit less than the maximum figure given
by the manufacturer may still be outside the safe operating area and may
prematurely fail.
4.4.3 Measurement
The value of a resistor can be measured with an ohmmeter, which may be one
function of a multimeter. Usually, probes on the ends of test leads connect to the
resistor.
Measuring low-value resistors, such as fractional-ohm resistors, with acceptable

accuracy requires four-terminal connections. One pair of terminals applies a
known, calibrated current to the resistor, while the other pair senses the voltage
drop across the resistor. Some laboratory test instruments have spring-loaded pairs
of contacts, with neighboring contacts electrically isolated from each other. Better
digital multimeters have four terminals on their panels, generally used with
special test leads. These comprise four wires in all, and have special test clips with
jaws insulated from each other. One jaw provides the measuring current, while the
other senses the voltage drop. The resistance is then calculated using Ohm's Law.
4.4.4 Standards
Production resistors
Resistor characteristics are quantified and reported using various national

standards. In the US, MIL-STD-202 contains the relevant test methods to which
other standards refer.
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There are various standards specifying properties of resistors for use in

equipment:
● BS 1852
● EIA-RS-279
● MIL-PRF-26
● MIL-PRF-39007 (Fixed Power, established reliability)
● MIL-PRF-55342 (Surface-mount thick and thin film)
● MIL-PRF-914
● MIL-R-11
● MIL-R-39017 (Fixed, General Purpose, Established Reliability)
● MIL-PRF-32159 (zero ohm jumpers)
There are other United States military procurement MIL-R- standards.
Resistance standards
The primary standard for resistance, the "mercury ohm" was initially defined in
1884 in as a column of mercury 106mm long and 1 square millimeter in cross-
section, at 0 degrees Celsius. Difficulties in precisely measuring the physical
constants to replicate this standard result in variations of as much as 30 ppm.
From 1900 the mercury ohm was replaced with a precision machined plate of
manganin . Since 1990 the international resistance standard has been based on the
quantized Hall effect discovered by Klaus von Klitzing, for which he won the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985.
Preferred values
Main article: Preferred number
Early resistors were made in more or less arbitrary round numbers; a series might
have 100, 125, 150, 200, 300, etc. Resistors as manufactured are subject to a
certain percentage tolerance, and it makes sense to manufacture values that
correlate with the tolerance, so that the actual value of a resistor overlaps slightly
with its neighbors. Wider spacing leaves gaps; narrower spacing increases
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manufacturing and inventory costs to provide resistors that are more or less
interchangeable.
A logical scheme is to produce resistors in a range of values which increase in a

geometrical progression, so that each value is greater than its predecessor by a
fixed multiplier or percentage, chosen to match the tolerance of the range. For
example, for a tolerance of ±20% it makes sense to have each resistor about 1.5
times its predecessor, covering a decade in 6 values. In practice the factor used is
1.4678, giving values of 1.47, 2.15, 3.16, 4.64, 6.81, 10 for the 1-10 decade (a
decade is a range increasing by a factor of 10; 0.1-1 and 10-100 are other
examples); these are rounded in practice to 1.5, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 6.8, 10; followed, of
course by 15, 22, 33, … and preceded by … 0.47, 0.68, 1. This scheme has been
adopted as the E6 range of the IEC 60063 preferred number series. There are also
E12, E24, E48, E96 and E192 ranges for components of ever tighter tolerance,
with 12, 24, 96, and 192 different values within each decade. The actual values
used are in the IEC 60063 lists of preferred numbers.
A resistor of 100 ohms ±20% would be expected to have a value between 80 and
120 ohms; its E6 neighbors are 68 (54-82) and 150 (120-180) ohms. A sensible
spacing, E6 is used for ±20% components; E12 for ±10%; E24 for ±5%; E48 for
±2%, E96 for ±1%; E192 for ±0.5% or better. Resistors are manufactured in
values from a few milliohms to about a giga ohm in IEC60063 ranges appropriate
for their tolerance.
Earlier power wire wound resistors, such as brown vitreous-enameled types,

however, were made with a different system of preferred values, such as some of
those mentioned in the first sentence of this section.
4.5 INFRARED TECHNOLOGY (IR)
4.5.1 Introduction:
Technically known as "infrared radiation", infrared light is part of the

electromagnetic spectrum located just below the red portion of normal visible light – the
opposite end to ultraviolet. Although invisible, infrared follows the same principles as
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regular light and can be reflected or pass through transparent objects, such as glass.
Infrared remote controls use this invisible light as a form of communications between
themselves and home theater equipment, all of which have infrared receivers positioned
on the front. Essentially, each time you press a button on a remote, a small infrared diode
at the front of the remote beams out pulses of light at high speed to all of your equipment.
When the equipment recognizes the signal as its own, it responds to the command.
But much like a flashlight, infrared light can be focused or diffused, weak
or strong. The type and number of emitters can affect the possible angles and
range your remote control can be used from. Better remotes can be used up to
thirty feet away and from almost any angle, while poorer remotes must be aimed
carefully at the device being controlled.
FIG.4.5(a) IR Waves
Infrared imaging is used extensively for both military and civilian purposes.
Military applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing
and tracking. Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, remote
temperature sensing, short-ranged wireless communication, spectroscopy, and
weather forecasting. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to
penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect cool objects
such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the
universe
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4.5.2 IR LED QED234:
FIG.4.5.2(a) IR LED & Its Schematic
4.5.3 FEATURES:
• Wave length is 940 nm
• Chip material =GaAs with AL GaAs window
• Package type: T-1 3/4 (5mm lens diameter)
• Matched Photo sensor: QSD122/123/124
• Medium Emission Angle, 40°
• High Output Power
• Package material and color: Clear, untainted, plastic
• Ideal for remote control applications
Emitter/Detector Alignment:
Good alignment of the emitter and detector is important for good operation, especially
if the gap is large. This can be done with a piece of string stretched between and in line
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with LED and phototransistor. A length of dowel or stiff wire could be used to set the
alignment. Another method that can be used for longer distances is a laser pointer shone
through one of the mounting holes.
FIG.4.5 (a) Path across track detection and alignment methods
4.6 BO MOTOR
Introduction:
● Mechanical Bo motor (Battery Operated) lightweight DC

geared motor which gives good torque and rpm at lower voltages. Here
you can get BO motor with varying rated speed. This motor can run at
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
approximately 200 rpm when driven by a single Li-Ion cell. Great for
battery operated lightweight robots.
DC motor (BO) Battery Operation. Dc motor converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. Why DC gear motor used in robot Motor control circuit. DC
MOTOR concept is where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its
torque is known as gear reduction. In DC motor is assembled with multiple gear
setup. Speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the soft per minute is
called RPM. RPM means Revolution Per Minute. The setup assemble helps to
increasing the torque and reduce the motor speed. All micro-controller based
Robots this type of DC motor can be used.
FIG 4.6(a) BO Motor
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.7 DHT 11 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:
Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in the air. The level of humidity
in air affects various physical, chemical and biological processes. In industrial
applications, humidity can affect the business cost of the products, health and
safety of the employees. So, in semiconductor industries and control system
industries measurement of humidity is very important. Humidity measurement
determines the amount of moisture present in the gas that can be a mixture of
water vapour, nitrogen, argon or pure gas etc.… Humidity sensors are of two
types based on their measurement units. They are a relative humidity sensor and
Absolute humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor.
4.7.1 INTRODUCTION:
DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor
can be easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to
measure humidity and temperature instantaneously.
DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The
difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED.
DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses
a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.
4.7.2 Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor:

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor
for sensing temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with
a moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the
capacitance value occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure,
process this changed resistance values and change them into digital form.
For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient
thermistor, which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in
temperature. To get larger resistance value even for the smallest change in
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
temperature, this sensor is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or

polymers.
The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree

accuracy. Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The
sampling rate of this sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second.
DHT11 is small in size with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum
current used while measuring is 2.5mA.
FIG.4.7.2(a) Temperature sensor
4.7.3 Features:
● DHT11 sensor with PCB and LED indicator along with cable; 3 to 5V
power and I/O, 4 pins with 0.1″ spacing
● Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy
● 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting data)
● Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy.
● The board has a pre-built 4.7K or 10K resistor, which you will need to use
as a pull-up from the data pin to VCC.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.7.4 Applications:
This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and

temperature values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather
stations also use these sensors to predict weather conditions. The
humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes where people are
affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use this
sensor for measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.
4.8 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows.
It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a

control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has
lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel,
and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or
beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system
which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong . Often these units
were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding
board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to
implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a
loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is
more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Son alert which
makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits
which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person
signals ("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signaling. Several game
shows have large buzzer buttons which are identified as "plungers".
The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they
were electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at
50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been
pressed are a ring or a beep.
4.9 MQ-6 GAS SENSOR:
A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area,

often as part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas
leak or other emissions and can interface with a control system so a process can
be automatically shut down. A gas detector can sound an alarm to operators in the
area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type
of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic
life, such as humans or animals.
Gas detectors can be use to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases,
and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be
found in locations, such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and
emerging technologies such as photovoltaic. They may be used in firefighting.
FIG.4.9 (a) MQ2 Sensor
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.9.1 Features of MQ6 Gas sensor
● Operating Voltage is +5V

● Can be used to detect LPG or Butane gas
● Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
● Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
● Preheat duration 20 seconds
● Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
● The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer
4.9.2 Applications:
● Detect or measure Gases like LPG, and butane

● Air quality monitor
● Gas leak alarm
● Safety standard maintenance
● Maintaining environment standards in hospitals
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4.10 Push Button Switch:
FIG.4.10 (a) Push Button Pin out/Connections
4.10.1 Push Button Features:
● Prevent flux rise by the insert-molded terminal

● Snap-in mount terminal
● Contact Bounce: MAX 5mS
● Crisp clicking by tactile feedback
● Dielectric Withstanding Voltage 250V AC for 1 minute
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.10.2 Technical Specifications:
● Mode of Operation: Tactile feedback

● Power Rating: MAX 50mA 24V DC
● Insulation Resistance: 100Mohm at 100v
● Operating Force: 2.55±0.69 N
● Contact Resistance: MAX 100mOhm
● Operating Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃
● Storage Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃
4.10.3 WORKING OF PUSH BOTTON:
● Push Buttons are normally-open tactile switches. Push buttons allow

us to power the circuit or make any particular connection only when we
press the button. Simply, it makes the circuit connected when pressed
and breaks when released. A push button is also used for triggering of
the SCR by gate terminal. These are the most common buttons which we
see in our daily life electronic equipment’s. Some of the applications of
the Push button are mentioned at the end of the article.
● When connecting in between of supply and the circuit we should only

connect the wires with both the legs of the Push-Button as shown in the
circuit below:
FIG.4.10.3(a)Button
A Push-Button can also be used for the triggering purpose like of SCR. An SCR is
a gate controlled Switch which needs a triggering pulse. So, for this we can add a
Push button in the circuit to give a triggering pulse, as shown in the circuit below:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
FIG.4.10.3(b) schematic of push button
4.10.4 Applications:
● Calculators
● Push-button telephones
● Kitchen appliances
● Magnetic locks
● Various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and
commercials.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.11 L298N Motor Driver :
This L298N Motor Driver Module is a high power motor driver module for
driving DC and Stepper Motors. This module consists of an L298 motor driver IC
and a 78M05 5V regulator. L298N Module can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2
DC motors with directional and speed control.
FIG.4.11(a) Motor Driver
Pin Name Description
IN1 & IN2 Motor A input pins. Used to control the spinning direction of Motor A
IN3 & IN4 Motor B input pins. Used to control the spinning direction of Motor B
ENA Enables PWM signal for Motor A
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
ENB Enables PWM signal for Motor B
OUT1 & OUT2 Output pins of Motor A
OUT3 & OUT4 Output pins of Motor B
12V 12V input from DC power Source
5V Supplies power for the switching logic circuitry inside L298N IC
GND Ground pin
TABLE.4.11 (b) Specifications of motor driver
FIG.4.11© Pins of motor driver
● 78M05 Voltage regulators will be enabled only when the jumper is placed.
When the power supply is less than or equal to 12V, then the internal
circuitry will be powered by the voltage regulator and the 5V pin can be
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
used as an output pin to power the microcontroller. The jumper should not
be placed when the power supply is greater than 12V and separate 5V
should be given through 5V terminal to power the internal circuitry.
4.11.1 Applications:
● Drive DC motors.
● Drive stepping motors
● In Robotics
4.12 12V Power Supply Adapter:
The 12 Volt Power Adapter, also known as a "Brick", "Desk Wart" and "Floor" supply,
provide a regulated 12 Volts DC output. 12 Volt 2 Amp Power Adapter takes an AC
INPUT of 100-240V and gives 12V 2A DC output
FIG.4.12(a) Power supply Adapter
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
4.12.1 Features: -
● Excellent Quality
● Short Circuit, Over Voltage & Over Current Protection
● Incredibly Low Fault Rates
● No Minimum Load
● This power supply is a regulated Center Positive power supply
● It's plug design is for Indian power socket so, no plug converter is required
● Compact size & light weight
● High Reliability
● Regulated Stable Voltage
● Good quality SMPS Based Adapter
● Stabilized Output, low ripple & low interference
38
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 IOT:
The Internet of Things (IOT) is a system of interrelated

computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people
that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the convergence of
multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors,
and embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor
networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation),
and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of Things. In the consumer
market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the
concept of the "smart home", covering devices and appliances (such as lighting
fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home
appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled
via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smart phones and smart
speakers.
There are a number of serious concerns about dangers in the growth of IOT,
especially in the areas of privacy and security; and consequently industry and
governmental moves to begin to address these.
5.2 Security
Security is the biggest concern in adopting Internet of things technology, with

concerns that rapid development is happening without appropriate consideration
of the profound security challenges involved and the regulatory changes that
might be necessary.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Most of the technical security concerns are similar to those of conventional

servers, workstations and smart phones, and include weak authentication,
forgetting to change default credentials, unencrypted messages sent between
devices, SQL injections and poor handling of security updates. However, many
IOT devices have severe operational limitations on the computational power
available to them. These constraints often make them unable to directly use basic
security measures such as implementing firewalls or using strong cryptosystems
to encrypt their communications with other device and the low price and
consumer focus of many devices makes a robust security patching system
uncommon.
Internet of things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often
control physical devices, so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many
Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes"
including televisions, kitchen appliances, cameras, and thermostats. Computer-
controlled devices in automobiles such as brakes, engine, locks, hood and trunk
releases, horn, heat, and dashboard have been shown to be vulnerable to attackers
who have access to the on-board network. In some cases, vehicle computer
systems are Internet-connected, allowing them to be exploited remotely. By 2008
security researchers had shown the ability to remotely control pacemakers without
authority. Later hackers demonstrated remote control of insulin pumps and
implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Poorly secured Internet-accessible IOT devices can also be subverted to attack

others. In 2016, a distributed denial of service attack powered by Internet of
things devices running the Mirai malware took down a DNS provider and major
web sites. The Mirai Botnet had infected roughly 65,000 IOT devices within the
first 20 hours. Eventually the infections increased to 200,000 to 300,000
infections. Brazil, Columbia and Vietnam made up of 41.5% of the
infections. The Mirai Botnet had singled out specific IoT devices that consisted of
DVRs, IP cameras, routers and printers. Top vendors that contained the most
infected devices were identified as Dahua, Hawaii, ZTE, Cisco, ZyXEL and
MikroTik. In May 2017, Junade Ali, a Computer Scientist at Cloud flare noted
that native DDoS vulnerabilities exist in IOT devices due to a poor
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
implementation of the Publish–subscribe pattern. These sorts of attacks have

caused security experts to view IOT as a real threat to Internet services.
The U.S. National Intelligence Council in an unclassified report maintains that it

would be hard to deny "access to networks of sensors and remotely-controlled
objects by enemies of the United States, criminals, and mischief makers... An
open market for aggregated sensor data could serve the interests of commerce and
security no less than it helps criminals and spies identify vulnerable targets. Thus,
massively parallel sensor fusion may undermine social cohesion, if it proves to be
fundamentally incompatible with Fourth-Amendment guarantees against
unreasonable search. In general, the intelligence community views the Internet of
things as a rich source of data.
On 31 January 2019, the Washington Post wrote an article regarding the security
and ethical challenges that can occur with IoT doorbells and cameras: "Last
month, Ring got caught allowing its team in Ukraine to view and annotate certain
user videos; the company says it only looks at publicly shared videos and those
from Ring owners who provide consent. Just last week, a California family’s Nest
camera let a hacker take over and broadcast fake audio warnings about a missile
attack, not to mention peer in on them, when they used a weak password"
There have been a range of responses to concerns over security. The Internet of
Things Security Foundation (IOTSF) was launched on 23 September 2015 with a
mission to secure the Internet of things by promoting knowledge and best
practice. Its founding board is made from technology providers and
telecommunications companies. In addition, large IT companies are continuously
developing innovative solutions to ensure the security for IOT devices. In 2017,
Mozilla launched Project Things, which allows to route IOT devices through a
safe Web of Things gateway. As per the estimates from KBV Research, the
overall IoT security market would grow at 27.9% rate during 2016–2022 as a
result of growing infrastructural concerns and diversified usage of Internet of
things.
Governmental regulation is argued by some to be necessary to secure IOT devices

and the wider Internet – as market incentives to secure IOT devices is insufficient.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
5.3 Safety
IOT systems are typically controlled by event-driven smart apps that take as input
either sensed data, user inputs, or other external triggers (from the Internet) and
command one or more actuators towards providing different forms of
automation. Examples of sensors include smoke detectors, motion sensors, and
contact sensors. Examples of actuators include smart locks, smart power outlets,
and door controls. Popular control platforms on which third-party developers can
build smart apps that interact wirelessly with these sensors and actuators include
Samsung's Smart Things, Apple's Home Kit, and Amazon's Alexa, among others.
A problem specific to IOT systems is that buggy apps, unforeseen bad app
interactions, or device/communication failures, can cause unsafe and dangerous
physical states, e.g., "unlock the entrance door when no one is at home" or "turn
off the heater when the temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius and people are
sleeping at night" .Detecting flaws that lead to such states, requires a holistic view
of installed apps, component devices, their configurations, and more importantly,
how they interact. Recently, researchers from the University of California
Riverside have proposed IOTSan, a novel practical system that uses model
checking as a building block to reveal "interaction-level" flaws by identifying
events that can lead the system to unsafe states.[207] They have evaluated IotSan on
the Samsung Smart Things platform. From 76 manually configured systems, IOT
San detects 147 vulnerabilities (i.e., violations of safe physical states/properties).
5.4 FIRE BASE:
Firebase evolved from Evolve, a prior startup founded by James Templin

and Andrew Lee in 2011. Evolve provided developers an API that enables the
integration of online chat functionality into their websites. After releasing the chat
service, Templin and Lee found that it was being used to pass application data that
weren't chat messages. Developers were using Evolve to sync application data
such as game state in real time across their users. Templin and Lee decided to
separate the chat system and the real-time architecture that powered it. They
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
founded Firebase as a separate company in September 2011 and it launched to the

public in April 2012.
Firebase's first product was the Firebase Real-time Database, an API that
synchronizes application data across IOS, Android, and Web devices, and stores it
on Firebase's cloud. The product assists software developers in building real-time,
collaborative applications.
In May 2012, one month after the beta launch, Firebase raised $1.1M in seed
funding from venture capitalists Fly bridge Capital Partners, Grey lock Partners,
Founder Collective, and New Enterprise Associates.
In June 2013, the company further raised $5.6M in Series A funding from venture
capitalists Union Square Ventures and Fly bridge Capital Partners.
In 2014, Firebase launched two products. Firebase Hosting and Firebase

Authentication.[13] This positioned the company as a mobile backend as a service.
In October 2014, Firebase was acquired by Google.
In October 2015, Google acquired Divshot to merge it with the Firebase team.
In May 2016, at Google I/O, the company's annual developer conference, Firebase
expanded its services to become a unified platform for mobile developers.
Firebase now integrates with various other Google services, including Google
Cloud Platform, Ad-Mob, and Google Ads to offer broader products and scale for
developers.[16] Google Cloud Messaging, the Google service to send push
notifications to Android devices, was superseded by a Firebase product, Firebase
Cloud Messaging, which added the functionality to deliver push notifications to
IOS and Web devices.
In January 2017, Google acquired Fabric and Crashlytics from Twitter to add
those services to Firebase.
In October 2017, Firebase launched Cloud Fire store, a Real time document
database as the successor product to the original Firebase Real time Database
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
5.4.2 Firebase Real time Database
Firebase provides a real time database and backend as a service. The service
provides application developers an API that allows application data to be
synchronized across clients and stored on Firebase's cloud. The database is also
accessible through a REST API and bindings for several JavaScript
frameworks such as Angular JS, React, Ember.js and Backbone.js. The REST API
uses the Server-Sent Events protocol, which is an API for creating HTTP
connections for receiving push notifications from a server. Developers using the
real-time database can secure their data by using the company's server-side-
enforced security rules.
5.4.3 Firebase Cloud Fire store
On January 31st 2019, Cloud Fire store was officially brought out of beta[30],
making it an official product of the Firebase line-up. It is the successor to
Firebase's original data basing system, Real-time Database, and allows for nested
documents and fields rather than the tree-view provided in the Real-time
Database.
5.4.3.1 Firebase Storage
Firebase Storage provides secure file uploads and downloads for Firebase apps,
regardless of network quality. The developer can use it to store images, audio,
video, or other user-generated content. Firebase Storage is backed by Google
Cloud Storage.
5.4.3.2 Firebase Hosting
Firebase Hosting is a static and dynamic web hosting service that launched on
May 13, 2014. It supports hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and
other files, as well as support through Cloud Functions. The service delivers files
over a content delivery network (CDN) through HTTP Secure (HTTPS)
and Secure Sockets Layer encryption (SSL). Firebase partners with Fastly, a
CDN, to provide the CDN backing Firebase Hosting. The company states that
Firebase Hosting grew out of customer requests
44
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS
Complete kit setup with connections:
FIG 6.1 complete kit connection
Providing power supply to kit:
FIG 6.2 Providing Power Supply Through 12v Adapter
45
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Testing the kit by providing smoke to smoke sensor:
FIG 6.3:Applying Smoke To Mq2 Gas Sensor
Getting alert through created bot in telegram:
FIG 6.4.Getting Alert Through Telegram
46
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION
ADVANTAGES:
● Maintenance of industrial device is become easier
● Reduces the maintenance cost
● Optimize critical monitoring system
APPLICATIONS:
● Fuel level monitoring

● Pharmaceutical level monitoring
● River level monitoring
● Milk level monitoring
47
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
Future Scope:
Automation through IOT can help to get rid of the short distance communication.
Thus, introducing internet in industries can help to have control over the
application from all over world
Conclusion:
IOT is a rising field which encourages us to create numerous add-on highlights to
the current framework with ease. The objective of limiting the cost is
accomplished through power administration by effectively dealing with the power
supply to maintain a strategic distance from undesirable control wastage. We have
actualized the ecological administration framework which screens the dirt
dampness, light power and mugginess in air.
48
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
APPENDICES
SOFTWARE:
#include "DHT.h"
DHT dht (13, DHT11);
#include <Wire.h>
#include <WiFi.h >
#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>
#include <UniversalTelegramBot.h>
#include <ArduinoJson.h>
// Replace with your network credentials
const char* ssid = "tkr";
const char* password = "12345678";
// Initialize Telegram BOT
#define BOTtoken
“5831012873:AAGG4Ooxl6NtHiQQhUcEIM9TbkDX2g9yQvA" // your Bot Token

(Get from Botfather)
// Use @myidbot to find out the chat ID of an individual or a group
// Also note that you need to click "start" on a bot before it can
// message you
49
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
#define CHAT_ID "109670201”
WiFiClientSecure client;
UniversalTelegramBot bot(BOTtoken, client);
int buzzer = 14, low = 27, high = 26, motor = 25, speed = 33, smoke = 35;
const int freq = 30000;
const int pwmChannel = 0;
const int resolution = 8;
int dutyCycle = 200;
void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(low, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(high, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor, HIGH);
pinMode(smoke, INPUT);
pinMode(speed, OUTPUT);
// configure LED PWM functionalities
ledcSetup(pwmChannel, freq, resolution);
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE
// attach the channel to the GPIO to be controlled
ledcAttachPin(speed, pwmChannel);
dht.begin();
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
client.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add root certificate for

api.telegram.org
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial. Print(".");
delay(500);
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.print("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
bot .sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Bot started up", "");
void loop() {
int T = dht.readTemperature();
if (digitalRead(smoke) == LOW) {
bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Alert!! Smoke detected", "");
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
51
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
} else if (T > 60) {
bot.sendMessage (CHAT_ID, "Alert!! High temperature", "");
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
else if(digitalRead(low)==LOW)
ledcWrite(pwmChannel, 150);
else if(digitalRead(high)==LOW)
ledcWrite(pwmChannel, 255);
delay(100)
52
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
REFERENCES
[1] “Real-Time Monitoring and Control of the Parameters of an Induction Motor",
Department Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Technology of Faculty,
Gazi University Teknikokullar Ankara, Turkey
[2] “Remote Controlling and monitoring of Induction motors using internet”,

Abdulkadir, Cakır, Hakan Cali’s, Gokhan Turan Suleiman Demirel University,
Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Isparta Turkey
[3] “Research on remote wireless monitoring system based on GPRS and MCU” ,
L. Zhong-Xuan, J. Xiau-Yu, H. Zhao-Fu, Z. Yan-Tao, D. Meng,Int. Conf.
Computational Problem Solving ICCP 2010, Lijiang, China, Dec.
[4] Akatsu K. and Kawamura A., (1999), ―Sensor less very low and zero speed
estimations with on-line secondary.
53
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
54
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Industrial Monitoring And Controlling Applications Using IOT

So, the newly introduced concept of “Internet of Things” (IOT)is providing a

In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.

Totally Integrated Automation puts this continuity into consistent practice.

1.2OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

To develop a system which will automatically monitor the industrial

∙ Reduce the maintenance cost.

∙ Optimize critical monitoring system.

It supports cabling up to 250 meters. Industrial automation using ZigBee describe

In this system, the microcontroller is programmed to collect the data from an

This data is further transferred to the microcontroller using an embedded circuitry

All these parameters’ information is also displayed on LCD display as a Human

It supports two ways communication between transmitting devices and

FIG. 3.1(a) Block diagram of industrial automation using IOT

Industrial monitoring and control is a combination of architectures,

The present project is focused on Industrial applications that will be continuously

The digital equivalent of these signals is transmitted to the database server by

Thus, industrial applications will be precisely monitored and controlled by means of

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on chip microcontrollers with

4.1.2 Specifications of ESP32

● Single or Dual-Core 32-bit LX6 Microprocessor with clock frequency up to 240

4.1.3 Different Ways to Program

Some of the commonly used programming environments are:

FIG. 4.1.3 (a) Drone Bridge for ESP32

4 .1.4 ESP32 Dev Kit – The ESP32 Development Board

FIG. 4.1.4(a) ESP32 Development kit

4.1.5 Pin out of ESP32 Board

FIG. 4.1.5(a) ESP32 Pin out diagram

4.2 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an

4.2.2 Basic principle:

FIG.4.2. (a) LED Functioning

4.2.3 LED Display types:

4.3.1 Miniature LEDs

FIG.4.3 (a) Miniature LED

Common package shapes are

● Round, dome top

Triangular or square, flat TOP

4.3.2 Flashing LEDs

4.3.3 High power LEDs:

A single HPLED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight or be set in an

4.3.4 Multi-color LEDs

4.3.5 Alphanumeric LEDs

LED displays are available in seven-segment and starburst format. Seven-segment

● Applications with LEDS

Instrument Panels & Switches, Courtesy Lighting, CHMSL, Rear Stop/Turn/Tai,

● Consumer electronics & general indication

Household appliances, VCR/ DVD/ Stereo/Audio/Video devices, Toys/Games

● Illumination with LEDs

Architectural Lighting, Signage (Channel Letters), Machine Vision, Retail

● Sign applications with LEDs

Full Color Video, Monochrome Message Boards, Traffic/VMS, Transportation –

● Signaling application with LEDs

Traffic, Rail, Aviation, Tower Lights, Runway Lights, Emergency/Police Vehicle

● Mobile applications with LEDs

Mobile Phone, PDA's, Digital Cameras, Lap Tops, General Backlighting.

● Photo sensor applications with LEDs

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across

4.4.2 Theory of operation

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's

Equivalently, Ohm's law can be stated:

This formulation is often used in practice. For example, if V is 12 volts and R is

Series and parallel resistors

Resistors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential difference