CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Electricity is a critical component of any business, and its quality must be constantly monitored.
NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research (Faisalabad) is very interested in conducting
an electrical services assessment, notably in the Electrical Engineering Department. Several
policies were established, including the addition of power and the repair of the fixture system.
The prototype displayed is still employing two embedded systems (Computer board and
Arduino), which is economically wasteful. Other problems include the lack of real-time reporting
and the fact that the display and data processing functions were still offline.

The IoT paradigm includes, a “smart home” and aims to combine home automation [1]. IOT
system Allows devices and objects within a house to be connected to the Internet enables users
monitor and control remotely. The biggest advantage of home automation systems is that they
can be quickly managed and control across a variety of devices, including smartphones, laptops
and desktops, tablets, Smart watches or voice assistants. IOT based Home automation systems
provides a number of benefits; through device and light control It provides more security, house
Door locks through automation, raising awareness through security cameras, more easiness of
entrance, Temperature adjustment, time saving, gives more control and saves a lot of money.

Here provide a simple solution for a home automation system. The various hardware used in the
system are, a Raspberry Pi 3 or 4 boards, an ESP 8266 WiFi module, and smart devices [2]. The
ESP8266 chip microcontroller used for the proposed system [3]. The major purpose of that
document is to show qToggle, a system that has been developed and designed for many
automation systems of home/building with access, security and control, it helps to Control
devices (lights, air conditioners and various devices), irrigation and electricity and energy
management [4].

QToggle aims to be the full sample of the smart home system. Wireless Internet access
technology used. Over ZigBee or Z-Wave advantages of Wi-Fi technology related with price,
simplicity and accessibility. First Wi-Fi depended Smart devices are inexpensive usually. HTTP
based Basic Authentication is used, HTTP Digest Authentication management with a traditional
login form. A master hub is used, the small hubs act as clients when communicating with other
devices, but the API interface allows other clients to see them as devices. We mean offer
affordable home automation systems. qToggle tries his best to provide a list of devices that are in
connection and being used.

Smart energy monitoring system is a later energy metering system that takes the information
from consumers and provides information to billing company and system operators. Varios
sensors and controlling devices that are supported by devoted communication networks are
utilized in the SEMS. SEMS systems use later wireless technologies such as the Zigbee module,
Internet of Things (IoT), Android Mobile Apps, and cloud computing for communicating the
information between the meters and the consumers.

Technology Used:

1. Using Zigbee
2. Using Internet of things (IOT)
3. Using mobile App

SEMS works in the following way: From nodes it takes the data, then sets a two-way
communication, data analyzing, then based on the analysis performs controlling. In memory the
collected data are stored and gives priority to data.

ZigBee is one of the most reasonable and unfailing modules [5]. For monitoring processes
consumes less power. With the ZigBee transmitter module an energy meter can be connected and
for data acquisition a laptop is used. In this system, a C programming is used and from energy
meters data will be collected by power metering IC [5, 6].

An IoT based SEMS using the existing internet infrastructure allows the devices to sense
remotely and develops the interfacing process between the energy meter transmitter and the
receiver ends. This system is implemented through the Arduino controller with embed
programming between IoT and the energy meter [7, 8]. The information data gets store in IOT
cloud and can be monitored any time. The energy bill get store in web with HTML protocol with
a specific IP.

The energy monitoring has been done using mobile apps. Power consumption daily usage will be
calculated by energy meter and the NodeMCU received measured data. Then data will be sent to
the existing mobile app, called Blynk which acts as a server [9]. The system consists of a smart
phone energy meter and NodeMCU chip. NodeMCU is an open source platform of IOT and low-
cost. It controls the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and the hardware in which it based. With applied
systems, the clients can know easily about their power utilities, making schedule their power
utilization and calculate cost of their used electricity.

Table 2.1. Components

Sensors Models Range Power Consumptions

Moisture soil YL69 0-100% 35 mA

Temperature ME81H 5-60C 450 mA

Motion Paradox PIR sensor Logic Ultralow power

90-250 V,0-60 A, 0-15
Power meter Zmai-90 kW 1W

Relays Sainsmart 5-65 mA

Torch sensors Sonoff torch logic 0.5 W

Nowadays the energy logging and monitoring system installation can help in the energy
efficiency if the data is logged daily weekly or monthly. The energy logging and monitoring
system was introduced and installed in the automobile company. All the relevant data containing
power and energy was logged and transmitted to SCADA for monitoring. This helped with the
energy efficiency and to find the energy losses in the factory. This system helped to achieve 8%
improvement.

Recent researches showed that the energy is being wasted and its inefficient usage is speeding up
the energy crises in many regions [10]. Most of the developed countries have focused on this
topic but consumers living in the developing countries still have to be educated on reducing the
wastage of the energy. The U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA) has said that 54%
energy is used by the industrial sector, so we have to improve energy efficiency of these facilities
[11].

The factory produces a total of 50,000 vehicles per year with the help of 2000 workers operating
the major departments of factory like welding, painting, assembling etc. This makes the situation
hard for the engineering department to monitor or control the energy usage without any
monitoring system. A Monitoring system was installed including vast network of hardware
connected to a centralized logging and monitoring software to view real time energy consumed
and power.

SCADA is being used in industry and could be designed for logging and monitoring application
like the remote monitoring and control for industry that was introduced [12]. The main purpose
was to make an innovative and cost effective real time system for logging and monitoring for
industry which also give graphical analysis of energy data.

The main hardware was CT, PT, PLC and a gateway. SCADA was used as a monitoring system
and server for the data. 50 energy analyzers were also used. The whole area was divided in four
zones because of the research [13] tells about the range of signal is 1200m of RS-485. PLC was
also used for the monitoring and feedback purpose.

Major wastage of the energy was due to the workers because they did not turn off respective
machines during the break hours which caused a major wastage. 11 Screens were installed which
were able to show the daily monitoring of the energy. The other electrical utilities were also left
on during break hours or shift breaks. All these utilities then were monitored and time was set to
turn them off accordingly. According to research motor can decrease 5.5% of the efficiency [14].

We can easy obtain load distribution of the each substation according to our need. It can help us
to plan for the balanced distribution of each substation.
 Energy Consumption Chart

Substation 3
Substation 2
Substation 1

Fig. 2.1. Energy distribution to each substation

This study tells us that software and hardware was successfully implemented in the factory. This
system has efficiently worked and helped in energy savings. The factory was able to save the
7.75% energy per year by implementing this system. The system is working for more than two
years. There is necessary that electricity is there for us for daily usage. For strengthening the
Monitoring and control of the homes the systems have been examined for the years. The error
ratio was higher and there is this study gives monitoring and control system for the electrical
utilities.

The residents of the world consume more than 48% of the electricity [15]. There are on average
20-30 electrical utilities are used in homes in the Malaysia [16]. The behaviour of the consumers’
could lead us to excessive power consuming and electricity wastage and also can shorten the life
span. This paper gives the both software and hardware. Software will be used to monitor and
hardware will logging the data and control.

The system includes the Arduino UNO, WiFi mofule and current sensor (ACS712). IoT
implementation will help to get data at the database through which we can access and see it on
the LCD. IoT will join the internet connection with the hardware and also for the remotely
controlling the utilities.

Most of researches shown that on the average, 7.8%-16.7% energy of home can be achieved with
using the Energy monitoring system for the homes [17, 18]. A Microcontroller is used with WiFi
for the connection to sensors and updating of the data to server [19]. Power monitoring system is
considered a human friendly and good solution for reliability of electrical management [20].
 Fig. 2.2.Block diagram of IoT based monitor and control

The IoT which is used with the ESP 8266 WiFi. It will show us the data required and also store it
in the cloud for the public or in private space. The design is that data will be transmitted through
WiFi and stored in the cloud. One can view it on mobile or on server. The current sensor will be
used to measure the current values and it will be used to calculate the power.

Zigbee was used previously but in this the WiFi ESP8266 is used and has shown good results in
transmitting data to the servers.

Table 2.2. Comparison between Zigbee and ESP8266

Comparison Zigbee Module ESP8266 Module

Network Restricted to wireless personal area Wireless local area network
Range networks (WPAN), reaching 10-30 (WLAN) area networks with an
meters in usual applications average range between 30 and 100
meters
Operating 900-928 MHz, 2.4GHz 2.4GHz, 5 GHz
frequencies
Data rate 250 kbps low data rate Up to 54 mbps

In this the limitations are that there was no voltage sensor involved to record the voltage. So it
was not that much accurate. Under and over voltage detection could also be included.
This paper proposed and also developed monitoring and controlling system for the electrical
utilities. By using WiFi module and IoT the data was stored on web server for the monitoring
purpose. Relays were used for the controlling purposes. Current and power will be monitored.

Remote monitoring and control of substation equipment is an important issue for the power /
energy management department. This is usually done manually or using expensive PLCs and
SCADA systems. With the advent of the Internet and computing era, intelligent monitoring and
reliable control systems for all substation equipment are highly desirable and can be achieved
with the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology.

Substations is an important part of a power system and it is made up of various types of

equipment such as transformers, circuit breakers (CB), relays, lightning arresters (LA), current
transformers (CT), and potential transformers. (PT), insulators, capacitors, etc. [21, 22].

With low-cost, networkable microcontrollers, the Internet of Things is a key technology for
building intelligent substations. Therefore, IoT itself is immature, and various IoT
communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT, and XMPP have been proposed as IoT
standards.

According to [23-27], IoT technology is already being applied in worldwide smart metering
systems for grid power metering and residential energy billing systems. In the energy field, many
studies have been conducted to overcome the energy crisis through the introduction of renewable
energy sources [28, 29].

The algorithm of the proposed model is simplified in the flowchart. After successfully
connecting devices connected to the Internet, the process is activated by retrieving commands
from the web server and completing the data upload to the server via WiFi.

The WiFi module (ESP8266) connects to the microcontroller via serial communication. This also
access the Internet when connected to an access point that is an Internet Service Provider. This
unit receives data from a dedicated web page and transmits the data to microcontroller. It also
loads the data sent from the microcontroller to the dedicated web page.

Web server is a device that connects to the Internet to store and display files. The client can
request this file or other data and the server sends the correct data/file to the client. Requests are
made using different protocols such as HTTP, MQTT, etc. Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or
HTTP, is suitable for tasks such as loading web pages, downloading images, etc., but is very
slow.

After successfully connecting the communication device to the server, it automatically transmits
the tanker vacancies, oil deterioration, current CT, etc. to the web server. A warning message has
been sent to the web server along with the corrective action that must be taken to address the
specific problem in violation of the normal values.

The proposed system is a fully automated system that self-checks the oil level and quality of
transformer / oil circuit breakers, continuously detects two CT secondary currents, sends data to
a web server, and data. Includes saving and viewing of. The Internet. Page and post comments to
Internet Drive to perform specific tasks. B. Launch CB and click Change Adapter.

As energy demand is increasing globally, the necessary steps must be taken to reduce energy
waste through an appropriate measurement infrastructure within the building. Smart meters can
be used to monitor customer power consumption with smart grid technology. Proper energy
demand management is required to allocate available resources. In recent years, various methods
of energy demand management have been used to calculate the remaining energy demand.
Large-scale systems represent an assessment of the potential for energy conservation and
implementation of additional services related to energy services. These services are extended as
qualified end-users.

In [30], the author predicts that the world's energy will double by 2030. Significant increases in
energy demand will have a negative impact on neighboring areas. Of course, the focus is no
longer on what it was like to produce more energy through traditional alternative resources, and
demand can be limited for better management. In [31, 32], the author suggested comparing the
reduction in energy consumption of a building with direct real-time energy consumption
feedback to indirect feedback similar to monthly billing.

The smart energy meter allows two-way communication between the meter and the monitoring
system which is represented as Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). A proposed system
based on laboratory supply is shown in Figure 1. The unit price will increase or decrease
according to the normal hours, peak hours and demand requirements provided by the electrical
panel. Power consumption may increase or decrease. The electrical unit is configured with rated
power for various loads and receives a logical mass along with the seconds and time calculations
via an interface bus.

Measures bidirectional power flow to allow customers to participate in power management and
implements usage detection algorithm to automatically turn on/off equipment when not in use.
Classify loads into tears and perform load segregation during peak hours, thus managing loads
efficiently and allowing system operators to remotely control devices with IoT access under load
peak and quality problems. IoT plays an important role in smart building energy optimization
and next generation building management systems.

The smart meter in this article was developed on the Lab VIEW platform. Waveform energy and
energy are measured. Force and power measurement. A three-phase waveform and input current
are generated and supplied to the filter circuit section. Noise in the filter section is removed from
the waveform generation. Equipped with power and energy calculations for basic vector analysis
and powered for power spectrum analysis.

The various load types are divided into medium load, heavy load, and light load. Detects
overcurrent and converts medium loads such as fans and lamps into solar panel batteries (low
enough power) Wireless data transmission between smart meters and server systems, high speed
connection without data packet loss. All data is monitored in the data log and stored on the
server. Graphical monitoring of active power, reactive power, power factor, power quality,
current, voltage, and system status. Schedule development and upload of websites via the IOT
platform via remote monitoring.

The unpredictable growth of the "Internet of Things" is changing the world, with typical IoT
components rapidly falling in price, allowing the public to innovate new designs and products for
the home. IoT can be used to monitor patient health and create smart homes and smart cities. Use
IoT to monitor patient emergencies. In this work, specialized sensors are used to monitor the
patient's heart rate, body temperature, body movements and respiratory rate [33].

IoT has facilitated the development of countless industry and user specific IoT applications.
While devices and networks provide physical connectivity, IoT applications enable robust and
reliable device-to-device and person-to-device interactions. IoT applications on devices must
ensure that data / messages are received in a timely manner and processed correctly. For
example, transportation and logistics applications monitor the status of products being shipped,
such as fruit, fresh produce, meat and dairy products.

During transport, the protection status (e.g. temperature, humidity, shock) is continuously
monitored and appropriate measures are automatically taken to prevent damage if the connection
is out of range. While device-to-device applications don't necessarily require data visualization,
more and more human-centric IoT applications provide visualizations that present information to
end users in an intuitive and understandable way and enable interaction with the environment.
Intelligent creation of IoT applications is important for devices to monitor the environment,
identify problems, communicate with each other, and potentially solve problems without human
intervention.

Several applications located in the house can be run remotely. Logging & Monitoring via
implanted devices. Network server. Static and dynamic information is stored in. Embedded
systems, which fulfill the need for a web browser. This type of web server is called an embedded
web server [34].

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in human daily life as it allows many physical
devices to connect through the Internet, where the devices are connected intelligently, enabling
new kinds of things between people and between things same. Device data from anywhere in the
world using an Internet connection [35].

The ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module is a highly integrated and efficient wireless System-on-Chip (SoC)
that provides a complete, self-contained Wi-Fi network solution. The ESP8266EX version is one
of the most integrated Wi-Fi chips in the industry.

Nowadays, the whole world is looking for sustainable and energy efficient solutions to make our
planet greener, so the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy to the maximum
efficiency possible is the best solution. Photovoltaic panels convert the sun’s rays into electrical
power and have become more affordable than ever. Combining the energy savings of solar
systems with the smart technology, the benefit of renewable energy in a home is maximized.
Home solutions can be fully automated using solar power. In addition to cutting energy bills and
providing energy efficiency, solar power-based home solutions provide for the reduction of
individual carbon footprint, give off zero emissions, and reduce overall environmental damage.

Fig. 2.3. Monitoring the energy with qToggle (a) and the two invertors: Fronius Symo (b) and
Mppsolar (c).

Solar installations require a dedicated solar inverter that converts solar power from the PV
system into an alternating current. Inverters that are able to inject the excess of energy into the
grid are called on-grid (or grid-tie) inverters and, in many countries, are subject to stricter rules
than those that work off-grid. One of the most notable requirements for a grid-tie inverter is the
anti-islanding protection: in case of a grid power outage, the inverter must immediately stop
injecting energy, thus protecting electrical workers and upstream equipment. For this case study,
the PV power inverters are from the following brand manufacturers: Fronius for PV1 (shown in
b) and MPPSolar for PV2 (shown in c).

The aim for monitoring the power is to see how much energy the house is using and to become
more aware of the energy use and, thus, of the money spent. An electricity monitor also helps
identify any high energy appliance accidentally left switched on. A smart power meter allows a
continuous monitoring of all the important parameters when it comes to electricity: active,
reactive, or apparent power, power factor, current, voltage, frequency, and total energy
consumption. The device is based on ESP8266 and integrates a high current switch that can be
used to remotely cut off energy supply, in case of an emergency. Figure 2.4 presents how the
power is monitored using qToggle.

Fig. 2.4. An example of monitoring the power with qToggle: AC Input Voltage (a); House Power
(b); Gris Consumed Power (c); Grid Produced Power (d).

We consider that voltage monitoring is essential because the actual voltage supplied by the grid
operator often varies from its nominal value, possibly causing faults to the electrical equipment.
The chart (shown in a) as well as its underlying historical data may serve as proof in case of
appliance damage. The excess of solar produced power can be either used for household
electrical necessities or it can be injected into the grid. Hence, we have the total house power
(shown in b), as well as the consumed and injected grid power (shown in c, d).

The transmission of charge through a conductor is known as current. The total amount of charge
travelling through a random cross section of material per second is measured in amperes [37] and
can be represented as:

I = Q/t
Where Q represents the charge in coulombs (C), I represents the current in amperes (A), and t
represents the time in seconds (seconds). The charge that passes through a point in an electrical
circuit is also known as electric current, and it is written as:

i = dQ/dt

Direct current, or direct current denoted by the symbol I, is a constant electric current, whereas
alternating current, or alternating current denoted by the sign I or I is a variable electric current
(t). The energy required to transport an electrical charge between two places is defined as voltage
[38], which is stated as:

V = dw/dQ

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