SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF URBAN TREE SPECIES

ALONG THE ROADSIDE OF BISLIG CITY, PHILIPPINES

ROME JANE L. GUCILA

SEJARA T. MABULAY
KAYCEE G. SUMABAL

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF

FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTILA FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY

DECEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Research Questions
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Foreign Studies
Local Studies

CHAPTER 3 – METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Method of the Research

Setting of the Study
Subject of the Study
Sources of Data
Procedure of the Study
Statistical Treatment
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Bislig City is a charming place surrounded by lush natural forest and industrial tree

plantations. The city faces the Pacific Ocean and stretches 40,503 hectares covering 24

barangays, nearly half of which are public forests. It has a total land area of 40,503 hectares of

which 21,518 hectares are forest land while the 18,985 hectares are alienable and disposable

lands. In 2010, Bislig City had 12.9kha of natural forest, extending over 89% of its land area. In

2021, it lost 79.2ha of natural forest, equivalent to 55.3kt of CO₂ emissions.

Planting trees is a very affordable means of removing excess CO2 from the

atmosphere. Additional pollutants can be controlled, at least in part, by trees, including nitrogen

oxides, sulfur dioxides, carbon monoxide, ozone, and small particulates. Up to 60 percent of

street level particulates can be reduced by trees. Urban trees refer to “all publicly and privately

owned trees in urban areas including individual trees along streets and in backyards, as well as

stands of remnant forest” (Nowak et al., 2010, p. 3). They are naturally occurring, or planted

(Justin and Östberg, 2017) woody perennial plants in urban areas, usually having single stems

and distinct crowns (Roy et al., 2012). Trees in urban settings play an important role in

improving urban life by reducing runoff, air pollution and energy use, and improving human

health and emotional wellbeing (Schroeder & Cannon, 1983; Ulrich, 1985; Heisler, 1986; Dwyer

et al., 1992; Nowak & Crane, 2000; Nowak & Crane, 2002; Xiao & McPherson, 2002). Urban

trees can aid in reducing some of the detrimental effects and social repercussions of

urbanization, making cities more adaptable to these changes.

 Understanding species diversity and distribution patterns is important for helping

managers evaluate the complexity and resources of these forests. Trees form the major

structural and functional basis of tropical forest ecosystems and can serve as robust indicators

of changes and stressors at the landscape scale. (Mishra, 1968). Basic measures of tree

diversity, forest structure, tree growth, and forest turnover are important parameters to monitor

ecological processes in a dynamic environment. Moreover, the impacts of human activity,

conservation, and even invasive species can be addressed through a set of plots. Species

composition refers to the contribution of each plant species to the vegetation. It is regarded as

an important indicator of ecological and management processes at a site.

Statement of the Problem

This study will focus on tree species composition and population structure which will be

useful as a source of ecological information, analyzing distribution and abundance pattern of

tree species and the researcher will present empirical data on diversity of urban tree species

located along the roadside of Bislig, Surigao del Sur. Specifically, this study will attempt to

answer the following questions;

1). What are the different species of trees growing in the selected roadside of Bislig, Surigao del

Sur?

2). What are the community structure of trees species in terms of density, frequency, dominance

and importance value.

3). What are the distribution pattern of species of trees in the study area?

4). What is the species diversity index of trees species in the study area?
Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study will be conducted to assess the species diversity and composition
of urban tree species along the roadside of Bislig City, Philippines.

Specifically, the research aims to;

1. Assess the diversity of tree species along the roadside of Bislig City and evaluate the
conservation status of each species for better execution of the urban forest management in the
area;
2. Compute the carbon content of the tree species found in the study area;
3. Provide information necessary for the protection and conservation of the area.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this thesis proposal will be on the species diversity and composition of urban

tree species which will be conducted at the selected roadside of Bislig City, Surigao del Sur.

This will focus in achieving the set of objectives of the study. The area will be divided into

four sampling sites namely; Station 1, Station 2, Station 3, and Station 4. Only tree species

along the roads and on wayside will be included in the survey. Tress species within the

residential areas will not be included. This study will use stratified random sampling to collect

data.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will be significant in providing information to the City

Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO), Local Government Unit (LGU), Local

Communities, and to the researchers since it will serve as a foundation for future studies with
similar objectives. and this study’s findings can be used as a guide for minimizing the carbon

emission in the area.

The results of the study would be valuable to:

The City Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO). This study would be

beneficial to the agency as a guide for future researcher with the same issue.

The Local Communities. The result of the study will help the local people to

understand the importance of trees in the community by conserving it.

Local Government Unit (LGU). This study will help the government sector to provide

strategic plan to mitigate the increasing problem of pollution.

The Researchers. This study will help the future researcher to gain knowledge about

the impact of tree diversity to urban community.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms will be defined theoretically and operationally for purposes of clearer

understanding of important terms in this study.

Collection. When used in this study, this will refer to the act of collecting representative

samples of the tree species present in the study area.

Density refers to the quantity of each species present in the area sampled (Smith, 1986). This

will be used in this study to describe how many individual trees were sampled over an area of

4,000 square meters.

Diversity a variety, sort, or species of plants or animals that can be found in a certain location.

This will be used in this study to refer to the various tree species in the study area.

Frequency refers to how many species were sampled and how often they occurred along a

transect (Smith, 1986). In this study, this refers to the variety of trees that were sampled in a

200 transect intervals.

Identification. This will be the process of identifying the tree species that will be collected

based on a previously identified tree species.

Line Intercept or Line Transect Method refers to a single dimension that is most effective for

sampling forest shrub stands and woody understory. It entails making observations along a line
or lines that are placed randomly throughout the study area (Smith, 1986). The same definition

will be employed throughout this study.

Physical factors relate to variables that affect the types of trees in the study area, such as soil

temperature, pH, and type of soil.

Random distribution. The least frequent kind of distribution in nature, often referred to as

unpredictable spacing, takes place when individuals of a certain species are located in

homogeneous surroundings where their positions are independent of one another and they do

neither attract or repel one another. According to Vliet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

distribution#cite note 4), random distribution is uncommon in nature because biotic factors, like

interactions with nearby individuals, and abiotic factors, like the climate or soil conditions,

typically cause organisms to be either clustered or spread apart. Habitats with stable resources

and environmental conditions typically have random dispersion. Lack of significant social

contacts between species is what distinguishes this pattern of dispersal (Avila, 1995). We'll

utilize the same definition throughout this study.

Regular or Uniform distribution. Evenly spaced objects are distributed uniformly, which is less

frequent than clumped distribution. When the distance between nearby individuals is

maximized, uniform distributions are observed. Competition for a resource, like moisture or

nutrients, or direct social interactions among individuals within the population, like territoriality,

usually lead to the need to optimize the distance between individuals (Mauseth, 2008). The

same definition will be employed throughout this study.

Species is a group of individuals who are naturally separated from other groups in terms of

reproduction. It will relate to the types of trees found in the study area as it is utilized in this

study.
Species distribution is the way a biological taxon is organized geographically. Dispersal, or the

movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from areas of dense population,

should not be confused with species distribution. For each species, the pattern of dispersion is

not constant. Seasonally, in reaction to resource availability, and also depending on the size at

which they are observed, distribution patterns can fluctuate. Dispersion normally takes place at

the moment of replication. Populations within a species are translocated by several

mechanisms, including dispersal by people, wind, water and animals (Wallace, 1876). The

same definition will be applied to this study.

Species Diversity refers to the variety of species that are alive. It will be measured in this study

using the Shannon-Wiener index formula and will refer to the variety of living tree species in the

study site.

Tree refers to a plant that has a single, woody stem and can grow to a minimum height of 6 -

8m (20–25ft) when fully grown (Smith, 1986). The same definition will be applied to this study.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Importance of Trees in Urban Areas

Urban areas benefit greatly from trees since they play essential roles in the environment,

society, and economy. These include decreasing surface and air temperatures to alter the

microclimate (Loughner et al., 2012), storing and sequestering carbon (Nowak et al., 2013;

Zhao et al., 2016), and offering some provisioning services including food, fuelwood, animal

feed, shade, and habitat for a variety of organisms (Agbelade et al., 2017; Shackleton, 2016).

Urban trees also serve as locations for meetings, spirituality, and physical activities (Babalola et

al., 2013; Sheona et al., 2015), as well as beautify the urban landscape generally. As a result,

urban residents' psychological (Kuruneri-Chitepo and Shackleton, 2011) and physical health

(Canetti et al., 2018) conditions are improved.

Taking a global perspective and looking toward the future, trees are going to be

increasingly important as urbanization expands and human populations stake a larger claim on

space. By 2050, it is predicted that 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas. That

is almost a 20% increase from the slightly greater than 50% of the population that currently

resides in urban areas. And the trend throughout recent history shows a dramatic surge in

urban populations considering the fact that a mere 16% of the world’s population lived in cities

in 1900. This sharply increasing trend, combined with the many challenges of a larger human
foot print, such as climate change, emphasizes the future importance of our urban forests at the

global scale.

A recent analysis by researchers at the Morton Arboretum in Lisle, IL looked at the effect

of trees on temperature around the globe and showed that trees greatly contribute to urban

cooling, with to a 16⁰F reduction in temperature. Urban trees provide heat relief from shading,

but also thought evapotranspiration by actively cooling the air in cities. Although this benefit

makes our beautiful tree-lined city streets more comfortable to walk down, it also helps to lower

energy costs for cooling, which further reduces our carbon footprint.

On an annual basis, it is estimated that US urban trees provide $18 million in economic

benefits by reducing air pollution, energy use, and pollutant emissions while increasing carbo

sequestration. A more diverse and mature urban forest has been shown to increase both

environmental and economic benefits of trees. While other infrastructure depreciates over

time, trees appreciate as they mature. Compared to planting or maintenance costs, the annual

benefit from trees far outweighs their costs. Beyond environmental or economic benefits, trees

provide a great number of social and health benefits to humankind. Residents of tree-filled

communities are happier and have fewer cardiovascular health aliments. Research has also

shown that having more trees and plants in our communities is linked to reduced negative

thoughts, reduced symptoms of depression, better moods, and increased life satisfaction.

However, despite their apparent significance, there is a severe lack of literature on

urban trees in Africa, particularly Nigeria, as well as many other developing countries (Kuruneri-

Chitepo and Shackleton, 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). Therefore, there is a need for more research

on the composition and diversity of urban trees, the advantages they offer, as well as the

challenges they face in order to improve the sustainability of cities in these areas.
Local Literature

One of the six polluted and crowded cities in the Philippines is Cebu City. Urban

barangays, where 93.5% of Cebu City's population in 2010 resided, have seen a sharp growth

in infrastructural development in recent years. Patches of tree vegetation still flourish in Cebu

City, where they are dispersed among parks and recreation areas, building structures, roadway

lanes, and residential areas, in spite of significant industrial expansion (Flores et al., 2020). The

enormous number of endemic trees that are found in Cebu City are also thought to be essential

for preserving urban biodiversity (Cebu Biodiversity Conservation Programme [CBCP], 2017).

As of 2014, trees in Cebu City were reported to cover an area of 15,674,341.8 square

meter, or 25.11% of the city’s urban barangays, citing Brgy. Talamban (37.95%), Lahug

(31.29%) and Guadalupe (25.70%) to have the three highest percentage of tree cover among

the lowland barangays (Ejares et al., 2016). However, current knowledge on the diversity of

trees in the city is scant, and previous studies on Cebu city trees focused only on carbon

sequestration (Pansit, 2019; Parilla et al., 2018) and tree canopy mapping using LiDAR (Ejares

et al., 2016).

Foreign Studies

Urban trees and bushes serve as buffers between pollutant sources and nearby

populations, although the complexity and variability of vegetation structures can lead to varying

effects on downwind pollutant concentrations as shown by Hagler et al. (2012) for ultrafine

particles (UFP). This variability is due to a number of confounding factors. The complex and

porous structure of trees and bushes can modify near-road concentrations via pollutant capture

onto plant surfaces or through altering air flow, which can result in either reduced dispersion

through the reduction of wind speed and boundary layer heights (Nowak et al. 2000; Wania et
al. 2012) or in enhanced dispersion due to increased air turbulence and mixing (Bowker et al.

2007).

Vegetation type, height, and thickness can all influence the extent of mixing and

pollutant deposition experienced at the site. Air pollution near a highway increased in the

presence of highly porous vegetation and scattered, ornamental trees with open space under

the canopy compared to measurements at a similar area with no vegetation (Yli-Pelkonen et al.

2017; Tong et al. 2015). Alternatively, downwind air pollution decreased when the vegetation

was thick, tall, and completely covered the height from the ground to the top of the canopy

(Brantley et al. 2014; Al-Dabbous and Kumar 2014). The built environment also matters greatly;

air flow and impacts of trees on local air pollution can be substantially different for a street

canyon environment than an open highway environment, although similarities in the

characteristics of vegetation and the corresponding effect on near-road air pollution exist

(Buccolieri et al. 2009; Gromke et al. 2008; Gromke et al. 2016).

In addition to positive and negative impacts on air quality, roadside vegetation can have

other varying effects which need to be considered when planning to preserve or plant a

vegetation barrier (Baldauf 2017). For example, trees and bushes along roads can improve

aesthetics, increase property values, reduce heat island effects, control surface water runoff,

and limit noise pollution if dense and thick. However, roadside vegetation can also affect driver

sight lines, protrude into safety clear zones along highway right-of-ways, contribute to debris on

roads, present fire hazards, and be pathways for pests and invasive species (Baldauf et al.

2011; Baldauf et al. 2013). Thus, the benefits and potential concerns of roadside vegetation

need to be considered for any application, although this paper focuses on air quality impacts.

Local Studies
 DENR studies show roadside trees in urban centers alleviate air pollution. In an 11-

month study done in Cebu, eight tree species (raintree or acacia, rubber, banaba, Manila palm,

talisay, macopa, mango, and ipil-ipil) reduced air temperature from a maximum of 1.6 degrees

Celsius to a minimum of 1.1 degrees centigrade.

Urban Trees Composition and Diversity

Urban trees comprise the most essential component of urban greenspaces (Wolf et al.,

2020) where they are commonly distributed across public domains (e.g. national highways,

parks, recreation areas and riverbanks) (Konijnendijk et al., 2006) and private properties (e.g.,

schools, residential areas, gardens and industrial zones) (Tyrväinen et al., 2005). Aside from

shrubs and underground vegetation, trees in cities provide an array of benefits and various

forms of ecosystem services to make cities livable to humans and other life forms. While various

species

of trees ensure that watersheds can provide a steady supply of fresh water for domestic and

industrial use, prevent flooding, and cool the air, they also provide socio-economic,

psychological, visual, and sensory benefits as well as symbolic functions valued by humans

(Dwyer et al.,1992; Good, 2010). Most importantly, they provide habitat for urban wildlife, thus

ensuring a relatively diverse ecosystem (Roy et al., 2012). However, various anthropogenic

activities in major cities have been noted to cause decrease of tree covers (Ejares et al., 2016),

and as tree cover deteriorates in cities, so will the availability and access to associated

ecosystem services, thereby affecting environmental quality and human health. Thus, it is

imperative that current tree diversity status in major Philippine cities be assessed to address this

urgent concern.
 Urban trees composition and diversity are gaining more relevance for academic, urban

planning and sustainability purposes. Despite their free ecosystem services, little is documented

on urban trees especially in developing countries such as Nigeria.

Major drivers of urban tree species composition and diversity include: socio-economics,

level of urbanization, demographics and biophysical characteristics (Bourne, 2011; Nitoslawski

et al., 2016). Relatively little attention has been paid on land use types as a driver of urban

forests (Bourne, 2011; Nitoslawski et al., 2016; Dobbs et al., 2013). Some ecological studies

determining tree diversity in urban areas treat urban landscapes as a single, homogeneous

habitat or land use (Conway and Hackworth, 2007; Heynen and Lindsey, 2003; Muthulingam

and Thangavel, 2012). Alternatively, other studies focus on a single land use type or habitat

within a matrix of urban landscape (De Lacy and Shackleton, 2017; Jim and Chen, 2009;

Kaoma, 2012). However, urban landscapes constitute different land use types such as

roadsides, public parks, residential areas, institutions and agricultural areas, that significantly

influence urban forest composition and diversity (Avolio et al., 2015; Bourne, 2011, Dobbs et al.,

2013; Jim and Liu, 2001; Jim and Chen, 2009; Nitoslawski et al., 2016; Zerbe et al., 2003). 

Tree Inventory Assessment of Urban Trees

According to National Landscape Department (2011), roadside trees can be categorized

into two approaches which are tree inventory from local authorities or related agencies and

complaints from the public. Local governing bodies or related parties implement tree inventories

to get the population of trees in their administrative areas. The tree information covers the

characteristics, physical conditions, and locations through geographic information system (GIS).

The information will then be stored in the system database.

Importance of Roadside Vegetation

 Roadside vegetation has been shown to impact downwind, near-road air quality, with

some studies identifying reductions in air pollution concentrations and others indicating

increases in pollutant levels when vegetation is present.

Several studies have investigated the role of vegetation on pollutant concentrations in

urban areas employing modeling, wind tunnel, and field measurements (Gallagher et al. 2015;

Janhäll 2015; Baldauf 2017; Abhijith et al. 2017). Vegetation has been shown to both reduce

and increase local air pollution levels, although the mechanisms and characteristics for these

varying effects are often not well understood (Baldauf et al. 2008; Brode et al. 2008; Hagler et

al. 2012; Nowak 2005; Nowak et al. 2000; Steffens et al. 2012; Stone and Norman 2006).

Vegetation has been shown to reduce air pollution impacts through the interception of

airborne particles (Petroff et al. 2009) or through the uptake of gaseous air pollution via leaf

stomata on the plant surface (Smith 1990) in addition to affecting pollutant transport and

dispersion as the air passes through the complex leaf/branch structure. Noise barriers combined

with mature vegetation have also been found to result in lower ultrafine particle concentrations

along a highway transect compared to an open field or a noise barrier alone (Baldauf et al.

2008; Bowker et al. 2007). Regional particulate and gaseous pollution removal by urban trees

has been estimated across the continental United States (U.S.) using the U.S. Forest Service’s

i-Tree model (Nowak et al. 2006).

Urban Plantings

It could be challenging to incorporate a greater variety of tree species into urban

plantings. Urbanized landscapes are usually characterized as having little soil, disrupted

hydrological cycles, and human-caused harm to trees (Roloff 2016). However, intensively

managed urban planting sites can also offer some beneficial conditions for trees, including more

constant access to water through irrigation, less competition with other tree canopies, and plant
health interventions when pests or diseases do arise (Miller et al. 2015). In fact, even if many

species may be rare or isolated, some urban areas maintain a larger diversity of tree species

than surrounding peri-urban and rural territories (Padoa-Schioppa and Canedoli 2017).

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Location of the Study

The study will be conducted along the roadside of Bislig, Surigao Del Sur.  Bislig is a

3rd class component city in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020

census, it has a population of 99,290 people.  It is the most populous among the cities and

municipalities in the province of Surigao del Sur. In 2000, Bislig was converted into a city per

Republic Act 8804. It is the easternmost city in the Philippines. Geographically located at

8° 13' North, 126° 19' East with estimated elevation above sea level 10.1 meters. Bislig has a

land area of 40,503 hectares spread over 24 barangays, with close to half of which are tropical

rainforest is classified as "public forest". Bislig has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to

very heavy rainfall year-round and with extremely heavy rainfall in January. (In Wikipedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislig).
This study examines the species diversity and composition, and aboveground biomass of urban

tree species along the roadside.

The selected roads are ____________________________________________________

Map of the Philippines

Map of Barangay Mangagoy

Map of Mindanao

Figure 2. Location of the study

Sampling Design

Subject of the Study

The researcher selected the urban tree species along the roadside as the subject of the

study. This is to set up awareness in the community on how important urban trees are in

mitigating the negative impact of urbanization. As urban trees provide a lot of benefits in an

urban setting. Trees and bushes along roads can improve aesthetics, increase property values,

reduce heat island effects, control surface water runoff, and limit noise pollution if dense and

thick. Trees and shrubs lined on the roadside function as barriers and block the dust particles,

as these settle on the leaves and trunk of the trees due to this, the nearby residences are saved

from much of the dust rising from the roads and the particles from the exhaust of vehicles.

(Venkiteswaran, 2012)

Data Gathering Procedure

For the purpose of gathering data, a tree inventory assessment will be done, and

stratified sampling will be used in the study. The diameter at breast height, total height, and

basal area will be calculated using standard methodology (Species Diversity Index; Cintron &

Schaeffer-Novelli 1984). The distribution of trees will be mapped using a handheld GPS after

the coordinates were entered into GIS-based software (Manifold System).

 Taxonomic identification of trees will be carried out using primary reference materials for

native trees, specifically Philippine Native Trees: Up Close and Personal Series 101, 202, and

303 published by Green Convergence for Safe Food Healthy Environment and Sustainable and

Hortica Filipina Foundation, Inc. Philippines.  Verification of exotic trees’ ID will be done by using

Plants of the World Online (POWO), an online database maintained by the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK as well as Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines. Additionally,

photos of each tree located in the study area will be taken, including shots of the tree's most

important features, such as its leaves, trunk, total height, and, if any, its flowers or fruits. Initial

identification suggestions made by parataxonomists and gardeners will also be documented

particularly for those trees that can’t be immediately recognized. Data collection, cleaning, and

analysis will be done using descriptive statistics, such as the means and frequency functions of

Microsoft Excel.

Data Analysis

Tree data will be quantitatively assessed for species richness, stem density, basal area,

relative frequency, relative dominance, and relative density based on the data of the individuals

recorded in each plot. The quantity of observed species along the roadway served as a

measure of species richness.

The following structural parameters and associated formulas will be used to analyze the tree

community:

Parameter Formula

Density Total number of individuals of the species

Total area sampled
 Relative Density Density of Species
x 100
Total density

Frequency Number of plots where the species occurs

Number of all plots examined

Relative Frequency frequency valueof a species

x 100
totalfrequency valueof allspecies

Dominance 2
(no .of individual)
Totalno . of individuals ∈the quadrant

Relative Dominance dominance value of a species

x 100
totaldominance valueof allspecies

Species Importance Value SIV = RD + RF + RCRD + RF + RC

The number of observed species in the forest served as the primary criterion for

determining species richness. To estimate the potential number of species in the forest, first-

order Jackknife (Jackknife 1) and Michaelis Menten Means (MMMeans) were utilized (Magurran

2004). The number of distinct tree species found in all the plots was converted to an equivalent

number per hectare in accordance with Mueller-Dombois and Hellenberg to calculate the mean

density of the tree species (1974).

Species diversity of tree species will be measure by the use of the Shannon-Weiner

Function as shown in the equation:

n log n−∑ fi log fi

H ’=
N

The statistical analysis will be performed utilizing accepted statistical techniques. In

accordance with Phillips (1959), the sum of relative frequency, relative density, and relative

abundance will be used to calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI) of trees. The distribution

pattern of tree species will be interpreted using the abundance to frequency ratio (Whiteford,

1949). Utilizing the Shannon-Weiner Index, the species diversity (H') of several tree species will
be determined (Shannon and Weiner, 1963). Using Simpson's Index, the concentration of

dominance (Cd) will be calculated (Simpson, 1949). Following Pielou (1966) and Margalef

(1978), the species evenness index (EI) and species richness index (RI) will be determined. The

maturity index and beta diversity will be determined in accordance with Pichi-Sermolli (1948)

and Whittaker (1977), respectively. The Flora of Orrisa, edited by Saxena and Brahmam, will be

used to identify the plant (1994-1996).

References

Articles

A.S. Olpenda et.al (2013) “Tree Species Diversity Assessment and Spatial Analysis in a
Permanent Monitoring Plots of Natural Forest in Musuan, Bukidnon”. College of Forestry and
Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon
R. Hasan et.al (2018) “Roadside Tree Management in Urban Area for Public Safety and
Properties”. Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, University Technology
MARA,40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

L.A Castillo et.al (2020) “Tree Composition, Diversity, and Stand Structure of Mid-montane
Forest in Sipit Watershed, Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park, Philippines”.
College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños College,
Laguna, Region IV-A 4031 Philippines

D.R Hilbert et.al (2022) “Expanding Urban Tree Species Diversity in Florida (USA): Challenges
and Opportunities for Practitioners”. Department of Environmental Horticulture, IFAS, University
of Florida – Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL, USA

Online Sources

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7339705/

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2000/01/23/94495/denr-studies-show-roadside-trees-urban-

centers-alleviate-airpollution

https://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/11-benefits-street-trees