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What is computer hardware?
Computer hardware is a collective term usedl to describe any of the physical components of an analog
or digital computer. The tem hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device
from software. which consists of written, machine-readable instructions or programs that tell physical
components what to do and when to execute the instructions.
Hardware and software are complementary. A conmputing device can function efficiently and produce
useful output only when both hardware and software work together appropriately.

Computer handware can be categorized as being cither internal or external components. Generally,
internal hardware components are those necessary for the proper functioning of the computer, while
extemal hardware components are attached to the computer to add or enhance functionality.

What are internal computer hardware components?

Intenal components collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program or
operating system (OS). These include the following:

Motherboard. This is a printed circuit board that holds the central processing unit (CPU) and other
essential internal hardware and functions as the central hub that all other hardware components run
through.
CPU. The CPU is the brain of the computer that processes and executes digital instructions from
various programs; its clock speed determines the computer's performance and efficiency in
processing data.
RAM. RAM- or dynamic RAM - - is temporary memory storage that makes information
immediately accessible to programs: RAM is volatile memory, so stored data is cleared when the
computer powers off.
Hard drive. Hard disk drives are physical storage devices that store both permanent and temporary
fornmats, including programs, OSes, device files, photos, etc
data in different
Solid-state drive SSD). SSDs are solid-state storage devices based on NAND flash memory
technology; SSDs are non-volatile, so they can safely store data even when the computer is
powered down.
Optical drive. Optical drives typically reside in an on-device drive bay; they enable the computer
to read and interact with nonmagnetic external media, such as compact disc read-only memory or
digital video dises.
Heat sink. This is a passive piece of hardware that draws heat away from components to
regulate/reduce their temperature to help ensure they continue to function properly. Typically, a
heat sink is installed dircctly atop the CPU, which produces the most heat among internal
components.
Graphies processing unit. This chip-based device processes graphical data and often functions as
an extension to the main CPU.
Network interface card (NIC). A NIC is a circuit board or chip that enables the computer to
connect to a network; also known as a nefwork adapter orlocal area network adapter, it typically
supports connection to an Ethernet network.

Other computing components, such as USB ports, power supplies, transistors and chips, are also
types of internal hardware.
 What are external hardware components?
External hardware components, also called peripheral conponents, are those items that are often
externally connected to the computer to control either input or output functions. These hardware
devices are designed to either provide instructions to the software (input) or render results from its
execution (output).

Common input hardware components include the following:

. Mouse. A mouse is a hand-held pointing device that moves a cursor around a computer screen and
enables interaction with objects on the sereen. It may be wired or wircless.
Keyboard.A keyboard is an input device featuring a standard QWERTY keyset that enables users
to input text, numbers or special characters.
Microphone. A microphone is a device that translates sound waves into electrical signals and
supports computer-based audio communications.
Camera. A camera captures visual images and streams them to the computer or through a
computer to a network device.
Touchpad. A touchpad is an input device, external or built into a laptop, used to control the pointer
on a display screen. It is typically an alternative to an external mouse.
USB flash drive. A USB flash drive is an external, removable storage device that uses flash
memory and interfaces with a computer through a USB port.
Memory card. A memory card is a type of portable external storage media, such as
a CompactFlash card,used to store media or data files.

Other input hardware components include joysticks, styluses and scanners.

Examples of output hardware components include the following:

Monitor. A monitor is an output device similar to a TV screen that displays information,

documents or images generated by the computing device.
Printer. Printers render electronic data from a computer into printed material.
Speaker. A speaker is an external audio output device that connects to a computer to generate a
sound output.
Headphones, earphones, earbuds. Similar to speakers, these devices provide audio output thar's
audible only to a single listener.

Hardware vs. software

Hardware refers to the computer's tangible components or delivery systems that store and run the
written instructions provided by the software. The software is the intangible part of the device that
lets the user interact with the hardware and command it to perform specifie tasks. Computer software
includes the following:

OS and related utilities;

programs that control certain computer functions; and
applications that usually perform operations on user-supplied data.

On mobile devices and laptop computers, virtual keyboards are also considered software because
they're not physical.
Since the software and hardware depend on each other to enable a computer to produce useful outout
thesoftware must be designed to work properly with the hardware.

peripheral device?
What is a

A neripheral device is a device that cither enters information into a computer system or receives
information from the computer system. The normal workflow of a computer system is the following.

It receives data and commands from the user, processes the data according to the given commands,
and stores or prints the processed data if the user gives a
presents the processed data to the user,
command to save or print.

given data, all other comporents of a computer system are

Except for the components that process the
known as peripheral devices.

and is used either to put

In if a hardware component is not part of the core components
simple words, it is a
information from the computer system, then
information into the computer system or to get
that control the
of a computer system are the components
peripheral device. The core components
the data.
computer system and process
function without core
A computer system can peripheral devices but it cannot
function without
are CPU, motherboard, power supply,
RAM, and ROM.
components. Examples of core components devices.
and USB drive are examples of peripheral
Keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,

Types of peripheral devices input devices, output devices, and

classified into three types. These types are
Peripheral devices are

input/output devices.

into the computer system. A keyboard, mouse, scanner,

An input device inserts data or commands
are some examples of input devices.
barcode reader, digital pen, webcam, microphone

to the
data from the computer system and presents that data
An output device receives the processed
and projector are some examples of output devices.
user. A monitor, printer, speaker, headphone,

and output functions. A hard drive, USB drive,

An input/output device can perform both input
memory card, tape drive, and NIC are some examples of input/output devices.

devices
Examples of peripheral of peripheral device are.
So far we have discussed what a peripheral device is and how many types
devices and their functions.
Now, let's discuss some most c o m m o n peripheral

device. It allows the user to enter

Keyboard-A keyboard is the most important
common and input
user presses a key on a keyboard,
the keyboard sends a unique
letters, numbers, and symbols. When a receives the signal and translates the
to the computer. The processing unit of the computer
signal
signal to know which key is pressed.
to interact
is another important device. It uses point-and-click technology
input
Mouse- A mouse
them. To track motion, a
Most mice have two buttons and a scroll wheel between
with the system.
use laser light to track
motion.
ball was used in older mice. Modern mice
inbuilt
and photos. Usually, it is
Webcam-A webcam is a popular input
device. It captures live videos
calls and live presentations.
on and tablets. Mostly, it is used for video
laptops
Scanner-A scanner is another popular input device. It is used to scan documents. Normally, it is used
use a soft copy of the document.
to save and

Monitor-A monitor is one of the most important output devices. It receives output from the
is temporary. Because
processing unit and displays that output. The output displayed on the monitor
of this, the output displayed on the monitor is called the soft copy of the output. To make it
permanent. you have to store it on other output devices.

Printer-A printer is another important output device. It prints the given output. After printing, the
Because of this, the output printed on the paper is called
output is permanently stored on the paper.
and laser. A
the hard copy of the output. There are mainly three types of printers: dot-matrix, inkjet,
uses liquid ink for
dot printer uses pins and an ink-coated ribbon for printing. An inkjet printer
printing while a laser printer uses a laser toner for printing.

and tablets
Speaker A speaker is a popular output device. It plays the audio output signals. Laptops
have inbuilt speakers. On desktop computers, they can be attached via ports.

Hard disk-A hard disk is the most important input/output device. It provides both input and output
functionalities. When a computer reads data from the hard disk, the hard disk provides input
functionality. When the computer stores data on the hard disk, the hard disk provides output

functionality.
USB drive-USB drives are another popular input/output device. They are compact and small. They
are mostly used to transfer data between computers that are not connected. When you transfer data
from a computer to the USB drive, the USB drive provides output functionality. When you transfer
data from a USB drive to the computer, the USB drive provides input functionality.

NIC-NIC stands for the network interface card. A NIC is an input/output device. A computer uses a
NIC to connect the network. When the computer sends data to the network, it uses the output function
ofthe NIC. When the computer receives data from the network, it uses the input function of the NIC.
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