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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PRACTICES IN NIGERIA: WHAT ROLE FOR A DESIGN

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Humanities and Social Sciences Review,
CD-ROM. ISSN: 2165-6258 :: 03(03):459–467 (2014)

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PRACTICES IN NIGERIA: WHAT ROLE

FOR A DESIGN GUIDE?

Evelyn L. A.Allu

Leicester School of Architecture, De Montfort University Leicester, UK

The shift from traditional design practices to sustainable design practices, the challenges of climate
change and the global concern for the sustainability of the built environment motivate this study. The
focus for this paper is to encourage sustainable conscious design by architects in Nigeria, through the
use of a design guide. The survey was carried outto provide insights into the design practices and the
perceptions of these professionals in regards to their roles to provide sustainable buildings and their
willingness to use design guide in order to improve their design output. Findings suggest that on one
hand, there is a low level (41%) of knowledge on the relationship between climate change and
buildings. On the other hand, there is the willingness (100%) on the part of these professionals to use a
sustainable design guide. This study also recommends a design checklist for architects, clients and
design approval agency in Nigeria in order to ensure standards and compliance to the use of sustainable
features by designers.

Keywords: Buildings, Climate change, Design guide, Nigeria, Sustainability.

Introduction

Calls by the global sustainable development agenda for sustainability in the built environment and the
relevance of producing of sustainable new buildings necessitate the development of guided tools.
Sustainable agenda is the blueprint for ensuring that sustainable development in all spheres human
development (Ebohon, 2011). Also the building sector has a particular relevance to meeting the focus of
the Sustainable as stated in the first theme of the operational guide of sustainable development (Ebohon,
Taki and Allu, 2013).
The use of a sustainable design guide has been identified as means to promoting sustainable design
practices amongst the built environment professionals. Sustainable design guides were initiated after the
1992 United Nations Earth Summit Resolutions and the Human Settlements Section of the Agenda 21.
Countries like the USA, Canada, and UK took the lead developing such guides. Other developing
countries mainly from Europe and Asia also saw the necessity for a design guide, especially with the
manifestations of the negative impacts of climate change. A design guide offers the built environment
design professionals the opportunity to engage the use of sustainable design features consciously and to
make sustainable choices for specifications in order to promote sustainability of the built environment.
Furthermore, when buildings are designed sustainably, such buildings add value to the environment
(Okorie, 2011). This research study aids at promoting the sustainability of the built environment in
Nigeria by investigating the design practices of architects, their perceptions and that of the other
professionals involved with the processes of buildings on the roles of a design guide.


459
460 Architectural Design Practices in Nigeria: What Role for a Design Guide?

Research Background

Currently in Nigeria there is no known sustainable design guide to aid the sustainable building practices.
For a country whose population in 2012 stood at 167 million (National Population Commission, 2012)
with an annual growth rate of 3 per cent (Mu’azu, 2011). Nigeria’s yearly housing deficit is 40 million
houses (Ademiluyi, 2010; Ogu and Ogbuozobe, 2011) and an active building industry like many
developing countries (Arif et al, 2009). Based on these scenarios came the suggestion by Zubairu (2012)
that the future design of houses need to be sustainable. Additionally, due to the negative impacts of
climate change there is also a need for a proactive design strategy as was summed up by the Building
Research Establishment BRE (2004) below:

“In the absence of formalised design requirements that take account of climate change, there is
a need for pragmatic guidance on proactive design measures to ensure that the construction of
new, and the refurbishment of older, buildings avoids unacceptable problems or failures in the
future.”
BRE, 2004 p.2

It is therefore, time to act by shifting from the present conventional design practices to the
sustainable processes and practices that ensure the production of sustainable buildings as is the case with
the rest of the world. As such, this research’s investigations sought the opinions of its participants. This is
important because their opinions as stakeholders are very crucial for any solution seeking research for
future application (Davies et al, 2009). According to du Plessis and Cole (2011) involving these
professionals who are stakeholders in any research has threefold benefit: ‘effective in shaping design and
practice’of stakeholders, ‘a major role in the creation and functioning of the built environment’and
‘changes the practices of stakeholder’(p.447).
These benefits as suggested by du Plessis and Cole are relevant and necessary for this research study
in order to prepare these professionals for the change required for the prevailing premises that set the
constructs for the application of this research’s proposals and implementation.
A similar research by Attiaand De Herde(2011) on Early Design Simulation Tools for Net
Zero Energy Buildings asserts that decision tools as guides have always been in demand by design
practitioners at all times. It is also probably that the demand for decision tools has a bearing on the level
of awareness of the sustainable design practices expected of these professionals. Taking these views
further, the study by Emuzie et al. (2013) cast doubt on the ability of design practitioners in the Sub-
Saharan African region to effective integrate and apply the principles of sustainable development. In
support of the study by Attia and De Herde(2011) and Emuzie et al. (2013) studies werebased on the
Austrian and South Africa contexts.This study contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting
findings for the Nigerian context.Findings from this study would validate for or against these
earlierassertions from the two studies.

Literature Review

New buildings can be designed tomitigate and adapt to climate change. Mitigation and adaptation are the
two strategies identified to effectivelyto reducecarbon emissions and to increase the ability to cope with
climate change challenges (IPCC, 2007).With new buildings, 80% reduction carbon emissions are
achievable (Urge-Vorsatz et al, 2007) and adaptation strategies increase future resiliencefor all aspects of
human endeavours (UNFCC, 2007). Also, studies have shown thatthe synergy of mitigation and
adaptation can be integrated as a twin-strategy for sustainable developments (Klien et al, 2007; Ayers and
Huq, 2009) especially in the built environment in order that new buildings are planned against future
failures (BRE, 2004).Therefore, the relationship between buildings and climate change has a bearing on
 Evelyn L. A. Allu 461

achieving sustainability in the built environment. Hence, the conscious integration of this synergy into the
designof new buildings makes such buildings sustainable.
The adoption of new building technologies (tools) and building policies by different government and
countries are geared towards achieving sustainability forthe overall good of the built environment (Casal,
2006; Carmody et al, 2009). Of the many adopted tools, the design guide remains the strategic tool for an
early building life cycle intervention(Symth and Schroder, 2004; Carmody et al, 2009).While Cam(2012)
report that sustainable practices in the local context of any country or region is vital for achieving the
global sustainable development. The developmental stride in the building and construction sector in
Nigeria is not at the same speed with the rest of the world in this regard.
Symth and Schroder (2004) note the potentials of a design guide to include; enhancement of
sustainable development, the production of climate sensitive buildings, technological-economical
sensibility, and the promotion of local architecture, energy efficiency and natural resource management.
Other similar studies identified sector collaborations, long-run cost savings, use of clean technologies,
informed decisions, effective and high performance for new buildings (Bunz et al, 2006; Carmody et al,
2009; Laukkonem et al, 2009). These potentials therein make a design guide a relevant decision tool
especially for architects and other built environment professionals. An earlier study by Bogenstätter
(2000),also recognise the lasting effects of decisions taken at the design stage of buildings and further
noted that 20% of decisions during the design process of a building has 80% consequences on the overall
design.Avoiding negative consequences is an option that is desirable.

Methodology

Methodology employed in this research investigation is the mixed method research design using the
concurrent embedded strategy which offers an opportunity for triangulation (Creswell, 2009) as well as
adding robustness to the study and its contents (Canales, 2013). Hence, the overall research design was
selected to suit and help the study investigate, manage its information and present an easy to understand
analysis.
The research approach has both the deductive and inductive inquiries this decision was reached by
the study because of the suitability of meeting the desired goals for this investigation. Furthermore, due to
the specific nature of the study to the built environment professionals, the purposive non-probable
sampling was also adopted. Non-probable sampling technique is most suitable for research study targeted
for specific inquiries (Saunders et al, 2009; Dawson, 2011).The literature review in the presiding section
provides the secondary data and the theoretical construct that underpins this study’s investigation. The
primary data are provided by the quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative(face-to-face interviews)
amongst the targeted participants.
For the questionnaire investigations participants were architects practicing within Plateau State in
central Nigeria. Firstly, demographic characters of the participants are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Secondly, assessments were made to ascertain; the awareness of architects on sustainability, their design
practices and their perceptions on the role of a design guide. Thus, the questionnaire was divided into
three sections, the first two sections comprise of three sections and the last section has four questions. The
survey adopted the use of “Yes” or “No” options only and this was to simplify and to reduce the time that
would otherwise be spent answering the questionnaire questions. Finally, a descriptive analysis of the
findings was employed by this study.
The face-to-face interviews were carriedout amongst twelve interviewees. These interviewees
included; architects, builders, engineers and planners with each of these professions represented by 3
participants. Although the interviews covered the same area of assessments with the questionnaire, the
interview provided an avenue for further inquiries and in-depth meaning to answer (Naoum, 2002) and
interview offers the opportunity for follow-up questions were necessary. Thus, the interview questions
were semi-structured in nature. Each interview session lasted between 20 to 30 minutes.
462 Architectural Design Practices in Nigeria: What Role for a Design Guide?

Data Presentation and Analysis

The demographic data for the questionnaire instrument used has been characterised. The distribution
shows that the gender distributions of participants were about 8% female and 92% male of the total
participants. While the different practice types; academic, private and public have the following
percentages 21%, 29% and 50% respectively. These are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

Table 1.

Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Male 94 92.2 92.2 92.2
Valid Female 8 7.8 7.8 100.0
Total 102 100.0 100.0

Table 2.
Practice
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Academic 21 20.6 20.6 20.6
Private 30 29.4 29.4 50.0
Valid
Public 51 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 102 100.0 100.0

Table 3. Questions and responses on awareness.

N Questions Responses Responses Total
Num.
Yes % No %
1 Do you think unsustainable building design practices 49 48% 54 52% 102
contribute to climate change?
2 Are you fully aware of the applications of the sustainable 42 41% 61 59% 102
development principles?
3 Do you think architects have the responsibility to promote 102 100% 00 0% 102
sustainable development through sustainable design
practices?
Source: Researcher’s field survey, 2013

Findings from Table 4 revealed a split of 51% and 49% between those who agreed that they
consciously integrate sustainable features in their design practices and those who are not. Yet 99% of the
architects responded favourably to the need for more knowledge acquisition in order to enhance their
ability to effectively apply the principles of sustainable development in their design practices. These
results also suggest that those 51% who said, “Yes” to question 1 may not necessarily know what the
sustainable design features are. Thus, the results question the sustainable design practices amongst these
design practitioners in Nigeria.
 Evelyn L. A. Allu 463

Table 4. Questions and responses onparticipants architectural design practices.

N Questions Responses Responses Total
Num.
Yes % No %
4 I am always conscious to integrate sustainable design 52 51% 51 49% 102
features in all my design practices
5 I need more knowledge in order to enhance my ability to 101 99% 01 1% 102
apply effectively the principles of sustainable development
in my design practices
6 Would you say that the sustainable development has been 05 5% 97 95% 102
mainstreamed into the architectural design practices in
Nigeria?
Source: Researcher’s field survey, 2013

The results from Table 5 below shows that 86% of the respondents agreed (Yes) that a sustainable
design guide would provide buildings with the ability to reduce (mitigate) and cope (adapt) to climate
change impacts. This result confirms the study carried out by Ayers and Huq (2009) on the possibilities of
combining the twin strategy for tackling climate change challenges. While, the remaining 14% of the
respondents who answered “No” to question 7, are probably not aware of the possibility of this synergy.
Responses from question 8 were all an absolute “No.” This is an indication that Nigeria is yet to join the
rest of the world in taking the advantages and benefits using a design guide to promote sustainable design
practices. Although, all the respondents (100%) are interested in using a design guide in the future 3% (2)
of the respondents do not think a sustainable design guide is necessary to aid the sustainable design
practices in Nigeria.

Table 5. Questions and responses on the role of a sustainable design guide.

N Questions Responses Responses Total
Num.
Yes % No %
7 Do you think a sustainable design guide would offer 88 86% 14 14% 102
buildings the ability to mitigate and adapt to climate
change?
8 Are you aware of any sustainable design guide 00 0% 102 100% 102
document/tool presently in use in Nigeria?
9 Do you think a sustainable design guide is necessary to aid 99 97% 02 3% 102
sustainable design practices for design professionals in
Nigeria?
10 I am interested in using sustainable design guide 102 100% 00 0% 102
Source: Researcher’s field survey, 2013

The Face-to-face interviews were carried on separate locations. Some of the opinions expressed by
the interviewees collaborated on the quantitative findings and there are also a few views that were slightly
different. Selected verbatim views and opinions are presented alongside other findings to include the
following:

1. Do you Think Unsustainable Building Design Practices Contribute to Climate Change?

This question received three categories of responses. Six interviewees agreed that the lack of sustainable
design practices contribute to climate change because design measures that would ensure sustainable
buildings are produced were not employed during design decisions. Four other interviewees disagree
464 Architectural Design Practices in Nigeria: What Role for a Design Guide?

with the first opinion because their opinions suggest that no amount of sustainable actions would stop
climate change from happening. The last two interviewees were not too sure of what comments to make
as expressed by one of the two thus;
‘Personally, I am not very sure of the relationship between the design of buildings and climate change, so
I would not give an opinion on this question please’.

2. Are you fully aware of the applications of the sustainable development principles or the global
sustainable agenda?

Only one of the interviewees was confident, others indicated that they were fully aware. However, the
respondents seem to have some level of understanding of sustainable development. Furthermore, only
three of the interviewees know about the global sustainable agenda.

3. Do you think architects have the responsibility to promote sustainable development through
sustainable design practices?

All the interviewees agreed that architects have the responsibility to ensure that their designs are
sustainable.

4. Do you consciously integrate sustainability in every aspect of your professional practices?

None of the interviewees agreed to have always and consciously integrated sustainability in their
professional practices. However, when asked to indicate to what percentage they would rate themselves.
Seven respondents claimed they were 60% compliant and other respondents indicated compliance
between 40% and 50%.

5. Do you think more knowledge required in order to enhance effective the application of the
principles of sustainable development in the built environment professional practices?

All interviewees agreed that more knowledge is required. One of the interviewee’s verbatim responses
was:
‘There is no end to knowledge and I cannot claim to know it all…So I believe I need more knowledge in
order to enhance my ability to effectively apply the principles of sustainable development. I also think that
there is also a need for more research.’

6. Would you say that the sustainable development has been mainstreamed into the architectural
design practices in Nigeria?

All interviewees claimed that they did not think that sustainability has been mainstreamed into
architectural practices in Nigeria. However, the some of the interviewees observed that their professional
bodies have in recent times been organising conferences and workshops on sustainable practices within
the built environment professions.

7. Do you think a sustainable design guide would produce buildings that are capable of mitigate and
adapt to climate change?

All agreed that a sustainable design guide should produce sustainable buildings. However, the some of the
interviewees also added that the guide can only be successful if users use it correctly.
 Evelyn L. A. Allu 465

‘It is one thing to have a sustainable design guide, it is also another to use it correctly. It is also
important to enforce its usage, once such a document is available.’

8. Are you aware of any sustainable design guide document/tool presently in use in Nigeria?

The twelve interviewees indicated that they were not aware of such a document. Although, one of the
interviewees thought the National Building Code (NBC) was the same thing as a sustainable design guide.

9. Do you think a sustainable design guide is necessary to aid sustainable design practices within for
design professionals and other allied professions in Nigeria?

Eleven interviewees agreed that a sustainable design is necessary to aid sustainable practices of building
design practitioners in Nigeria. However, the only one interviewee who disagrees indicated that his
opinion was based on his experience as expressed thus:
‘In my experience many professionals may not put the guide to use because as the National Building
Code (NBC), there would be complaints of either the document is too expensive to buy or as the NBC it is
not readily available. However, if there is assurance that these challenges would not be there, then it is
possible to use a design guide to promote sustainable practices within the built environment.’

10. Do you think as a built environment professional you are interested in using sustainable design
guide?

The twelve interviewees all agreed that they would be interested in using a design guide. However, they
also made some suggestions on how to make the use of sustainable guide effective. These suggestions
include:
• Making sure all built environment professionals are involved in its implementation and
distribution.
• Involving government and all drawings approval agencies in the implementation strategies and
monitoring its compliance.
• Organising awareness campaigns amongst professionals and the general public.

Conclusions

This research study has established the need for a shift from the conventional design practices to a
sustainable design practices for buildings in Nigeria.The investigations carried out revealed that
sustainable design practices amongst the architectural practices and other allied professions within the
built environment are not adequately consciously practiced. Findings also suggested problems of; lack of
adequate knowledge; of the principles of sustainable development, use sustainable design features andthe
inability of design professionals to apply sustainable principles. Also the demand for a design guide as a
decision tool has been validated by 99% of participants. The surveys also notes that more than half of the
participants were not knowledgeable about the sustainable agenda. As such, theseproblems could serve as
an impediment to achieving sustainable development. However, it is possible to overcome these problems
through; professional awareness and education, provision of sustainable design guide, effective
implementation and monitoring the use of sustainable design guides. 100% of participants have
recognised the role of architects as the professionals who play the key role for ensuring sustainable
practices. It is however, time for these architects to engaged and lead in proactively sustainable actions
required of their architectural practices. Furthermore, policies and mechanism for periodic evaluation of
sustainable practices should be established by professional bodies and government in Nigeria.
466 Architectural Design Practices in Nigeria: What Role for a Design Guide?

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