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 JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

21ST CENTURY HUMAN HABITAT:

Issues, Sustainability and Development

PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

(JIC) AKURE, NIGERIA

Monday 21 – Thursday 24 March, 2016

Editors

Ebohon, Obas J.
De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Ayeni, Dorcas A.
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Egbu, Charles O.
London South Bank University, London, UK
Omole, Felix K.
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
First Published 2016
ISBN- 978-1-898523-00-0

Published by the Joint International Conference Editorial Committee

© Joint International Conference

JIC Email Address: futalsbudmujic@futa.edu.ng

Correspondence
All correspondence should be addressed to the conference secretary futalsbudmujic@futa.edu.ng
For more information visit the conference website www.jic.futa.edu.ng
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data:

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

PEER REVIEW PROCESS

The quality of the contents in this publication is guaranteed through thorough review process of
abstracts submission and screening. All accepted papers were subjected to a blind peer review
process. Papers in the various subthemes were reviewed by a minimum of two referees; from the
abstracts submission through to the full paper submission and finally, the reviewers‟ reports were
sent back to authors for modification and final submission.

Cover design
EGWUONWU, OBIORA AUGUSTINE
OLAWUNMI, ADESINA VICTOR

Desktop publishing
PALSTAR CONCEPTS & JIC Local Organising Committee
+23408066063229; +2348037006788

iii
CONTENTS
Peer Review Process iii
Foreword iv
Acknowledgements v
Major and Co-sponsors vi-vii
International Organising Committee viii
Local Organising Committee viii
Organising Committee ix
International Scientific Review Committee x-xi
Keynote Speakers xii-xiii
Joint International Conference Programme xiv-xv
Contents xvi-xxxii

SUB-THEME ONE
Innovation, Environmental Friendliness and Adaptability
Building Adaptation and the Impact of Maintenance Budget: Case Studies of Selected Higher Education 2-7
Institutions in Nigeria - Olowoake Mohammed
The levels of building stakeholders‟ motivation for adopting green buildings - Ayokunle Olubunmi 8-19
Olanipekun
Identifying Success Factors in the Construction of Healthcare Facilities in Iran - Reza Zandi Doulabi 20-25
& Ehsan Asnaashari
ICT Integration in the Transport System - Nwankwo, Benjamin N. 26-32
Low-Energy Building Strategies for a Sustainable Built Environment in Nigeria - Adegbie Morisade 33-38
An Assessment of the Role of Nigerian Architects towards Climate Change and Global Warming in the 39-46
Built Environment - Hassan Ozovehe Saliu & Lukman Achimugu
Low Cost Approach to Energy Efficient Buildings in Nigeria: A Review of Passive Design Options - 47-55
Ochedi, Ekele Thompson; Taki, Ahmad & Painter, Birgit
Socio-economic Consideration of Housing Transformers and Non-transformers in Selected 56-64
Government Estates in South-Western, Nigeria - Victor Olufemi Adegbehingbe
Evidence of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies among Grain Farmers in Sokoto State, Nigeria - 65-74
Ikpe Elisha; Sawa B. A.; Ejeh, Udeh Lawrence; Meshubi O. Adekunle & Oladimeji J. S.
Analysis of Public Perception of Climate Change and Its Impact on Health and Environment in Zaria 75-81
City and Its Environs - Ikpe, Elisha; Sawa B. A.; Ejeh, Udeh Lawrence; Meshubi O. Adekunle &
Oladimeji J. S.
Mitigating Effect of Green Infrastructure on Environmental Degradation in Nigeria Urban Centres - 82-90
Dipeolu Adedotun Ayodele & Fadamiro J. A.
Assessment of Carbon Monoxide Levels in a Commercial District of Akure, Nigeria - Afolami, 91-96
Adewale James; Ogunsote, Olu Ola; Elnokaly, Amira & Okogbue, Emmanuel Chilekwu
Sustainable Site Planning; A Soil Conservation Strategy for Residential Developments in Lagos, Nigeria - 97-104
Akagwu Mamajaunkwun
Fire Safety Education and Training in Architecture: An Exploratory Study - Ibrahim Ebenehi; Kirti 105-114
Ruikar; Tony Thorpe & Peter Wilkinson
Integrating Green Infrastructure to Enhance the Environmental Quality of High Density Residential 115-123
Areas in Zaria - Musa Lawal Sagada
Manipulation of Daylight as a Post-construction: A Partial Comparative Analysis - Attoye, Daniel 124-130
Efurosibina
Control of Daylight and Natural Ventilation in Traditional Architecture of Ghadames, Libya - Jamal 131-140
Alabid; Ahmad Taki & Birgit Painter
Analysing the Importance of Climate Forecast Information for Transhumance Pastoralists in Katsina 141-148
State, Nigeria - Kim, I.; Ikpe, E. & Sawa, B. A.
Impact of Cities Physical Development on the Aged Lifestyle in Akure, Nigeria - Onanuga, Omotayo 149-157
Adebayo
The Influence of User Perception and Social Sustainability on Architectural Design - Ejeh, Ekoja 158-163
David; Adedire Johnson & Salihu Murtala Mohammed
Challenges in Conducting Field Studies in Nigeria: The Built Environment Sector - Ramatu Aliyu 164-169
Evaluation of Procurement Methods Used for Residential Building Maintenance in Ondo State, Nigeria 170-177
- Folorunso, Tunde Akinola; Akinyemi, Tobi Akinlolu & Farayibi, Olatunde Oluwatosin

xxvi
Towards Achieving Low Cost Housing: Use of Traditional Building Materials (A case study of Fayose 178-189
Estate, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria) - Victor Olufemi Adegbehingbe
Assessment of Thermal Comfort Level of Some Selected Lecture Theatres in Federal University of 190-196
Technology, Akure - Ganiyu, S. A. & Ojo, T. E.
Building Information Modelling Integration to Education as an Antidote for Nigerian Construction 197-205
Industry (NCI) Hitches - Badiru Yunusa. Yusuf; Kherun Nita Ali; Mohamed Rashid Embi &
Tukur, Rukayyatu Bashiru
Drivers and Barriers of Compressed Stabilized Interlocking Earth Blocks for Building Construction in 206-214
Nigeria - Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie; Makonjuola, Shina Abayomi & Adegbembo, Taiwo
Fadeke
Managing Wastes on Construction Sites in Akure, Ondo State - Ganiyu, S. A.; Ogunmakinde, O. E. 215-223
& Oladokun, S. D.
Effects of Climate Change on Spatial Structures in South-western Nigeria - Olajuyigbe, A.; Enisan, G. 224-231
& Popoola, O.
Impact of Integrative Arch-entrepreneurial Design Project on the Students‟ Business know-how, Value 232-246
Creation and Self-employment Intention - Mudashir Gafar; Rozilah Kasim & Mahmud Datti
Ahmed
Perception of Residents on Impact of Proximity of Religious Camps on Residential Properties in Nigeria 247-254
- Adeniran, Y. Olusegun & Ogunleye, B. M.
Assessment of Factors Influencing Building Maintenance in Public Housing Estates: A Case Study of 255-265
Ijaiye Medium Housing Estate, Agege, Lagos - Ogunleye, M. B. & Ajani, U. Y.
Assessing the Sustainability of a Rainwater Harvesting System in an Academic Building Using a Triple 266-275
Bottom Line Approach - Olanrewaju, O. O. & Ilemobade, A. A.
Compressive Strength Characteristics of Laterized Palm Kernel Shell Concrete - Popoola, O. C.; 276-284
Obaju, N. B. & Alake, O.
Housing Habitability in Informal Settlements of Akure, Nigeria - Adetunji, O. S. & Ayoola, H. A. 285-295
Importance of Incorporating Thermal Simulation in Designing Buildings to Mitigate and Adapt to 296-303
Climate Change in Nigeria - Shamang, Kasham Jummai & Makarfi, Usman
Integrating Life Cycle Assessment into Architectural Practice in Nigeria - Oladokun, Oyindamola 304-310
Saidat & Odekunle, Oluwole Olayide
Assessment of the Critical Success Factors for Healthcare Project Delivery in Ondo State, Nigeria - 311-318
Oladinrin, Timothy Olugbenga; Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Abidoye, Rotimi Boluwatife &
Koleowo, Nathaniel Adedayo
Assessing Compliance with Noise Control Guidelines in the National Building Code for Residential 319-325
Estates in Ondo and Ekiti States, Nigeria - Ganiyu, Sikiru Abiodun
Trends in Sustainable Design in Architecture - Bello, Muhammed Murtala; Auwalu, Umaru & 326-334
Bello, Bashir Bolade
GSM and us: Evolution, Trend, Challenges and Solutions - Nwankwo, Benjamin N. 335-347
Evaluation of Different Plastering Materials for Mud Buildings - Alabadan B. A; Ajayi E. S. & Musa, 348-356
Y. P.
The Building Profession and the Challenges of Achieving Sustainable Buildings in Nigeria - Abiodun, 357-367
Isaac
Economic Impacts of Energy Consumption and Supply in Office Buildings of Kaduna Metropolis, 368-376
Nigeria - Salihu Murtala Muhammad & Ejeh Ekoja David
Statistical Investigation of Effects of Different Brands of Cement on the Strength of Pavers - Yusuff, A. 377-385
Q.; Adams, B. A.; Olatoke, T. I.; Emmanuel, I. B.; Adedeji, M. S. & Bankole, S. O.
Comparative and Statistical Analysis of the Strength of Pavers made from Milicia excelsa and Gmelina 386-393
arborea Sawdust - Yusuff, A. Q.; Adewole,A. T.; Shaib-Rahim, H. O.; Awotedu, O. L.; Alarape, A.
B. & Adedeji, M. S.
Reconceptualising Research on Housing Quality and Conditions in Nigeria - Adetokunbo O. Ilesanmi 394-402
Effect of Blended Cement on the Hydration Properties, Compressive Strength and Environmental 403-416
Compatibility of Concrete - Folagbade, Samuel Olufemi
Degradation of Paint used as External Finish in Buildings: A Review - Aluko, Olaniyi Olanipekun 417-425

Utilization of Fly Ash in Road Construction in South Africa: Environmental Assessment - Heyns, 426-432
Michiel W.; Adedeji, Jacob Adedayo & Mostafa Hassan, Mohamed
Trash to Treasures Exploring „Re-Material‟ In Architecture as a Means of Reducing Waste Generated in 433-439
Urban Centres - Sani, Aminu Ahmad; Hassan, Ozovehe Saliu; Sani, Mustapha
& Kawuwa, Abubakar Sarkile

xxvii
The Nigerian Water and Waste Water Industry: Governance, Efficiency, Procurement and Infrastructure 440-448
- Joshua Sanga; Suresh Renukappa & Subashini Suresh
Energy Balancing in Buildings as a Sustainability Design Strategy in Nigeria - Louis Gyoh & Masud 449-458
Abdulkarim
A Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Building Material: A Focus on Perceived Qualities of Timber 459-471
versus Concrete in Nigeria - Ikudayisi, Ayodele Emmnuel & Omoyajowo, Nicholas Ipinlaye
Why Sustainable Infrastructure Development and Provision Continues to Defy Africa - Ebohon, Obas 472-482
John
Mitigating Architecture Design Challenges within the Realms of Sustainability - Tukur, R. B. & 483-488
Badiru, Y. Y.
Development of Advanced Cement-based Products from Reusable Industrial By-products - Ango, A. 489-499
J.; Kimeng, H. T.; Dadu, D. & Seob, S. Y.

SUB-THEME TWO
Real Estate, Valuation and Management
An Assessment of Labour Productivity Improvement in Construction Project Delivery - Abdullahi, M. E.; Bena, 502-512
A. L.; Adamu, N.; Jimoh, A. A. & Abdullahi, H.
Effect of Socio-Economic Variables on Residential Land Accessibility in Owerri, Nigeria: A Gender Perspective - 513-518
Mary Adebola Ajayi; Adebakin Simeon Asaju; Mustapha Oyewole Bello & Felix Kayode Omole
Cost and Value Management in Projects - Paul Ogbiti 519-527
Challenges facing the Sustainability Operations of Vehicle Inspection Officers in Abuja, Nigeria - Adenigbo, 528-533
Adedotun Joseph; Olorunfemi, Samuel Oluseyi & Aruwa Joel Thomas
Evaluation of the Problems Associated with Construction Claims Management Process in Ondo State, Nigeria - 534-543
Akinradewo O. F.; Ogunsemi D. R.; Dada M. O. & Aje I. O.
Effects of Work Attitudes of Design Team on the Service Delivery of Quantity Surveyors - Olaniyi, A.; Abiola- 544-551
Falemu, J. O.; Folorunso, T. O. & Makanjuola, S. A.
Performance of Insurance Firms in Housing Deliveryin Nigeria – Ezeokoli, N. B. & Oyedokun T. B. 552-562
An Assessment of Risk Factors Impacting on Construction Contractors‟ Cash-in Forecasts in the Nigerian 563-571
Construction Industry - Mustapha Abdulrazaq; Yahaya Makarfi Ibrahim & Ahmed Doko Ibrahim
Assessment of Factors Affecting Buildability and Maintainability of Construction Projects in Abuja, Nigeria - 572-584
Ijigah, Edoka Augustine & Abiola-Falemu, Joseph Ojo
Techniques for Spreadsheet-driven Scenario Analysis in the Measurement of Property Portfolio Performance - 585-596
Ataguba, Joseph Obaje; Olukolajo, Michael Ayodele, & Nwugo, Grace E.
Assessment of Public Land Acquisition Process in Ondo State, Nigeria - Ige, Victor Olutope & Akinlabi, 597-605
Akintomide Joseph
A Study of Developers Speculative Activities in Lagos Urban Fringe - Thontteh, Esther O. 606-615
Effect of Contractor‟s Selection Criteria on Cost Performance of Civil Engineering Projects - Adedokun, O.A.; 616-625
Akinmusire, A.O. & Aje, I.O
State of Construction Change Management Practices in Ondo State, Nigeria - Adedokun, Deborah Oluwafunke 626-635
An Assessment of the Impact of Public Infrastructure on Residential Property Values in Minna - Ayoola, 636-649
Adeyosoye Babatunde; Ojetunde, Ismai; Kemiki, Olurotimi Adebowale & Popoola, Naomi
Claimants‟ Classification of Heads of Claims for Oil Spill Damage Assessment in Ondo State, Nigeria - Mustapha 650-659
Oyewole Bello & Michael Ayodele Olukolajo
Impact of Design Errors and Incomplete Drawings on Construction Project Delivery in Edo State, Nigeria - 660-667
Ebekozien Andrew; Uwadia Felix Ebholo & Usman Danjuma Abdul-Mamud
Effect of Unethical Practices on Procurement Performance of Public Building Projects in Edo State, Nigeria - 668-675
Ebekozien Andrew; Uwadia Felix Ebholo & Usman Danjuma Abdul-Mamud
Tenant Selection and Occupancy Rate of Office Properties in Akure - Nwosu, A. E.; Ajani, U. F. & Olofa, S. A. 676-683
Value Profiling of End-Users‟ Housing Needs in Selected Housing Scheme in Kaduna State - Fadason, Ruya 684-692
Tambaya; Musa-Haddary, Yakubu Gamson & Ahmed, Doko Ibrahim
Property Manager‟s Perceptions on the Ondo State Land Use Charge Law, 2014 - Oladapo, Rasidat Adejoke & 693-698
Ige, Victor Olutope

Impact of the Federal University of Technology, Akure on Residential Property Values in Akure, Nigeria - Bello, 699-705
Victoria Amietsenwu
Application of Construction Management, Procurement and Project Delivery Systems by Private housing 706-717
developers in Nigeria for sustainable development - Raimi, Taofiq Idowu
Readiness of the Nigerian Building Consulting Firms to Adopt Lean Construction Principles - Olamilokun, 718-726
Olajide; Ibrahim, Ahmed Doko & Ahmadu, Hassan Adavirku
Perceptions of Construction Practitioners on the Benefits of Construction Change Management Practices - 727-736
Adedokun, Olufisayo Adewumi
Assessment of Construction Cost Escalations in the Public Sector‟s Projects in Lagos State, Nigeria - Emmanuel 737-745
O. Fatoye; Raymond C. Enenmoh; Victor I. Opara & Olugbenga O. Oyekanmi

xxviii
Assessment of Construction Productivity of Indigenous Construction Firms in Southwestern, Nigeria - Olawale T. 746-755
Akinmoladun & Ibironke E. Ariyo
Assessment of Lean Construction Practice in the Nigerian Construction Industry - Adegbembo, Taiwo Fadeke; 756-764
Bamisaye, Olorunfemi Paul & Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie
Validated Indicators of Sustainability in Construction Project Management Activities -Stakeholders‟ Perception - 765-774
Samuel Ekung; Ehizemokhale Oaikhena & Tobechukwu Ejekwu
An Appraisal of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for Public Private Partnership (PPP) Projects in Nigeria - 775-782
Okrong, A. S.; Adogbo, K. J. & Abdulrazag, M.
Sustainability of Compressed Stabilized Interlocking Earth Blocks (CSIEB) for Building Construction in Nigeria - 783-792
Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie & Awodele, Oluwaseyi Alabi
Assessment of Organisational Culture and Employee Commitment in Construction Companies in Lagos State 793-804
Nigeria - Abiola-Falemu, Joseph Ojo
Risks Associated with Stakeholders at the Pre-Contract Stage of Construction Projects in Ondo State, Nigeria - 805-813
Dorcas Moyanga & Michael Ayodele
Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Production Costs of Building Project in South-South Region of Nigeria - 814-824
Emmanuel T. Adu & Anjiba D. Lamptey-Puddicombe
In-Land Water Based Transport in Lagos State: Challenges and Remedies - Akinbamijo, O.; Ipingbemi, O. & 825-831
Bayode, T.
Social Tenure Domain Model for Informal Land Title Registration in Akure, Nigeria - Ojo Babajide 832-840
Factors Affecting Construction Project Handover and Feedback Mechanism - Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel; 841-850
Olatunji, Samuel O. & Ajulo, Abel Adetoye
The application of HSE in building construction – A case study of Moroto Regional Referral Hospital in Northern 851-854
Uganda - Ishaq Ahmed Sohag & Mumtaz Ahmed Sohag
Stakeholders Management for Public Private Partnerships in Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria - Lashinde, A. T.; 855-863
Ogunsemi, D. R. & Awodele, O. A.
An Appraisal of Performance Measurement Practice of Construction Firms in Nigeria - Paul, C. A.; Zaki, Y. M.; 864-871
Kolo, B. A. & Adogbo, K. J.
Project risk factors effects on civil construction cost in the Niger Delta Region Contractors‟ and Consultants‟ 872-883
Perspectives - Anjiba D. Lamptey-Puddicombe & Emmanuel T. Adu
Budgetary Reliability of Design Stage Elemental Cost Plan in Building Procurement - Johnson Adafin; Suzanne 884-893
Wilkinson; James O.B. Rotimi & Henry Odeyinka
Methodological Approaches to Risk Assessments during Cost Plan Production - Johnson Adafin; Suzanne 894-902
Wilkinson; James O.B. Rotimi & Henry Odeyinka
A Conceptual Model for Planning Construction Project in Abuja, Nigeria - AbdulAzeez, Abubakar Darda’u; 903-912
Umar, Bello & Kado, Dikko
An Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Akure, Nigeria - Adebayo, Michael Adedayo & Mbazor, David 913-920
Ngwoke
Perspectives of the stakeholders of the public transportation system on ICT solutions applicability in the Free State, 921-929
South Africa - Bashingi, Ndakhona & Mostafa Hassan, Mohamed
Impact of Risks on Tendering and Procurement of Building Projects in Lagos State - Dosumu, Oluwaseun 930-940
Sunday
Factors Affecting Ergonomics Practice Among Building Construction Craftsmen - AbdulAzeez, A. D.; Mustapha 941-948
T. & AbdulHafeez, I.

SUB-THEME THREE
Landscape Design, Tourism, Remote Sensing and Industrial Design
Resources, Process and Challenges of User-Initiated Transformation of Public Housing Units in Lagos, Nigeria - 950-957
Adetokunbo O. Ilesanmi & Kolawole O. Morakinyo
Landscaping and Sustainable Housing Development in Akure, Nigeria - Mary Ajayi; Morisade Adegbie & Felix 958-964
Omole
Mapping and Analysis of Urban Land Use and Land Cover in Akure, Nigeria - Simeon Ogunlade & Gbenga 965-971
Enisan
Assessing Nature-Based Tourism Potentials for Socio-Economic Development in Ekiti State, Nigeria - Adeyemo, 972-979
A. & Bada, A. O.
Geospatial Analysis of the Distribution of Health Facilities in Peri-urban area of Ifedore, Nigeria - Olusola 980-987
Popoola; Yusuph Adekoya & Tayo Obasanmi
Adoption of Transformable Furniture for Space Utilization in Residential Spaces in Lagos, Nigeria - Onanuga, 988-996
O.A.; Folorunso, C.O. & Adeyanju, A.
A Critique of the Implementation of Abuja Tourism Development Master Plan - Idris Isah Iliyasu 997-1005
Mapping For Community Development: A Case Study of Apatapiti Community North East, Akure-Nigeria - 1006-1010
Ogunlade, S. & Tijani, S.
Socio-Economic Impacts of Architecture on Sustainable Tourism Development in Nigeria: Case Study of Idanre 1011-1018
Hills, Ondo State - Ola, Omobolanle Arike & Ayeni, Dorcas A.

xxix
City Aesthetics and Sustainable Recreational Open Spaces in Planned Residential Estates: Focus on LSDPC Estate, 1019-1027
Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria - Ajenifujah-Abubakar; Aminat Olorunfunmilayo; Ayeni, Dorcas A. & Fadamiro,
Joseph Akinlabi
A GIS Approach in Spatial Distribution of Water Pipeline through Primary and Secondary Network in Lagos State - 1028-1036
Ariyo T.O.; Tata H. & Omogunloye O. G.
Mapping and Spatial Distribution of Petroleum Products by Marketers in Nigeria - Ariyo T.O.; Tata H. & 1037-1044
Omogunloye O. G.
Graphic Communication for Sustainable Development: Eliciting Desired Response from Target Audience - 1045-1052
Ebigbagha Zifegha Sylvester
The Economic Impact of Ikogosi Warm Spring on Its Immediate Environment - Olanrewaju, D. O. & Adedeji 1053-1058
A. A.
Preference of Visual Aesthetic Architectural Features amongst Practicing Architects - Omale, Reuben Peter 1059-1067
Synopsis of Washed and Unwashed Eucalyptus Ash Treatments on Formulated Ceramic Glaze Properties - Ajala, 1068-1076
Adewale Oluwabunmi
Evaluation of Pre-Consumer Textile Waste Treatment Practices and its Potential for Economic Sustainability in 1077-1082
Akure, Ondo State - Adiji, Bolajoko Esther & Fagbenro, F. Moyo
Merging, Art, Design and Technology: A Virtual Tour Design of the Department of Industrial Design, Federal 1083-1091
University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria - Ibiwoye, Tope Israel; Ogunlade, Benjamin & Ugah, Henry
Ojonimi
The Production and Exploitation of Rattan Products for Interior Decoration - Komolafe Olubunmi 1092-1098
Training for Industrial Design Product Development and Manufacturing in Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable 1099-1107
Economic Development - Kayode, F. & Kanu, E. U.
Review of Philosophical Paradigms of Landscape Architecture - Adedeji, J. A. & Arayela, O. 1108-1123
Adoption of Sustainable Risk Management: A Study of Chemical Exposure in Textile Industry in Nigeria - 1124-1136
Akintayo, Wole Lateef

SUB-THEME FOUR
Education and Professional Ethics
Facilities Maintenance-Towards Enhancing Learning and Teaching Environments: Case Studies of Higher 1138-1144
Education Institutions (HEIs) in Nigeria - Mohammed Olowoake
Susceptibility of Building Elements to Rework in Selected Higher Educational Buildings in Nigeria - Ade-Ojo, 1145-1150
Olubunmi Comfort; Adewumi, Busola O. & Akinola, Joseph A.
Pedagogic Experience of Spreadsheet Applications to Contemporary Valuation of Property Investments: 1151-1162
Perspective of the Federal Polytechnic, Idah - Ataguba, J. O. & Ogungbenro, M. T.
Drawing Pre-knowledge and Design: A Case Study of Year Two Undergraduate Architecture Students of Ahmadu 1163-1174
Bello University - Ohambele, C. C.; Maina, J. J.; Stephen, H. & Okafor, C. A.
Impact of School Environments on Academic Performance: Feedback from Senior Secondary School Students - 1175-1182
Okafor, C. A.; Maina, J. J.; Stephen, H. & Ohambele, C. C.
User Perception of Comfort in Offices: A Case Study of Architecture and Quantity Surveying Departments, 1183-1193
Ahmadu Bello University - Stephen, H.; Maina, J. J.; Chinonso, A. O. & Ohambele, C. C.
Assessment of the Relatedness of Quantity Surveyor's Skill Requirements for Diversification of Practice Firms in 1194-1202
Nigeria - Akinola, Joseph Aderemi; Ogunsemi, Deji Rufus & Awodele, Oluwaseyi Alabi
Assessing the CAD Proficiency Level of Architecture Graduates in Selected Architectural Firms in Akure, Nigeria - 1203-1210
Fagbemi, O. S.; Ojo, A. M. & Ayeni, D. A.
Sustainable Architectural Education: Perceptions from University of Jos Post Graduate Students - Allu, E. L. 1211-1218
Appraisal of Stakeholder Management Practice in Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) Construction Projects 1219-1225
- Ibrahim, M. L.; Ibrahim, Y. M. & Adogbo, K. J.
Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Architecture Students in Nigerian Private Universities - Opoko, A. P.; 1226-1236
Oluwatayo, A. A. & Ezema, I. C.
Mapping of Secondary Educational Institutions using GPS and GIS Technology in Shomolu Local Government 1237-1246
Area of Lagos, Nigeria - Oseni, A. E. & Ode, G. O.
Effective Training for Construction Craftsmen and Optimisation of Productivity in the Nigerian Construction 1247-1258
Industry - Dantong, J. D.; Prucnal-Ogunsote, B. & Awulu, S.
Architectural Transformations in an Educational Facility and its Impact on Teaching and Learning: a Study of the 1259-1263
Department of Architecture Ahmadu Bello University Zaria - Sani-Katsina,H. & Shuaib, A. U.
Community Participation in Education: The Role of Parent Organizations (POS) in Decision Making Process - 1264-1268
Alfa, Muhammad Gimba
Promoting Environmental Sustainability for the Attainment of Agenda 2063 in Nigeria: The Role of Social Studies 1269-1274
Education - Salihu, J. J. & Muhammed, A.
Impact of Field Trip Technique on Students‟ Cognition Level of Environmental Health Hazards in Junior 1275-1279
Secondary Schools, Kaduna State-Nigeria - Muhammed, A. & Salihu, J. J.
Developing Independent Learning Among Lower and Middle Basic Pupils: The Impact of Inquiry Teaching 1280-1284
Strategy on Learners‟ Cognition Level - Salihu, J. J.; Yahaya, I. A. & Abdullahi, M. B.

xxx
SUB-THEME FIVE
Architecture and National Development
Wealth Creation through Cassava Processing: Women Migrating from Poverty to Fortune in Ondo State, Nigeria. - 1286-1296
Akinbode, T.; Omole, F. K.; Gabriel, E.; Olanibi, J. & Bayode, T.
Analysis of Factors Responsible for the Location Pattern of Petrol Filling Stations in Akure, Nigeria - Olufayo, O. 1297-1306
& Omole, F. K.
Assessment of Housing Condition and City Livability in Ogbomosho, South Western Nigeria - Gbenga Enisan & 1307-1314
Omole F. K.
Environmental Assessment of Students Hostels in Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria - Rotowa, 1315-1324
O.O.; Akinbode, T. & Gabriel, E.
Environmental Impact of Shoreline Changes and Coastal Flooding on Victoria Island in Eti-Osa Local Government 1325-1341
Area, Lagos, Nigeria - Michael Ajide Oyinloye & Julius Adekunle Olanibi
Analysis of Activities of Cooperative Societies and House-Ownership in Nigerian Cities: The Case of Akure. - 1342-1350
Gbenga Julius A. Olujimi; Mustaph A. Bello; Tosin O. Fasina; Babajide Ojo & Kayode Rotowa
Crime Mapping and Analysis in the Core Area of Akure, Nigeria. - Olajuyigbe, A; Omole, K; Bayode, T and 1351-1358
Adenigba, A.
Problems Associated with the Management of Public Infrastructure in Ondo West Local Government Area, Ondo 1359-1368
State, Nigeria. - Aluko, Eniola A & Olanibi, Julius A.
Indiscriminate Solid Waste Disposal in Okitipupa and Implications on Urban Aesthetics - Adelakun Ayodeji; 1369-1379
Agunloye Oladunni & Adebusoye Adewole
Effect of Infrastructure Provision on Residential Property Values in Ijaiye Housing Estate, Lagos, Nigeria. - N.B. 1380-1387
Ezeokoli & A.E. Nwosu
An Appraisal Of The Geographical Influence Of The Cocoa Products Limited, Ile-Oluji As A Regional Agro-Pole 1388-1395
In Ondo State, Nigeria - Akinbamijo, O.B & Adegboyegun, K. A.
Challenges of Inadequate Infrastructural Facilities on City‟s Vista in Developing Countries: The Case of Akure, 1396-1404
Nigeria. – Adegunloye, O.O. & Folorunso, C.O.
Residents‟ Participation in Infrastructure Provision and Maintenance in Residential Neighbourhoods in Akure, 1405-1412
Nigeria. - Fakere, Alexander Adeyemi & Ayoola, Hezekiah Adedayo
Neighbourhood Physical Characteristics and Sense of Community in Poor Residential Neighbourhoods in Akure, 1413-1421
Ondo State, Nigeria. - Ayoola, H. Adedayo & Amole, Dolapo
Issues in Adequate and Quality Housing Provision for Nigeria Urban Residents - Adebayo, M. A. & Mbazor, D. 1422-1431
N.
Inner City Decay and Rehabilitation in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. - Adewale Olufunlola Yoade & Olayiwola, L.M. 1432-1439
Socio-Environmental Dimensions of Urban Drainage Development in Unplanned Neighbourhoods. - J.S. 1440-1448
Oladimeji; A.O. Meshubi & Ikpe Elisha
Building Tradition, Slum and Housing the Urban Poor: An Exploratory Study - T. Oluwaseyi Odeyale & Kayode 1449-1456
Fagbemi
Infrastructure Management in Peri-Urban Communities of Developing Nations: A Focus on Akure, Nigeria. - 1457-1468
Olamiju Isaac Oluwadare & Fasakin Julius. Olubunmi
A Survey on Social Studies Teachers‟ Opinion on Factors Inhibiting Successful Implementation Of Millennium 1469-1475
Development Goals in Nigeria. - Salihu, Jamilu Ja’afar & Adamu, Sule
Assessment of Local Government Council and Community-Based Development Associations in the Provision of 1476-1483
Infrastructure in Ilawe-Ekiti, Nigeria - Okosun, S. E. & Olujimi, J.A.B.
Spatial Pattern of Public Transport Access Points in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja-Nigeria. - Oluwole 1484-1491
Matthew Sunday
Problems and Prospects of Faecal Waste (Excreta) in Human Societies. - Rotowa, O. O. & Gabriel, E. 1492-1497
Periodic Market System and Development of Rural Economy in Ijesa Region, Osun State, Nigeria - Faseun, J. O. 1498-1506
& Omole, F. K.
Akure Urban Land Use Change Detection Analysis Using Geographical Information System. – Owoeye, J.O; 1507-1517
Ibitoye, O.A; Hall, S. & Sinnett, D.
Analysis of land use / land cover changes in Damaturu, Nigeria; using satellite images. - - Lawan Musa & Isa 1518-1522
Muhammad Zumo
Characterising Peri-Urban Sprawl of a City in a Developing Country: Case Study of Ibadan, Nigeria - Fasakin, J. 1523-1534
O.; Dosumu, N. A. & Omole, F. K.
Community Development Perspective of Rural Income Generating Activities in Nigeria: The Ijesa Region Example. 1535-1544
- Faseun, J. O., Olanrewaju, D. O. & Olujimi, J. A. B.
Road Network Connectivity, Accessibility and Market Patronage in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria. - Julius Olubumi 1545-1555
Fasakin & Oisasoje Solomon Ayo-Odifiri
Assessment of Local Government Council and Community-Based Development Associations in the Provision and 1556-1562
Maintenance of Educational Facilities in Ilawe-Ekiti, Nigeria. - Okosun, S.E & Olujimi, J. A. B
Analysis of Some Attributes of Street Begging in Akure, Nigeria. - Gabriel, E.; Fasakin, J.O.; Omole, F.K. & 1563-1570
Ilesanmi, F. A.
An Appraisal of Social Housing and Urban Poor in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ado Ekiti - Sanmi Adeoti & 1571-1579
Olowookere C. A.
Public Infrastructural Facilities and Urban Fringe Development in Developing Nations: A Focus on Ibulesoro, 1580-1590
Ondo State, Nigeria. - Olamiju Isaac. Oluwadare. Oyinloye Michael Ajide & Daramola Joshua Olusola

xxxi
The Challenges of Urban Sprawl Development in Suleja, Niger State - Idowu, O.O, Shaibu, S.I, Adeleye, B.M, 1591-1598
Medayese, S.O . & Abd'razack, N.T.A.
Slum Development and Urban Renewal in Nigeria. - Emma -Ochu, Chidinma A. & Onwuka, Ethelbert 1599-1607
Gender Involvement in Sustainable Water Project Management in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Physical Planning Perspective. 1608-1613
- Olusa Adekemi; Olujimi Julius & Okoko Eno
Sustainable Urban Development and Management Strategies in Nigeria. - Joseph Akinlabi Fadamiro & Joseph 1614-1628
Adeniran Adedeji
Appraisal of Characteristics of Slum Neighbourhood of Minna, Niger State. - Adeleye, B.M.; Abd’razack, 1629-1637
N.T.A.; Ndana, M.; Akande, O. S. & Popoola, A. A.
Assessment of Peri–Urban Zones in Benin City, Nigeria: A Focus on Ekiadolor Community - Olajuyigbe, A. E.1* 1638-1648
& Ayodele, O. A.
Socio-Economic Implication of Urban Sprawl on Changing Land Use Pattern in Akure, 1649-1657
Nigeria - Owoeye, J. O. & Fasakin, J. O.
Environmental Impact of Petrol Retail Outlets in Selected Local Government Areas of Osun State, Nigeria. - 1658-1666
Emmanuel, Adebayo Adewunmi & Adisa, Akeem Olanrewaju
The Trauma Of Domestic Solid Waste Mismanagement In Akure Urban Region, Nigeria. - Olubunmi L. Lawal & 1667-1676
Joseph O. Basorun
Comprehending the Role of People in Urban Redevelopment in Indian Cities. - Dillip Kumar Das; Sanjaykumar 1677-1687
G. Sonar & Fidelis Emuze
Investigating Slum Household Living Conditions in Aso Pada- Ward, Mararaba, Karu L.G.A. of Nasarawa State, 1688-1700
Nigeria. - Kigun Philip Ayhok; Surajo Lawan Abdullahi; Buba Y. Alfred & Majidadi T. Solomon

SUB-THEME SIX
Education and Professional Ethics
Effects of Globalization of Information Technology Communication Facilitieson Architectural Practice 1702-1709
in Nigeria. - Adegbehingbe, Victor Olufemi & Ogundiran, Ibikunoluwa Ajibola.
Contextual Harmony between Traditional Architecture and City Identity in Ebonyi 1710-1719
State, Nigeria - Onanuga, O. A.; Folorunso, C. O. & Ajewole, M.
Land Use Impact and Environmental Health Hazard of Abattoir Location 1720-1728
in Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria - Olukayode Rotowa & Gbenga Enisan
The Issue of Communication in the Construction Industry: A case of South Africa - Berenger, Yembi Renault & 1729-1738
Justus, Ngala Agumba

xxxii
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 783

Sustainability of Compressed Stabilized Interlocking Earth Blocks (CSIEB) for Building

Construction in Nigeria
1
Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie & 1Awodele, Oluwaseyi Alabi
1 &2
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
aghimiendouglas@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In the construction industry today, construction professionals are concerned with providing
construction that encourages the preservation of the natural environment, promotes social well
being of the occupants and provides reasonable economic stands for the investors. This is the
concept of sustainability in construction. To achieve this, diverse methods of construction and
materials are being developed and one of such materials is the Compressed Stabilized Interlocking
Earth Block (CSIEB) which is gaining popularity among construction professionals in Nigeria and
other developing countries around the world. This research therefore assessed the sustainability of
CSIEB for building construction in Nigeria. A questionnaire survey was used and 48 professionals
in the construction industry were sampled. Seven sustainability features of CSIEB were identified
and assessed for each of the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental and
social). Data collected were analyzed using Relative Importance Index and an average percentage
performance of CSIEB in each dimension was derived. Findings revealed that the use of CSIEB
will amongst other benefits, save cost of raw materials use for masonry construction, provide
faster revenue generation due to its fast construction time, provide a structure that can adapt to the
tropical climate, minimize CO2 emission, and provide an aesthetically pleasing and thermally
conducive building. Also, findings showed that the use of CSIEB for building construction will
create a balance between the social, economic and environmental pillars of sustainability with
percentage of 34%, 33% and 33% respectively. This study therefore recommends that the use of
CSIEB should be encouraged among stakeholders as a material for sustainable building
construction.

Keywords: Building construction, CSIEB, Sustainability, Nigeria

INTRODUCTION
The world today is moving towards a sustainable environment; one that encourages the
preservation of the natural habitat, promotes social well being of the occupants and provides
reasonable economic stand for the investors. Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) (2009)
observed that this is as a result of concern that the ever rising population poses tremendous
threat to the limited earth resources. The solution according to Brundtland Report (1987) is to
provide construction projects that meet the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Bearing this in mind, the need to
diversify and try other methods of building construction and materials that will yield the
expected result and provide sustainable environment is necessary.
Arayela (2002) stated that the building industry place much emphasis on the use of
sophisticated building materials and construction methods that are expensive and energy
consuming, while Waziri, Kadai and Biu (2014) observed that as a result of limited means
within developing countries, the need to reduce construction costs is necessary. This,
according to Adam and Agib (2001) can be achieved through the production and use of cheap
yet durable locally available building materials. Adedeji (2005) stated that the enormous
waste associated with conventional masonry works facilitated the search and subsequent
development of more rapid and less workmanship dependent building methods and materials.
One of such development is the use of CSIEB for building construction.
Aghimien, D. O. and Awodele, O. A. (2016). Sustainability of Compressed Stabilized Interlocking Earth Blocks (CSIEB) for Building
Construction in Nigeria. In Ebohon, O. J., Ayeni, D. A, Egbu, C. O, and Omole, F. K. Procs. of the Joint International Conference (JIC) on 21st
Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development, 21-24 March 2016, Akure, Nigeria, page number 783-792
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 784

CSIEB is made from laterite, stabilized with cement (in most cases) and compressed in an
interlocking block making machine. It has proven to be a sustainable material for building
construction due to its adaptability to tropical climate, use of locally available raw material,
cost effectiveness and huge aesthetic quality (Adedeji and Fasakin, 2008). According to
Abeysundara, Babel and Gheewala (2009) the combination of all environmental, economic
and social factors can give a clear description of a material, and helps in a decision making
process regarding the selection of the materials suitable for buildings. This paper therefore
assessed the sustainability nature of CSIEB for building construction in Ondo state, Nigeria,
taking into consideration its environmental, economic and social features and its perceived
benefits, with a view of providing sustainable homes for individuals through its usage.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of CSIEB for Building Construction
The use of CSIEB for building construction follows the principle of dry stacking. In dry
stacking construction, the interlocking blocks are laid without mortar thereby leading to
considerable savings in cost associated with mortar. The major material needed for the
production of CSIEB is earth, which according to Adewole (2009) is readily available. The
soil is gotten from at least 1m below the top soil and must be free of dirt in other to achieve a
fine finish product. The soil is mixed with cement in predetermined ratios by hand or in a pan
mixer and water added at an average proportion, making sure that the mixture is not watery.
The mixture is loaded into the block making machine in which it is hydraulically compressed.
It takes an approximate 15-20 seconds per block, after which the compressed block is then
stacked and left to cure (Hydraform, 2004).
CSIEB is moulded by pressing along its length from the ends. It is also a solid block, slightly
short, wide and thick in size (225x225x112mm). It has a Bed underneath and a Ridge at the
top. The recessed under surface of the block is referred to as the bed while the raised top
surface of the block is called the Ridge. The ridge of one interlocking block is designed to
key in to the bed of another, thereby providing a perfect lock in masonry (Hydraform, 2004;
Bansal, 2010).
Williams et al. (2010) posited that the structural and thermal aspects of earth block walling
meets the current UK Building Regulation requirements for wall strength and thermal
performance hence making it suitable for masonry construction. Also, several researches have
been carried out on the strength of CSIEB and it has been proven that it is structurally suitable
for any type of construction (Bansal, 2010; Chaibeddra and Kharchi, 2013).
In Nigeria, earth blocks are used majorly for walls while their usages in other part of the
building like beams and columns are yet to be explored. Adewole (2008) stated that the
construction of interlocking earth block structures is limited, since builders pick this
particular material mostly for ecological reasons and this special demand normally comes
from only a small group of environmentalists, ecologists or people with a keen sense of
environmental protection. This notwithstanding, the interlocking building system is gaining
recognition among construction professionals and its usage is increasing in most developing
countries like Nigeria (Waziri et. al, 2014). Olusanya (2001) observed that the first
documented usage of the interlocking masonry in Nigeria was that of a 60-unit housing estate
experimented in 1991 at the University of Lagos, Lagos state. Since then interlocking
masonry has gradually gained recognition within the country, especially with the introduction
of the Hydraform system of building. Evidence of this is its usage in the construction of a
clinic, hostels and staff quarters at Elizarde University, Ilara-mokin, Ondo State, the
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 785

Electronic Testing Centre at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, and the caring
heart Mega School at Famese Isokan, Akure, Ondo State.

Figure 1: CSIEB used for the construction of a caring heart mega school, Famese, Isokan, Akure, Ondo state

Sustainable Development in Building Construction

Sustainable development could be born out of the emerging environmental movement of the
1960s which was concerned that human activity was having severe and negative impacts on
the planet (Romiguer, 2011). Meadows, Randers and Behrens (1972) was one of the key
works that highlighted this thinking while the Brundtland Report (1987) provided sustainable
development as the solution to this problem. Since then there has been various definitions
aimed at describing sustainable development. One of such definitions is that of the Forum for
the future (2011) which defines sustainable development as a dynamic process which enables
everyone to realise their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which
simultaneously protect and enhance the earth‘s life support systems. Awodele (2015) stated
that sustainable development focuses on improving the quality of life for all of the earth's
citizens without increasing the use of natural resources beyond the capacity of the
environment to supply them indefinitely.
According to Langston and Ding (2001) and Raynsford (2000), a sustainable construction
ensures that environmental responsibility, social awareness, and economic gains are the major
objectives of the key players in the built environment. Akbiyikli, Dikmen and Eaton (2009)
observed that a sustainable construction can be seen as a path way through which the
construction industry can move towards a sustainable development, bearing in mind the
environmental, socio-economic and cultural pillars as observed by Chaharbaghi and Willis
(1999) who opined that sustainable development is a concept based on a structure which
stands on three pillars, namely economic, social and environmental. Thus, a sustainable
development can be said to be a way of finding balance between economic, environmental
and social factors in the design, construction, use and maintenance of buildings.
Economic Sustainability of CSIEB
To the lay man, laterite means earth or any type of soil but in the sense of it, it simply
demonstrates the ready availability and abundance of laterite (Adewole, 2008) which can lead
to cheap and quick onsite production of earth blocks. Ngowi (2005) observed that the great
cost saving is made when CSIEB is used; this is as a result of the use of local laterite and only
5% cement in the block production. During construction, the blocks are dry staked, saving
more cement, reducing labour costs and recording savings up to 27% compared to
conventional mortared masonry. This was further corroborated by Adedeji and Fasakin
(2008) assertion that the use of interlocking earth blocks gives an overall reduction in the cost
of masonry of about 65%.
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 786

Appreciable savings can also be made in area of plastering as the CSIEB may be left
unplastered to showcase the different aesthetic colours of the blocks (Adewole, 2008). Anand
and Ramamurthy (2003) stated that the conventional blocks require the use of mortar for the
laying of the blocks, coupled with the non contributory activities that affect its cost and the
net output. All these are eliminated in the operation of interlocking blocks due to its dry
stacking method. Muinde (2013) also observed that since the machine for making the blocks
can be towed to the site of construction, appreciable savings can be made on cost of
transporting blocks.
Environmental Sustainability of CSIEB
The use of stabilized earth blocks, in place of conventional fired bricks, can to a large extent
reduce the energy usage and CO2 emissions (Joseph, 2010). Muinde (2013) further affirmed
this by stating that compressed earth technology provides an alternative to the commonly
used fired brick, which is responsible for grave environmental degradation due to
deforestation, and destruction of wetlands. Adedeji (2005) observed that the use of
interlocking blocks minimizes the enormous waste associated with conventional masonry
works while Taiwo and Adeboye (2013) observed that since the materials used for
construction of stabilized earth blocks are collected onsite, any error can be repaired quickly
with little environmental impact.
Lemougnan et al. (2011) observed that due to the permeability of CSIEB to water vapour,
earth walls remarkably regulate the humidity of indoor air and their production is generally
in-situ with no emission of greenhouse gases and without using high amount of energy. Radhi
(2009) also observed that the thermal insulation and thermal mass properties of the
interlocking stabilized earth blocks have been proven to significantly affect the amount of
energy required for heating or cooling and, consequently the total amount of electricity used
in buildings. CSIEB require no burning, thus destructive deforestation is avoided, and they
are cured under plastic sheeting so very little water is needed. In addition to the water and tree
saving benefits, the blocks can be locally manufactured, reducing transport pollution and
carbon footprint (Hydraform, 2004).
Social Sustainability of CSIEB
A sustainable structure should be safe, thermally, acoustically and visually comfortable
(Queensland department of public works, 2008). To this effect, Radhi (2009) observed that
due to its high density and valuable thermal inertia qualities, walls made with laterite earth
allows the storage of solar heat during the day and its slow release during the night, thus
contributing to indoor comfort. Also compressed earth blocks are generally non-combustible
with high fire resistance (Alagbe, 2011), hence providing some measures of safety for
occupants during fire outbreak.
No doubt, CSIEB when used in building is aesthetic in nature and very pleasing to the sight
(Adewole, 2008). They are extremely beautiful if well arranged and gives some
predetermined shapes and patterns after installation. The blocks could also be given different
pigmentation to show various glowing colours, thus providing a pleasing structure to which
other would-be developers can emulate. This can lead to a beautiful streetscape.
Benefits of using CSIEB as a material for sustainable construction
The use of sustainable building materials can lead to immense benefits for the owner such as:
energy conservation, reduction in maintenance and replacement cost, improved occupant‘s
health and productivity, lower costs associated with changing space configurations, greater
flexibility in design, improving public image and overall cost savings ( Zainul-Abidin et. al,
2003). These to a large extent can be achieved using CSIEB.
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 787

Figure 2: CSIEB used for construction of school clinic and hostel in Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo
state

METHODOLOGY
The data for the study were collected with the use of questionnaires administered to selected
professionals (Architect, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers and Builders) within the study area.
A total of 60 questionnaires were randomly distributed to practising professionals within
Ondo state and 53 were retrieved, out of which 48 were ascertained fit for analysis. This
represents a response rate of 80%, which is far above the usual response rate of 20-30% for
questionnaire surveys in construction management studies, as suggested by Akintoye (2000).
In the questionnaire, 7 major features of CSIEB in each of the 3 sustainability dimensions
were identified and respondents were asked to rate them in order of importance. Cronbach‘s α
value for scale of measures of the research instruments ranged from 0.919 to 0.927 showing
that the instrument is highly reliable since the degree of reliability of an instrument is more
perfect as the value tends towards 1.0 (Moser and Kalton, 1999). Data gathered were
analyzed using Relative Importance Index (RII) in order to determine the relative importance
of CSIEB in the provision of sustainability in construction. A percentage performance of
CSIEB in each dimension of sustainability was derived and results were presented in tables
and chart. RII was employed for two purposes which are: ranking and determination of
significance of different factors of the collected data. The premise of decision for the ranking
is that the factor with the highest RII is ranked 1st and others in such subsequent descending
order.
The Relative Importance Index (RII) according to Megha and Rajivis (2013) is written as:
∑

Where, W is the weighting given to each factor by the respondents (ranging from 1 to 5), A is
the highest weight, and N is the total number of respondents.
Table 1: Reliability Coefficients for the Measuring Scales
Scale of measures Cronbach’s α
Economic sustainability of CSIEB 0.923
Environmental sustainability of CSIEB 0.919
Social sustainability of CSIEB 0.927

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

General information of Respondents
Respondents profile showed that Quantity surveyors and Engineers formed the bulk of the
respondents sampled with 39.6% and 25% respectively, while Architects and Builders were
18.8% and 16.7% respectively. 20.8% of the respondents have between 0 to 5 years working
experience while 33.3 % have between 6 to10 years working experience. 16.7% have
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 788

between 10 to 15 and 16 to 20 years working experience each while only 12.5% have above
21 years working experience. Since a total of 79.2% of the respondents have between 6 to 30
years working experience, it therefore implies that the result gotten from the respondents can
be relied upon as answers were given based on experience. Also 95.8% of the respondents are
aware of CSIEB for building construction, while only 4.2% are not. This high awareness rate
can be attributed to the vast years of experience of the respondents in the construction field.
Seventy seven percent (77%) of the respondents are of the opinion that CSIEB can be adopted
in place of the conventional masonry materials due to its immense benefits, while 18.8%
believe it cannot be totally adopted. A little above four percent of the respondents (4.2%) did
not state their opinion as they have never heard of the material.
Economic Sustainability of CSIEB
Result in the table 2 shows that the low cost of raw material and time saving during
construction leading to faster generation of revenue from the proposed structure, are the main
economic sustainability criteria of CSIEB with a RII of 0.862 and 0.800 respectively. The use
of reduced labour was ranked the least with RII of 0.726.
Table 2: Economic sustainability of CSIEB
RII Ranking
Low cost of raw material 0.862 1
Time saving during construction leading to faster generation of revenue from the structure 0.800 2
Reduction in cost of finishes/maintenance 0.796 3
Considerable cost savings on elimination of mortar 0.788 4
Availability of materials thereby saving transportation cost 0.762 5
Considerable cost savings on air conditioning or mechanical cooling system 0.742 6
Use of reduced labour 0.726 7
Average RII 0.782

Environmental Sustainability of CSIEB

Result in table 3 shows that the ability of CSIEB to adapt to tropical climate makes it a
relatively good material for sustainable construction, as it is ranked highest with a RII of
0.842. Use of materials onsite thereby minimizing energy used for transportation, reduce CO2
emissions and reduction of waste followed closely with a RII of 0.820, 0.804 and 0.800
respectively. The ability of CSIEB to last the life span of the building was ranked the least
with RII of 0.688

Table 3: Environmental sustainability of CSIEB

Environmental Sustainability RII Ranking
Adaptability of blocks to tropical climate 0.842 1
Use of materials onsite thereby minimizing energy used on transportation 0.820 2
Reduce CO2 emissions 0.804 3
Reduction of waste 0.800 4
Minimize energy consumption since there is no need for air conditioning or mechanical 0.742 5
cooling system due to its thermal properties
Ability to control construction and correct any error quickly on site with little 0.734 6
environmental impact
Ability to last the lifespan of the building 0.688 7
Average RII 0.776

Social Sustainability of CSIEB

Result in table 4 shows that the aesthetic nature of CSIEB makes it a very good material in
area of social sustainability as it is ranked highest with an RII of 0.866. Also the thermal and
acoustic comfort provided by CSIEB, aesthetic nature providing a pleasing structure to which
other would-be developers can emulate and provision of employment for people within the
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 789

immediate locality follow closely with a RII of 0.850, 0.838 and 0.824 respectively. Better
quality construction is ranked last with a RII of 0.730.

Table 4: Social sustainability of CSIEB

RII Ranking
Aesthetic nature of the system 0.866 1
Thermal and acoustic comfort 0.850 2
Aesthetic nature provides a pleasing structure to which other would-be 0.838 3
developers can emulate. Hence creating a beautiful/pleasing streetscape
Provision of employment for people within the immediate locality 0.824 4
Fire resistance thereby providing some measure of safety for occupants 0.788 5
Provision of low cost housing due to its cost effective nature. 0.758 6
Better quality construction 0.730 7
Average RII 0.808

Overall Sustainability Nature of CSIEB

Using the average RII of each sustainability dimension, a computation of the overall
performance of CSIEB was done as seen in figure 3 below. Social sustainability of CSIEB
has the highest of 34% followed by economic and environmental sustainability with 33%
each.

Figure 3: Overall performance of CSIEB in each sustainability dimension

Discussion of Findings
Findings showed that all the sustainability characters of CSIEB within the three pillars of
sustainability (economic, environmental and social) performed well above average of 0.5 RII,
hence proving that CSIEB is indeed a material worth using in the delivery of sustainability in
building construction in Nigeria.
Economic sustainability of CSIEB
Findings showed that low cost of raw material is top of the economic sustainability character
of CSIEB with a RII of 0.862. This further corroborates Adedeji and Fasakin (2008) findings
that the stabilized interlocking earth block is highly cost effective when used for building
construction. Findings also revealed that the use of CSIEB for income generating projects
such as shopping complexes/malls, block of flats and estates, can lead to faster generation of
revenue from the proposed structure due to considerable time savings during construction as
it has a RII of 0.800. Reduction in cost of finishes and considerable cost savings on
elimination of mortar were also noted as strong features of CSIEB with a RII of 0.796 and
0.788 respectively, hence affirming Ngowi (2005) statement that more cost saving is recorded
in area of cement used for finishes and mortar for joining of blocks as experienced in the
conventional masonry system. Findings also revealed that the use of CSIEB can lead to
immense saving in transportation cost since materials needed for its production are readily
available on site. RII of 0.762 was recorded in this aspect and this corroborates Taiwo and
Adeboye (2013) observation that since the materials used for CSIEB are collected locally, no
huge mines are required to supply building materials and Muinde (2012) observation that
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 790

since the machine for making the blocks can be towed to the site of construction, appreciable
savings can be made on cost of transporting blocks.
Although, considerable cost savings on air conditioning or mechanical cooling system and the
use of reduced labour ranked between 6th and 7th, they still have a RII of above 0.700. This
showed that CSIEB if used for masonry construction can provide immense economic
sustainability for an investor.
Environmental sustainability of CSIEB
The ability of CSIEB to adapt to tropical climate makes it a relatively good material for
sustainable construction as it has a RII of 0.842. Also since onsite materials are used, energy
used for transportation is minimized thereby reducing transport pollution and carbon footprint
(Hydraform, 2004). CO2 emissions experienced in the case of the conventional fired clay
bricks (Deboucha and Hashim, 2011) is eliminated with the use of CSIEB as no firing is
needed in its production, hence providing a safe and sustainable environment for its
occupants.
Findings further corroborate Adedeji (2005) assertion that stabilized interlocking earth blocks
minimizes the enormous waste associated with conventional masonry works as reduction of
waste had a RII of 0.800. This can be attributed to the fact that faulty blocks can be broken
down and reproduced using same material and where material is unused, excess can be
recycled on site and reused.
The Ability to last the life span of the building is the least on the table with a RII of 0.688.
This can be attributed to the fact that an actual case study on the life span of a building built
with CSIEB has not been carried out. Hence little is known as to its life span expectancy.
Social Sustainability of CSIEB
Findings revealed that the main social sustainability nature of CSIEB is its aesthetic nature as
it has a RII of 0.866. This corroborates Adewole (2009) observation that an aesthetically
pleasing look is achieved if properly constructed. The use of CSIEB for building construction
provides some considerable measure of thermal and acoustic comfort for its occupants as this
has a RII of 0.85. This according to Radhi (2009) is due to its high density and valuable
thermal inertia qualities, which allows the walls to store solar heat during the day and slowly
release it at night.
Provision of a beautiful streetscape is an important factor for social sustainability in building
construction (Queensland department of public works, 2008). Thus, findings showed that the
aesthetic nature of CSIEB provides a pleasing structure to which other would-be developers
can emulate, thereby creating a beautiful/pleasing streetscape. This has a RII of 0.838. Also,
provision of employment has a RII of 0.824 which shows that most respondents believes that
use of CSIEB can serve as a means of employment for people within the immediate locality.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Due to the increasing popularity and usage of CSIEB for building construction, the need to
ascertain its sustainability is necessary in other to achieve a sustainable environment. Using a
survey method where construction professionals (Architect, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers
and Builders) were sampled, this research was able to ascertain the main sustainability
features of CSIEB with the view of increasing its level of usage in building construction in
Nigeria, thereby creating a more sustainable environment. The study shows that the use of
CSIEB for building construction will give 34% of social sustainability, 33% of economic
sustainability and 33% environmental sustainability, thus creating a balance between the three
pillars of sustainability.
 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development 791

The research further revealed that the use of CSIEB to a large extent will:
i. save cost of raw materials used for masonry construction, provide faster revenue
generation due to its fast construction time, provide adequate savings in areas of
finishes and mortar usage and provide adequate savings in cost of transportation of
materials needed for masonry construction to site;
ii. provide a structure that can adapt to the tropical climate, minimize energy spent on
transportation thereby reducing transport pollution, eliminate the emission of CO2 and
eventually reduce wastage of materials onsite;
iii. provide an aesthetically pleasing and thermally conducive structure, provide a
beautiful streetscape and subsequently serve as a means of employment for people
within the locality.
The study therefore recommends the use of CSIEB as a means of attaining sustainable
building construction. The use of CSIEB should be encouraged among stakeholders as a
material for building construction due to its enormous benefits.
The findings of the study provide possible directions for further studies in that the researcher
was able to assess the sustainability of CSIEB in building construction in Nigeria. Further
work can be done in comparing the sustainability of CSIEB with that of other conventional
materials for masonry construction such as sandcrete blocks, fired bricks etc.

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