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Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction

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 THE
QUANTITY
SURVEYOR
JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS

Volume 66 | No. 1 | 2020 | ISSN: 116 - 915X

Volume 65 | No. 1 & 2 Cost management
|2019|ISSN:116 -915X | Procurement Management | Project Management
AIMS AND SCOPE

The Quantity Surveyor is published bi-annually (twice per year) including special issue(s) where
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The Quantity Surveyor
Chief Editor
Prof. Deji R. Ogunsemi
Department of Quantity Surveying,
Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
Email: drogunsemi@futa.edu.ng

Editor
Dr. Ayodeji E. Oke
Department of Quantity Surveying,
Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
Email: emayok@gmail.com, aeoke@futa.edu.ng

Other Editorial Board Members

Prof. Henry A. Odeyinka
Prof. Ahmed D. Ibrahim
Prof. Yakubu Ibrahim
Prof. Samuel I. J. Onwusonye
Prof. Uchenna O. Ajator
Dr. Richard Kolawole
Dr. Simon Eigbe
Prof. Olukayode S. Oyediran
Prof. Olubola Babalola
Prof King N.O. Nyenke
Prof. Yahaya M. Ibrahim
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Nigeria
Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria
University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Rivers State University, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Editorial Advisory Board

Prof. Abdul Rashidi Universiti Sains Malaysia
Prof. Charles Egbu University of East London, UK
Prof. George Ofori London South Bank University, UK
Prof. Godwin Jagboro Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Prof. Hamman Tukur Sa'ad Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
Prof. Joseph Afolayan Anchor University Lagos, Nigeria
Prof. Kabir Bala Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
Prof. Martin Skitmore Queensland University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Prof. Paul Olomolaiye University of the West of England Bristol, UK
Prof. T. C. Mogbo Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
Prof. Theo Haupt Mangosuthu University of Technology Durban, South Africa
Prof. Julius Fasakin Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
Prof. Stephen Ogunlana Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, UK

Support Staff
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Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
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Abuja, Nigeria

The Quantity Surveyor

ISSN: 116-915X © 2020 The Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
http://journal.niqs.org.ng
The Quantity Surveyor

VOLUME 66 NUMBER 1 MARCH 2020 ISSN 116-915X

CONTENTS

4 EDITORIAL

PAPERS
6-22 Jonathan Zishim Danjuma, Ahmed Doko Ibrahim, and Peter Gangas
Chindo
A comparative analysis of factors affecting contractors' mark-up
decision based on selected project and organisational characteristics

23-30 Olubunmi Comfort Ade-Ojo and Joseph Aderemi Akinola

Problems associated with plant and equipment hiring in Ondo State
Nigeria

31-42 Muhammad Abdullahi, Tsaku Joseph Ombugadu, Ahmed Doko

Ibrahim, Yahaya Makarfi Ibrahim and Peter Gangas Chindo
IFCs' Capabilities for supporting quantity take-off of building works
using BESMM 4

43-59 Chukwuemeka Patrick Ogbu and Vera Braiye Ebiminor

Relationship between bill of quantities errors and construction
disputes: A multivariate analysis

60-67 Usman Sulaiman Jibril, Baba Adama Kolo, and Peter Gangas Chindo
Assessment of project manager's roles in management of construction
projects in Nigeria

68-81 Chukwuemeka Patrick Ogbu and Monday Omogiate Imafidon

Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution
construction projects in Nigeria

82-96 Solomon Olusola Babatunde, Tolulope Esther Adeleye and Adedayo

Opeyemi Adekunle
Assessment of barriers and measures to improve BIM based detailed
cost estimating in quantity surveying practices

97-103 Olufisayo Adewumi Adedokun, Fidelis Ojuoluwa Rufus and Isaac

Olaniyi Aje
Indications of stress among the quantity surveyors

The Quantity Surveyor

ISSN: 116-915X © 2020 The Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
http://journal.niqs.org.ng
The Quantity Surveyor (March, 2020) 66, 4

Editorial
The Nigerian construction industry like most developing countries, is governed by a competitive business environment
driven by the lowest cost mentality. Therefore, any contractor who must remain in business within the industry must be
determined and use optimal bid mark-ups low enough to win the job, at the same time high enough to provide the minimum
expected profit. To help contractors decide on the optimum mark-up to insert in their bids in Nigeria, Danjuma, Ibrahim and
Chindo examined and uncovered the factors affecting contractors' mark-up decisions in Nigeria through a comparative
analysis of factors affecting contractors' mark-up decision based on selected project and organisational characteristics. Their
study is relevant to construction industry players as it provides knowledge on how project and organisational characteristics
affect factors affecting contractors' mark-up decision, therefore creating a better ground for improvements in tendering
practices. This improvement in tendering practice in Nigeria has the potential to enhance the construction industry's
performance.
Ade-Ojo and Akinola assessed the problems associated with plant and equipment's hiring in Ondo State, Nigeria. They
indicated the major problems associated with plant and equipment hiring for construction works, and concluded that
inability of hiring firms to keep and maintain plant and equipment in a working condition contributed to the problem of
project delivery in Nigeria. They recommended proper project planning and good assessment of plant and equipment to be
hired by contracting organization in order to prevent time overrun.
In Nigeria, the Building and Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (BESMM 4) is currently the standard for
measurement of construction works but, till date an assessment of how well IFCs data schema supports the measurement of
construction works using the BESMM 4 provisions is not known. Therefore, the capabilities of IFC for supporting quantity
take-off of Building works using BESMM 4 was investigated by Abdullahi, Ombugadu, Ibrahim, Ibrahim, and Chindo.
They concluded that software and BIM platform based on the current IFC4 Add 1 data schema are not adequate for quantity
take-off of building works using BESMM 4 standard. The output of their study will avail schema developers and software
vendors with the information requirement for schema extensions that capture the local requirement for cost estimating in the
Nigerian construction industry.
Bills of quantities (BoQs) doubtlessly remain the most preferred cost management instrument in construction
procurements globally. However, BoQ errors has the potential to cause construction disputes. Ogbu and Ebiminor exposed
the sources of BoQ errors and the relationship between BoQ errors and construction disputes. Based on their findings, they
made recommendations on how best to address professional incompetence and mistakes in the preparation of BoQs. This
paper offers insights into the relationship between errors in BoQs and construction disputes.
Jibril, Kolo and Chindo acknowledged that lack of understanding of roles and responsibilities of construction
practitioners (CPs) as one of the factors leading to ineffectiveness in teamwork within the construction industry. They
appraised the roles of a project manager (PM) in the management of construction project and established that on a project
where a PM is appointed, none among the roles and responsibilities of PM identified is fully undertaken by the PM. They
concluded that there is a conflict amongst construction practitioners on the role of a PM. They suggested that CPs should
improve their knowledge on the specific role of PM in construction projects and the attendant responsibilities that comes
with such role.
Almost all tertiary institutions' new construction projects in Nigeria have consultants. In spite of this, majority of these
projects in the institutions underperform due to poor management as a result of flaws in the selection of consultants. The
order of priority of the criteria for the selection of consultants for public tertiary institution construction projects in Edo and
Delta States was ascertained by Ogbu and Imafidon. The output of their study will assist tertiary institutions on what to
prioritise in the criteria used in selecting construction consultant for their projects. It will also expose consultants to the key
qualifying criteria for successful bidding in the institutions. They recommended that the use of ICT and location of
firm/proximity to the site should be among the criteria for the selection of construction consultants for tertiary institution
projects.
Babatunde, Adeleye and Adekunle examined the barriers to the implementation of building information modelling (BIM)
based detailed cost estimating in quantity surveying practice; and evaluated the measures to improve its adoption within
Nigerian quantity surveying firms. They presented the relative importance of the identified barriers and measures to improve
BIM adoption. Their findings will help to ameliorate the barriers hindering the adoption of BIM based detailed cost
estimating among quantity surveyors; thereby improving the reliability of the detailed cost estimating. Furthermore, their
findings will positively inform the decisions of construction stakeholders, particularly quantity surveyors to formulate
strategies to adopt the full implementation of BIM in their practices.
Today's workforce is experiencing stress in epidemic proportions as illness and absenteeism cannot be overemphasized at
all levels. Therefore, Adedokun, Rufus and Aje appraised the indications of stress among Quantity Surveyors with a view to
enhance productivity while also improving stress management. They uncovered the most evident indications of stress and
the major sub factors of these indications of stress. They further reported the significant sub factors of the indications of
stress and made recommendations on how to curb factors that could trigger stress among employees.

The Quantity Surveyor

ISSN: 116-915X © 2020 The Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
http://journal.niqs.org.ng
The Quantity Surveyor (March, 2020) 66, 68-81

Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in

Nigeria

Chukwuemeka Patrick Ogbu1 and Monday Omogiate Imafidon2

1&2
Department of Quantity Surveying, University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria
* - E-mail address of Corresponding Author: chukwuemeka.ogbu@uniben.edu

Abstract

Almost all tertiary institutions' new construction projects in Nigeria have consultants. In spite of this, majority of
projects in these institutions underperform due to poor management as a result of flaws in the selection of
consultants. This study determined the order of priority of the criteria for the selection of consultants for public
tertiary institution construction projects in Edo and Delta States. First, a survey of relevant staff of the institutions
and their consultants (n=58) was made and analyzed using the RII technique. Secondly, 16 randomly selected
respondents to the first survey were surveyed again based on a reduced number of consultant selection criteria,
and the data was analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In their order of decreasing importance,
the criteria for selection of the consultants were grouped into four, namely: firm and firm owners characteristics,
project approach, capacity to accomplish the work, and past performance. Respectively, under each of these
groups, the most important sub-criteria are: public policy requirements, confidentiality and trust, perceived
professional competence and experience with similar projects. This study offers tertiary institutions the priority
that should be accorded construction consultant selection criteria for their projects. It also reveals to their
consultants the key qualifying criteria to possess for successful bidding in the institutions. It is recommended that
use of ICT and location of firm/proximity to the site should be among the criteria for the selection of construction
consultants for tertiary institution projects.

Keywords: Analytical hierarchy process, construction, consultancy, selection criteria, tertiary institutions

Introduction

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2010) revealed that tertiary
education enrolment grows fastest in sub-Saharan Africa. However, as recent as 2015, the region had the lowest
university enrolment in the world (The Africa-America Institute, 2015). The fall outs of these are hasty efforts to
bridge the infrastructural deficits created by the growth in enrolment in existing universities, as well as build new
universities to expand access to higher education in the region. Within the last 10 years, Nigeria has established
16 federal universities, not counting state universities and polytechnics (National Universities Commission,
2019). This has occasioned high demands for physical infrastructure to house the various academic programmes
and other activities. Besides new universities built from scratch, Nigeria has also had to grapple with the
challenge of upgrading the infrastructure in existing tertiary institutions, which are notably outdated, inadequate
and dilapidated (Alao & Jagoro, 2017).
For instance, N1.3trillion was budgeted for infrastructural projects in tertiary institutions in Nigeria between
2013 and 2019 (Federal Ministry of Education, 2013). In 2017, records from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund
(TETFUND, 2017) indicated that the federal government allocated N22.2 billion for physical infrastructure
development in the tertiary education sector. These huge investments of taxpayers' money need to be justified by
a commensurate level of development of educational buildings. Apparently, this is hardly the case. To exemplify,
in 2012 it was discovered that 163 (23.25%) out of the 701 projects in public universities were abandoned (Needs
Assessment of Nigerian Public Universities 2012). These data did not cover other projects that experienced other
forms of non-performance such as delays, cost overruns and disputes within that period. All major infrastructural
projects in public institutions have consultants because the institutions are statutorily required to engage them.
Idoro (2011) noted that it would be very difficult to procure/execute public projects without the services of
consultants. A consultant's role is not only to design and supervise construction as already pointed out by Ling,
Ofori and Low (2003). He also bears the burden of the client's expectations, and is expected to act exactly as the
client would have acted had he the expertise of an ethical and competent consultant. In the light of the
disappointing performance of many tertiary institution projects, the important criteria for the selection of
consultants should be identified. Typically, a consultant sells a professional expertise, using a reasonable level of

The Quantity Surveyor

ISSN: 116-915X © 2020 The Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
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69 Ogbu and Imafidon

care and competence. However, the consultants to public tertiary institutions seem to be underperforming in this
regard. The Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP, 2017) showed that 36.6% of public contracts-related petitions
sent to the Bureau emanated from the Federal Ministry of Education, particularly from tertiary institutions. This
estimate, which does not include projects procured using the institutions' internally generated revenues (IGRs),
questions the capacity of the consultants engaged for the projects and the criteria for theirselection. In Nigeria,
the criteria for prequalification of contractors for public projects are known (Aje, 2012; Aje, Ogunsemi & Aje,
2006; Oladinrin & Nwaole, 2016). Mostly, contractors are prequalified based on tangible assets such as
ownership of equipment, demonstrable financial capacity and personnel (Sporrong, 2011). Conversely
consultants are largely assessed based on intangible qualities such as the experience of the principal consultant,
academic and professional qualifications and skills. Unlike the case for contractors, for consultancy services, it is
the principal personnel that are prequalified and not necessarily the firm itself (Sporrong, 2011). The criteria used
for the selection of consultants for construction projects in tertiary institutions in Nigeria are hardly discussed in
literature. El-sayegh (2007) noted that these criteria form the basis for the client's decision at the early stages of
project.
While the award prices of construction projects to contractors are often questioned in the public sector, it is
hardly the case for the award of consultancy services. The public is generally indifferent to the cost of
consultancy services, which makes it easy for publicly engaged consultants to be paid large sums of money
without creating much value for their public clients. Since every economic activity should involve some form of
trade-off between cost and value it is important to ensure that only consultants with the ability to provide
satisfactory services will be engaged in the public sector (Hoxley, 2000). Nigerian tertiary institutions should be
well-informed on how to gauge the competences of construction consultants in order to ensure procurement
efficiency that will optimize value for the institutions (Chan & Tam, 2000; Oladinrin, Olatunji & Hamza, 2013;
Sporrong, 2011).
Currently, there is no industry-wide list of criteria for selecting construction consultants for tertiary education
projects in Nigeria, which prevents the development of a rational and systematic framework for their selection
(Ling, Ofori & Low, 2003). Approved selection criteria are needed as Alao and Jagboro (2017) observed that
consultant-related factors such as inaccuracy of estimate, faulty design, and communication gaps amongst
project personnel are among the significant contributors to project abandonment in tertiary institutions in
Nigeria. Koko, Afuye and Demide (2017) found that the consultant-related factors: design changes, poor contract
management and improper management of mobilisation by contractors were responsible for delays in the
execution of TETFUND projects in North Central Nigeria. The essence of this study is to critically analyze the
criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects with a view to reducing the poor
performance of construction projects in the institutions.

Literature review

Professional services in the construction industry

Professional services contribute to the growth of the economy of nations by offering specialized knowledge for
decision making (Boyt, Lusch & Naylor, 2001). Professional services are employed to achieve complex tasks for
which normal managerial approaches are inappropriate, and to resolve difficulties in management by using
specialised knowledge (Derber & Schwartz, 199; Løwendahl, 2000; Zucker,1991). Appelbaum and Lawton,
(1990) defined 'professionals' as an organized group of individuals that apply specialised skills in the interest of
the society.
A professional service is a value creation activity. 'Value' is often difficult to define in the context of
construction professional services. It may be conceptualized as suggested by Argandona (2011), as where a
consultant uses better technology, combines resources more efficiently or aids the client to pay a lower price such
that the project meets present needs without losing its ability to meet future needs. In practice, value can be
loosely deciphered from the terms of reference of a consultant's engagement. The Procurement Procedure
Manual (BPP, 2011) recommends that the terms of reference of consultants should be included in the request for
proposal sent to bidding consultants. When thus included, these terms of references are, however, hardly
extensive enough to cover every aspect of the client's expectation. Yet, some public tertiary institution's
construction consultants are merely given letters of appointments to offer professional services without any
delineation of the procuring entities' expectations even when a definitive scope of the services required is known.
Hence, although it is true that consultants strive to meet the expectations of their clients (Nkado, 2000), these
expectations are frequently poorly defined in the case of tertiary institutions in Nigeria. While it is right to engage
construction professionals in the procurement of tertiary education projects (Chan, Chan, Scott & Chan, 2002;
Ng & Chow, 2004; Nwachukwu & Emoh, 2010), this research contends that the criteria for selecting such
Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria 70

consultants require examination because of the outlined challenges.

Prequalification of construction project consultants

Leipold, Klemow, Holloway and Vaidya (2004) noted that the World Bank's policy on consultant selection
emphasizes high quality services as well as transparency, competition and economy. These ideas are similar to
those espoused by the BPP which has oversight roles over procurement activities in Nigeria's Federal
Universities. The BPP's Procurement Procedure Manual (2011) recommends that where the value of the
consultancy service is lower than N1,000,000.00, or is of such small value that only national consultants will be
interested in providing the services, the procuring entity may invite ≥3 ≤10 consultancy firms to express interest
in providing the required services without publishing a notice to that effect in two national dailies. Besides the
point that this latitude of discretion may have been negatively exploited in the case of tertiary institution projects
in Nigeria, it is also contestable whether any form of competition is applied in the selection of consultants for
most projects in the institutions. Christodoulou, Griffis, Barrett and Okungbowa (2004) argued against price-
based selection of architectural and engineering firms. In their opinion, consultants should submit their proposals
to the client who will carry out independent verifications of the consultants' claims to determine the most suitable
for the award of contract. It is doubtful that competitive proposals are obtained prior to the award of consultancy
services contracts in public tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Even where such proposals are obtained, they might
count very little in determining the award, and independent verification of claimed qualifying assets may not be
carried out by the procuring entities. For instance, Asishana (2019) reported of repeated award of contract for
consultancy services to the same firm by a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Mosaku and Fagbenle (2019) found that
less than 40% of tertiary institutions complied with the procedure for procuring consultancy services for
construction projects. The institutions seemingly award the consultancy services based on personal contacts and
relationships (Sporrong, 2011) without undertaking due diligence which justifies this study. Cheung, Kuen and
Skitmore (2002) noted that in Hong Kong, consultants are selected subjectively. Such a subjective selection of
consultants in Nigerian public tertiary institutions disincentivizes commitment to deliver value on the part of the
consultants. Probably, the institutions are inadequately informed of the criteria for the selection of construction
consultants. It is the opinion of several scholars that consultants, like contractors, should be properly scrutinized
before the award contract for provision of construction services based on some criteria (Cheung, Kuen &
Skitmore, 2002; Ling, Ofori, & Low, 2003).

Criteria for selection of construction consultants

Previous studies on factors affecting the selection of consultants in construction projects seem not to have
considered the uniqueness of educational projects. The studies discovered a considerable number of criteria for
the selection of construction consultants (Table 1) (Vayvay Ozcan & Cruz-Cunha, 2012; Sporrong, 2011;
Cheung, Kuen & Skitmore, 2002; Adedapo, 2014; Kasma, 1987; Ling, 2003; Stock and Zinszer, 1987). However,
further studies are necessary to test the generalisability of the findings of the previous studies for tertiary
institutional projects in Nigeria. Vayvay et al. (2012) identified the factors affecting the selection of consultants in
construction projects as: cost control; work experience; educational level and communication ability. Cheng et al,
(2006) and Vayvay et al. (2012) also identified effective communication skills which as a significant selection
criterion. These factors may not be applicable to all kinds of construction projects. Sporrong (2011), Cheung et al.
(2002), Kasma (1987), Ling et al. (2003) and Stock and Zinszer, (1987) agreed with Vayvay et al. (2012) that
working experience is an important factor that needs to be considered in the selection of a consultants.
Furthermore, Cheng et al, (2006) identified key criteria for selection of consultants as, technical accuracy, overall
quality of services and people.
Considering the facts that clients have their various approaches, needs and requirements, and that construction
projects vary considerably, the criteria for selection of consultants are bound to differ (Maizon et al., 2006).
Adedapo (2014) in his submission on the criteria for selection of architects in residential projects in Lagos State
identified additional factors used during the selection to include: responsiveness, perceived professional
competence, personality and prominence of the consultant. The study further found that acquaintance with the
architect and the budget of the client are not significant criteria for the selection. However, Sporrong (2011)
showed that personality is a criterion for the selection of consultants, which agrees with Adedapo (2014).
Oluwatayo (2014) found that the personality of an architect counts in whether he will be selected by a first-time
client. Similar conclusions are yet to be reached for the entire construction consultants that work for public
tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

Source: Various authors

71 Ogbu and Imafidon

Cheung et al. (2002) classified twelve critical criteria for selection of consultants in Hong Kong into these four
major parts: firm background (reputation. technical competence/qualification, experience with similar project),
past performance (cost control, quality of work, time control), capacity to accomplish the work (present
workload, availability of qualified personnel, professional qualification/experience) and project approach
(approaches to time schedule, approaches to quality, design approach/methodology). Howbeit, the study was
based in a developed country (Hong Kong, China) with a more advanced procurement system. Nigerian
consultants are assessed, registered and categorized by the BPP using the following information: Corporate
Affairs Commission certificate, taxpayer identification number, National Pensions Commission number,
registration certificates with professional bodies and industry regulators, qualifications of personnel, return on
asset, pre-tax profit as a percentage of sales, quick ratio and data from previously completed projects. Federal
tertiary institutions are free to select any consultant that is registered with the BPP in a category that is appropriate
to its projects. However, the procuring entities are not thereby excused from examining the currency of the
qualification data of consultants, and including.
Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria 72

Research methods

This study is founded on the pluralist paradigm (Jardine, 2019; Krausz, 2017). The extremes of objectivist and
relativist ontologies were rejected because although the criteria for selection of construction consultants are self-
existent truths, they are differently reflected in different organisations. This study's focus is to identify and rate
criteria for selection of construction consultants in the context of Nigerian tertiary institution projects. A pluralist
ontology involving a mixed method strategy was adopted because of the context-sensitivity of this study (Dainty,
2008). A mix of objectivist and contructivist epistemological approaches were used in the collection of data.
Based on the objectivist stance, pre-existing criteria for selection of construction consultants in literature were
adopted for the study (Table 1). Nevertheless, this study argues that the criteria for selection of construction
consultants can be constructed by those with experience on the selection of construction consultants.
Based on this constructivist viewpoint, a set of criteria for selection of construction consultants was obtained
from literature (Table 1), and a focus group discussion was held to fine-tune the criteria found in literature and to
ensure that they are applicable in the Nigerian tertiary institution procurement system. The discussants were 6
senior academic staff of construction programmes and 2 senior staff of the Physical Planning Unit of the
University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria. The group reduced the factors found in literature from 70 to 30 by
merging very similar factors. For example, location of firm (Dawes et al, 1992) and proximity (Kasma, 1987)
were merged to form the variable location of firm/proximity to project site. However, additional 2 factors were
suggested by the discussants which were included in the questionnaire of the study sent out to consultants and
institution-based procurement staff.
Table 2 shows the profession, work experience and academic qualification of the respondents to the first
survey. The staff of the universities covered by the study were members of physical planning units, works units,
procurement units and tender boards. These staff were chosen because they normally help the institutions in
conceptualizing projects, and work with the contracted external consultants. They are knowledgeable of the
competences that should be possessed by consultants. A comprehensive sample frame containing the contact
details of construction consultants of tertiary institutions does not exist. Consequently, all the consultants
identified by the Physical Planning Units and Works Directorates of the tertiary institutions were sent
questionnaires. Some copies of the first questionnaire were sent by email, while others were administered
directly to staff of the identified institutions and the consultants (n=58). The study covered state and federal
government owned tertiary institutions in Edo and Delta States. The respondents were asked to indicate the
importance of the criteria for selection of consultants on a Likert scale of 1 to 5, where 5 means extremely
important, and 1 means unimportant.
Out of the 58 copies of the questionnaire distributed only 33 copies that were fit for analysis were returned.
Based on the opinions of the respondents, the variables under each of the groups of consultant selection criteria
were ranked using the Relative Important Index (RII) techniques, and the highest ranking four variables were
selected under each group. According to Wiguna and Scott (2006), this process helps to reduce the number of
variables for the analysis to a manageable size. A second questionnaire was formed with four variables under
each of the groups and sent to 16 of the earlier respondents selected randomly from the 33 that returned their
questionnaire.
73 Ogbu and Imafidon

Data analysis

Analytical hierarchy process (AHP)

AHP is used to structure the problem in multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) into hierarchy which
shows the relationships between the goals, criteria and sub-criteria. AHP uses a system of pairwise comparisons
to assess the weights of the various elements of decision criteria (Saaty, 2005). Where the goal (decision) refers to
the highest(level 1) as shown in Figure 1, the criteria and sub-criteria signify categories in the lower levels (levels
2 and 3).In this study, an AHP framework (Figure 1) were established based on the variables obtained from
literature and focus group discussion. The respondents compared the criteria in each level pair wisely based on
scores ranging from 1 to 9 (Saaty, 1996). In each comparison, as exemplified in Table 4, the more important
criteria are determined by the variable toward which the respondent scored. Scores obtained by this process were
used to calculate the eigen vectors (weights) of the levels 2 and 3 variables. By this way, the importance of each
variable to the one immediately higher in hierarchy was determined. AHP is basically used to solve a problem by
ranking the variables hierarchically. At the top of the chart (Figure 1), the criteria for selection is affected only by
Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria 74

the variables on the second level in hierarchy. While the sub- criteria which is the third level in hierarchy affect the
level 2 variables. Pairwise comparison is used to describe the relative importance of all the criteria to the decision,
which in this case is the selection of a consultant (Vayvay et al., 2012). This method for computation of eigen
values was expounded by Saaty (2008).
Table 4: Comparison matrix for criteria using AHP

Results

Results of the first survey

75 Ogbu and Imafidon

Results of the second survey

From the AHP survey, the priority weights for the selection criteria show that the order of importance of the level
2 variables can be expressed as: firm and firm owner characteristics (296.54) > project approach (210.68) >
capacity to accomplish the work (196.98) > past performance (195.77).
The result shown in Table 6 shows that the most important sub-criteria for the selection of consultants are
public policy requirements, experience with similar projects, perceived professional competence and
confidentiality and trust which are under the firm and firm owner characteristics, past performance, capacity to
accomplish the work and project approach groups respectively.
Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria 76
77 Ogbu and Imafidon

Discussion

Firm and firm owner characteristics

Public policy requirements ranked highest (w=12.38) among the variables in firm and firm owner's characteristic
in the AHP analysis, even though it ranked 4th in the RII analysis (RII=0.685). Consultants are statutorily
required to register with the relevant professional bodies and government institutions to be eligible for award of
consultancy services. This agrees with the submission of Ojo and Gbadebo (2012), that public policy requirement
is among the criteria for the selection of consultants in the construction industry, although their study did not
group them under firm and firm owner's characteristics. Work experience is ranked second (w=9.10). This refers
to the work experience of the firm owner or principal partner. This result strongly reflects the opinion and findings
of previous studies (Day &Barksdale, 1992; Dawes et al, 1992; Vayvayet al, 2012; Sporrong2011; Cheung et al,
2002; Kasma1987; Ling et al, 2003; Stock and Zinszer,1987; Nissen et al, 2018). The third-place rank of
consultant fee/low fee (w=5.49) is a reflection of the facts that consultancy fees are computed based on a scale of
fees, and thereafter negotiated. Hence, consultancy fees tend not to differ much among the consultants and is,
therefore, of lower importance than public policy requirements. Previous studies by Dawes et al. (1992); Cheung
et al. (2002); Ling et al. (2003) and Leipold et al. (2004) agree with this result. The fourth is size of firm (w=3.03)
which is the lowest criteria under the firm and firm owner's characteristics and was also among the lowest criteria
for the selection of consultant as opined by (Dawes et al., 1992). Table 6, shows that the cumulative weight of firm
and firm owners characteristics (296.54) is the highest amongst the four groups of criteria. Impliedly, the most
important set of criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria are the
characteristics of the firm and those of its owner.

Past performance

It can be seen from the Table 6 that experience with similar projects (w=10.487) was ranked highest among the
variables in past performance. Cheung et al (2002) agreed with this opinion but classified it under firms'
background. Project leadership experience (w=9.436) is ranked second under this category of criteria. This aligns
with the opinion of Nissen et al, (2018) that project leadership experience is critical to successful consultancy
service delivery. The result implies that the institutions prefer consultants who have been project team leaders in
the past. The third ranked is innovative/creative solutions (w=6.044). It is important for consultant to create new
ideas that will provide solutions to the peculiar challenges of each project. Sporrong (2011) emphasized that
innovative/creative solution should be a major criterion for the selection of consultants in construction projects.
Prior use of consultant (w=4.032) is ranked lowest among the variables in past performance. This result is similar
Criteria for selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction projects in Nigeria 78

to what was obtained in the RII analysis where this criterion ranked 4th as well. It means that even though prior
use of consultants is considered, it is ranks lower than experience and innovative/creative solutions. It can also be
observed that the cumulative weight of past performance (195.77) is the least among the groups of consultant
selection criteria. This means that the past performance of consultants counts low in determining whether a
consultant will be chosen for a tertiary institution project or not.

Capacity to accomplish the work

Perceived professional competence (w=13.034) is ranked highest among capacity to accomplish the work
variables. This result tallies with the prior expectation that the institution will appoint professionals they perceive
to be competent irrespective of whether those professionals are truly competent or not. Adedapo (2014) and
Nissen et al (2018) agreed that perceived professional competence is a determinant of choice of consultant. The
high rank of this criterion may explain the wrong choice of consultants in some instances. The second ranked
variable is acquaintance & integration with client (w=5.856). The expectation of clients is for the consultant to be
well behaved and friendly during the construction process. Acquaintance and integration with the client occur
when the consultant understands the workings of the client's organization, and customizes their services to suit
the client and enhance project delivery (Nissen et al., 2018; Adedapo, 2014). Staffing (number of personnel
available for this project) (w=5.575) ranked third. Staffing could prove a very important determinant of a
consultant's ability to oversee a project adequately and respond promptly to issues pertaining to it. In many
instances, the consultant would need to be represented in site (or other) meetings by adequately qualified
personnel who can make decisions. Consultants not having such personnel usually end up delaying the projects
which can cause the client lots of money in claims. Location of firm/Proximity (distance between the consultant's
office and the project site) (w=5.535) is ranked lowest among the variables in capacity to accomplish the work. In
the RII analysis, it ranked 3rd.It means that the respondents to this study do not appreciate the need for
consultants' head office to be close to the site. Proximity aids logistics, and can lead to an increase in the man-
hours that the consultant can spend on site. It may be that the respondents consider it more expedient to have
experienced thoroughbred consultants, than to have consultants that are close. Although the findings of Dawes et
al, (1992) agreed with that of this study in this regard, wherever it is sensible to do so, the institutions should
consider proximity of consultants' offices to the site before engaging the consultant. The cumulative weight of
capacity to accomplish the work (196.98) is the third amongst the four grouped criteria.

Project approach

This group of variables refer to a consultant's general way of doing business. Here, confidentiality and trust
(w=9.32) ranks highest. When there is trust with consultants, it eases decision making concerning a project, and
even allows the directors of physical planning to give a freer hand to the consultants during project execution.
Confidentiality and trust allow the Tenders Boards of tertiary institutions to be in agreement with the consultants
during tender evaluation. This result aligns with Nissen et al. (2018) and Ellram et al. (2007). Confidentiality and
trust are mutually cultivated over time, and are usually marked by shared views and understanding about project
delivery. Nissen et al. (2018) noted that confidentiality and trust are very important to clients, while Ellram et al.
(2007) identified level of trust as one of the criteria for the selection of consultants for offshore projects.
Responsiveness (w=7.26) ranked second, which essentially refers to the extent of a consultant's compliance
with the client's requirements expressed in the invitation for expression of interest. A consultant's inability to
submit a proposal that materially addresses the client's requirements in the expression of interest may lead to their
rejection during tender evaluation.
From the results of this study, the range of services offered by a consultant is considered only after his level of
responsiveness to the requirements in the request for expression of interest have been ascertained. The range of
services offered by the consultant ranks third (w=6.82) in determining whether he will be selected for a tertiary
institution project. Clearly, the institutions will prefer architectural firms that can also offer mechanical and
electrical services or quantity surveying firms that can quantify mechanical and electrical services
comprehensively. These services are germane to realizing the full objectives of tertiary institution projects,
however, they are only considered after it has been ascertained that trust and confidentiality exists between the
contractor and the client, and that the consultant is responsive to the bid requirements. Stock and Zinszer (1987)
ranked offers full range of services as 7th among the criteria for selection of logistic-consultancy firms, while
Dawes et al, (1992) ranked it 12thfor the selection of management consultants. This means that the range of
services offered by a consultancy is more important in the construction industry than in the logistics and
management consultancy industries.
The results show that availability of analytical software/techniques (w=6.60) is the least of the four most
79 Ogbu and Imafidon

importance criteria for the selection of consultants for tertiary institution construction project. Use of ICT in the
execution of tasks is not given much consideration in the selection of consultants for tertiary institution projects
in the study area. Further, this means that the tertiary institutions have not begun demanding for the use of
building information modelling and other ICT-based techniques from their consultants. Stock and Zinszer (1987)
noted that use of ICT enhances a consultant's availability to his client, and reduces personal contacts since the
consultant can work from anywhere. Possibly, most construction consultancy processes in the tertiary
institutions still involve a lot of paper work and one-on-one meetings with clients.

The cumulative weight of project approach (210.68) is the second amongst the four groups of criteria.

Conclusions and recommendations

In order to improve the performance of tertiary institution construction projects, this study assessed the criteria
for selection of consultants in tertiary institution projects in Nigeria. The criteria were grouped into: firm and firm
owner characteristics, past performance, capacity to accomplish the work and project approach. By combining
the RII and AHP techniques, it was observed that firm and firm owner characteristics is the most important group
of criteria for the selection of tertiary institution construction consultants followed by project approach, capacity
to accomplish the work, and past performance which ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively among the four groups.
The most important sub-criteria under these groups are respectively: public policy requirements (registration
with professional bodies and government agencies), confidentiality and trust, perceived professional competence
and experience with similar projects.
Evidence from this study shows that the universities emphasize the compliance of construction consultancy
firms with statutory certifications and regulations. Similarly, they give attention to the attributes of the owners of
the firms such as experience, but give lesser attention to important firm resources like number of staff and
ownership of relevant software for the project. Future studies in this area should make a distinction between the
resources of consultancy firms and the attributes of their owners. The facts that a firm is fully registered and its
owner is experienced does not necessarily mean that the firm is capable of meeting the requirements of the client.
Consultancy firms should prove that they possess adequate staff and relevant computer analytical tools to meet
the requirements of a project before being engaged.
The policy implications of this study, therefore, are that universities should prioritize consultancy firms'
ownership of adequate staff and relevant computer software. They should engage only consultants that have
proven records of executing tasks using relevant ICT, particularly by deploying analytical tools such as building
information modelling. The location of firm/proximity to the site should be put into consideration, as it is
important to ensure that consultants' logistical challenges are reduced as much as possible so that they can give
due attention to the project. Construction consultancy firms for tertiary institutions should prioritize the
possession of the important selection criteria identified in this study, which will make it easier for them to win
consultancy contracts in the institutions.

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