OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MARKING KEY

MULTIPLE CHOICE 50 MARKS

1 B 11 C 21 C 31 D 41 A
2 C 12 A 22 D 32 D 42 A
3 D 13 D 23 D 33 C 43 B
4 D 14 A 24 D 34 D 44 B
5 A 15 B 25 C 35 A 45 D
6 B 16 C 26 B 36 D 46 D
7 B 17 D 27 D 37 B 47 B
8 B 18 A 28 B 38 A 48 A
9 A 19 D 29 B 39 D 49 D
10 B 20 D 30 B 40 D 50 D

SECTION B
CROSSMATCHING

NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER

ONE TWO THREE FOUR
1 D 1 F 1 B 1 C
2 E 2 C 2 D 2 E
3 C 3 E 3 E 3 A
4 F 4 A 4 A 4 E
5 A 5 D 5 C 5 B

SECTION C
FILLING IN THE BLANK
1. Surveillance
2. Occupational health hazard
3. Inert dust
4. Risk
5. Furious/Encephalic AND Paralytic/Dump
6. Environment
7. Environmental health
8. Employee health screening
9. Policy
10. Occupational health checks
11. 6 (six)
12. Occupational health nursing
13. Rabies
14. Fit to work/Fitness to work/Fitness for duty
15. Screening in medicine
16. Health Assessment Advisory Service
17. Workers compensation
18. Mild AND Severe
 19. Workers Compensation Fund Control Board
20. Anthrax
21. Leptospira Interrogans
22. Asia AND Africa
23. Saliva
24. Hygiene
25. Occupational hygiene
26. Occupational medicine
27. Occupational health services
28. Danger
29. Reflective Protective Clothing
30. Dust
SECTION D
Q, 1 (a) Define Pneumoconiosis (5marks)
It is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by inhalation of dust.
(b) State 6 classification of pneumoconiosis (18marks)
i). Silicosis/Grinders disease
Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust, composed of free silicon dioxide (SiO2)
ii). Silicatosis/Asbestosis
Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of mineral dust, which includes dioxide and other elements as
Magnesium, Aluminium, Iron, Calcium (Asbestosis, talcosis, kaolinosis, cementosis)
iii) Metaloconiosis pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of metal dust as Aluminium, Barium,
Manganese (siderosis, aluminosis, baritosis)
iv) Carboconiosis pneumoconiosis, caused by inhalation of dust, composed of carbonaceous dust as
Anthracite, Coal, Coke, Graphite, Soot (Anthracosis graphitosis)
v) Pneumoconiosis caused by the mixed dust (Anthrocosilicosis, siderosilicosis)
vi) Pneumoconiosis caused by an organic dust (Bisinosis, corn pneumoconiosis)
C. Silicatosis has a unique combination of several useful properties. Outline 3 properties of
Silicatosis (12marks)
 It is heat, acid and fire resistance
 It is light,
 ductile or malleable (able to be deformed without loosing toughness)
 It can withstand a lot of weight
D. Describe 2 types of Silicatosis (4marks)
1. White asbestos (Chrysolite) which is a pure magnesium silicate.
2. Amphiboles which contains a varying amount of other minerals such as iron and calcium.
E. Outline 3 specific clinical presentations of Silicatosis (6marks)
 Asymptomatic in mild cases
 Increasing dyspnoea
 Finger clubbing
 Cyanosis
 Right heart failure
 Fine basal creptations
F. Discuss 5 points you will include in your IEC on prevention of Silicatosis 15marks
 Control by prevention as there is no treatment.
 Regular physical examination of workers
 Rigorous dust control measures e.g personal protective equipment i.e masks or respirator with
mechanical filters or with oxygen substitution, hydro blasting.
 Pre-employment and periodic medical examination for workers.
 Wet processing
 Steroids may help in controlling the progression of the disease
Q 2 (a) Define occupational glaucoma (5marks)
This is a disease of the eye characterized actually, or potentially increased levels of intraocular pressure to
the point where pathological changes in the structure of the eye occur, subsequent decrease in vision,
even blindness, is the result of chronic uncontrolled glaucoma.
(b) State 6 classification of occupational eye injuries 30 marks
(i) Chemical eye burns
 Both highly acidic and highly alkaline substances are toxic to the eye and cause chemical eye
burns if they come into contact with the surface of the eye.
 Alkaline substances present the greatest risk.
 Such substances are most commonly found in the workplace, for example in laboratory
Chemicals or industrial cleaning products.
(ii) Invasion of foreign bodies
 The eyes may sometimes be invaded by small foreign particles (e.g. dust from manufacturing
activities) which can cause irritation and inflammation.
 While foreign particles rarely cause lasting damage to the eyes,
 Prompt removal of irritating particles is necessary to avoid permanent eye damage or scarring.
(iii) Blunt trauma injuries
 Blunt trauma injuries (i.e. injuries which do not penetrate the skin and do not result in external
bleeding) to the eye occur as a result of being struck by a heavy object. They can cause the eye to
bleed internally.
(iv) Allergic conjunctivitis
 Allergic conjunctivitis is common amongst workers in the food handling and agricultural sectors
who are regularly exposed to particular spices, fruits and vegetables. Excessive exposure to
ultraviolet radiation such as sunlight is associated with working in an outdoor industry and also
increases the risk of allergic conjunctivitis.

(v) Striking or scraping

 The majority of eye injuries result from small particles or objects striking or scraping the eye
such as: dust, cement chips, metal slivers, and wood chips.
 These materials are often ejected by tools, windblown, or fall from above a worker. Large objects
may also strike the eye or face, or a worker may run into an object causing blunt-force trauma to
eyeball.
(vi) Penetration
 Objects like nails, staples, or slivers of wood or metal can go through the eyeball and result in a
permanent loss of vision.
C. Discuss 5 preventive measures of eye injuries at work place
 Eye Protectors for Industrial Applications are needed.
 Safety goggles with full face protection are particularly important for welders, who may be
exposed to high levels of UV radiation, as well as foreign bodies in eyes
 In other industrial settings, the use of eye goggles is also required and these should have side
shields to protect against the invasion of foreign particles and liquids.
 Individuals who spend time working outdoors or driving should be provided with sunglasses and
hats to protect their eyes from harmful UV radiation.
 Initial treatment of many work related eye injuries can prevent serious and long-term eye damage.
 The single most common approach to treatment is irrigation of the eye with a saline eye wash, to
remove the foreign substance causing eye injury.
 In workplaces where workers are at risk of exposure to chemicals or small particles, eyewash
solutions should be easily accessible so that eyes which have been invaded by foreign substances
can be promptly irrigated and the likelihood of permanent eye damage reduced
Q3 (a) Define contact Urticarial (5marks)
This is an immediate but transient localized swelling and redness that occurs on the skin after direct
contact with an offending substance.
(b) State the causes of occupational dermatosis under the following headings
(i) Indirect causes 10 marks
 Age
 Race
 Gender
 morbid antecedents
 Concomitant diseases such as pre-existing dermatosis (atopic dermatitis)
 Environmental factors such as climate (temperature, humidity), easy access to hygiene and
cleanliness
(ii) Direct causes
Occupational dermatosis may be caused by a variety of things as:
(i). Physical
 Metals
 Aromatic hydrocarbons
 Acids and alkalis
 Radiation
 Trauma
 Vibration
 Pressure
 Heat
 cold
(ii). Chemicals
 lubricating
 cutting oils
 arsenic
(iii). Biological cause

 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungi
  Parasites
 Plants, animals (biological).
(C) State 5 signs and symptoms of contact dermatosis
 Skin disease starts on the area of contact
 Dorsal aspects of hands and fingers, volar aspects of arms
 Redness, edema - blisters, ulcerations
 Itch, pain, heat, stinging
 Contact dermatitis heals after exposure is discontinued
 Hives (edema) appear on sites of contact within minutes
 The hives disappear within 1-4 hours
 Mild: Only itching
 Severe: Systemic symptoms (anaphylaxis)
(D) Discuss 5 points you are going to give to Mrs Mwanza on the preventive measures of contact
dermatosis
 periodical medical exams
 Orientation to workers to avoid relapses and the development of new OD cases.
 Personal hygiene must be done carefully and the use of emollients is indicated
 Clothing should be kept clean.
 The areas of the body contaminated with irritants should be washed immediately and moisturized
with fragrance-free creams.
 The most important orientation for the prevention of CD is the withdrawal of the irritant or
allergen.
 Use of appropriate IPE (boots, hats, masks, aprons, and gloves), especial clothing, and awareness
about personal hygiene can be emphasized.
 Barrier creams are often used, although their efficacy is questioned. They should be used before
the development of dermatitis
 Photo protection with clothing and topical photo protectors are essential in individuals exposed to
UV radiation.
 Individuals allergic to rubber should use vinyl or polyurethane gloves. Those allergic to latex
should use latex-free gloves and individuals allergic to acrillate should use nitrile gloves.
 A better knowledge of the epidemiology of OD may lead to preventive strategies that reduce the
incidence of this common health problem.