ELP LAB REPORT-4

Entry Number-2021MT10892

➢ Objective:
To draw the phasor diagram of series RLC circuit and
compare the experimental and theoretical results.

➢ Apparatus used:
• Signal Generator
• Breadboard
• Multimeter
• Resistor, inductor and capacitor
• Digital Signal Oscilloscope
• Wires

➢ Theory:
Phasor for an RLC circuit with ideal inductor:
In a series RLC circuit, the individual voltage drops across each circuit
element of R, L and C element is defined as:
I(t) = Imax sin(ωt)
XL = ωL and Xc = 1/ωC
• The instantaneous voltage across a pure resistor, VR is “in-
phase” with the current.
• The instantaneous voltage across a pure inductor, VL “leads”
the current by 90°.
• The instantaneous voltage across a pure capacitor, VC “lags”
the current by 90°.

Phasor diagram for RLC circuit

Therefore, we find the net source voltage, VS as the phasor Sum of
the three component voltages combined together vectorially. So,
finally impedance of
Resistor = ZR = R
Inductor = ZL = ωL
Capacitor = ZC = 1/ ωC
VR = IR, Vc = 1/ ωC, Vl = ωL

VS = √𝑉𝑅 2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2

VS = I √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

Therefore, VS = I × z where Z is √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

In real life, actually there is not a pure inductor because of the wire
present in it and this winding wire has some resistance. Hence the
practical inductor is not a pure inductance
represented by a 90° phase angle and thus VL is at an angle slightly
less than 90° in phasor diagram.
Fig. 5 – Circuit of a real inductor Fig. 6 – Phasor for a real
inductor
To get the actual phase angle of inductor, Measure the dc resistance
of the inductance coil
separately and use the given formula:
θ = Tan-1 (XL / R)

➢ Setup:
Circuit is connected as shown:

➢ Observations:
➢ The value of resistance of resistor used in the circuit (R)= 470 Ω
 ➢ The value of capacitance of capacitor used in the circuit (C)= 0.22 μF
➢ The value of inductance of inductor used in the circuit (L)= 1 H
➢ The value of internal resistance of inductor used in the circuit (r)= 72.7 Ω

External Frequency Voltage Voltage Voltage Current (I) Reactance of θ=

Voltage (v) (in KHz) across across across (in mA) Inductor Tan-1
(VO) (in resistor capacitor inductor (XL /
Volts) (VR) (in (VC) (in (VL) (in R)
Volts) Volts) Volts)

1.67 1.95 1.5 0.481 0.212 1.204 12252.21 89.6

1.83 1.85 1.37 0.255 0.198 2.914 11623.89 89.64
1.73 1.90 1.33 0.056 0.367 2.829 11938.05 89.65
Phasor diagrams:
As we see in phasor p1, V0(theoretical) = 1.42 V ~ 1.67 V = Vo(experimental)

Experimental error in source voltage = ((1.67 V – 1.42 V)/1.67 V) ×

100

= 14.90 %

As we see in phasor p2, V0(theoretical) = 1.53 V ~ 1.83 V = Vo(experimental)

Experimental error in source voltage = ((1.83V–1.53 V)/ 1.83 V) × 100

= 16.39 %

As we see in phasor p3, V0(theoretical) = 1.45 V ~ 1.73V = Vo(experimental)

Experimental error in source voltage = ((1.73 V –1.45 V)/1.73V) × 100

= 16.18 %
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be tight.

2. Voltage should not be more than 1.5 V as this will
increase the error.
3. Electrical wires (snipers) should be properly
snipped.
4. Circuit should not be left powered for long time.
5. Proper shoes should be worn.

➢ Conclusion:
1. We finalised the steady state response of a series RLC circuit to an ac input in the
above experiment, and we analyzed it by producing phasor diagrams and validating
the impedance relationships with the measured values.
2. We also verified that the phase difference between voltage signals across a resistor
and a capacitor is a right angle, as is the phase difference between an inductor and a
resistor .

3. The reason for this is that the inductor coil is not ideal and hence has some finite
non zero resistance.