REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr.

Yusuf AYVAZ

Example 2.2. Design of a Slab System Including Four Slabs

Preliminary plan of the slab system considered is presented in the following figure.

30
D101 D102 D102 D101

900
30
30 350 30 400 30 400 30 350 30

Coating (3 cm quarry mosaic) : 22 kN/m3

Plaster (2 cm) : 19 kN/m3
Smoothing mortar (4 cm) : 16 kN/m3
Live load : 2 kN/m2
Thicknesses of all slabs : 100 mm
Materials : C30 – B420C
Seismic zone : İstanbul (The first seismic zone)

1. Slab Numbers

The slabs with the same span lengths, edge conditions, and design loads are given the same
slab number. In this numbering, D, DD, and BD notations are used for normal, lower and
cantilever slabs, respectively. In this example, since the slabs can be categorized into two
groups, two different slab numbers are used.

2. Slab Thicknesses

● Slab D101

ll = 930 cm

ls = 380 cm
930

lsn = 380-15-15 = 350 cm

380

52
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

ll 930
m= = = 2.45 > 2. Therefore, this is a one-way RC slab.
ls 380

 80 mm
 l
= 3500
= 116.67 mm
sn

 30 30
hf ≥ 
= ls 3800
= 152.00 mm (for the deflection criterion)
 25 25


The slab thickness given as 100 mm is less than the one calculated. Therefore, the slab
thickness should be chosen as 160 mm ( h f = 160 mm ).

● Slab D102

ll = 930 cm

ls = 430 cm
930

lsn = 430-15-15 = 400 cm

430

ll 930
m= = = 2.16 > 2. Therefore, this is a one-way RC slab.
ls 430
 80 mm
 l
= 4000
= 133.33mm
sn

 30 30
hf ≥ 
= ls 4300
= 143.33mm (for the deflection criterion)
 30 30


The slab thickness given as 100 mm is less than the one calculated. Therefore, the slab
thickness should be chosen as 150 mm ( h f = 150 mm ).

As seen from this example, the thicknesses of the slabs in the slab system are determined
different from each other. In practice, it is better to use one or two different slab thickness for
all slabs in a slab system. In this example, in order to clarify the effects of using different slab
thicknesses in the design procedure, the thicknesses of the slabs in the slab system are kept as
determined.

53
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

3. Slab Loads (g, q, p d )

• Slab D101

- Dead loads (g):

Self-weight of slab : γ conc * h f = 25*0.16 = 4.0 kN/m2
Coating : 22*0.03 =0.66 kN/m2
Plaster : 19*0.02=0.38 kN/m2
Smoothing mortar : 16*0.04=0.64 kN/m2

g = 5.68 kN/m2
- Live load (q): q = 2 kN/m2
- Slab design load (p d ): p d = 1.4g + 1.6q = 11.15 kN/m2

• Slab D102

- Dead loads (g):

Self-weight of slab : γ beton * h f = 25*0.15 = 3.75 kN/m2
Coating : 22*0.03 =0.66 kN/m2
Plaster : 19*0.02=0.38 kN/m2
Smoothing mortar : 16*0.04=0.64 kN/m2

g = 5.43 kN/m2
- Live load (q): q = 2 kN/m2
- Slab design load (p d ): p d = 1.4g + 1.6q = 10.80 kN/m2

4. Design Span and Support Bending Moments of the Slabs

3800
= 0.884 > 0.80.
4300
2
= 0.35 < 2.
5, 68
2
= 0.37 < 2
5.43
Conditions are satisfied. Therefore, the method of βm coefficients can be used. βm
coefficients that can be used in the calculation of design span and support bending moments
of each slab are given in the following table.

Slab βm Moment Coefficients

No x axis direction
Span Support
Exterior Interior
D101 11 -24 -9
D102 15 -9 -10

54
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

5. Design Span Moments

• Slab D101
M d = p d *l2 /11= 11.15*3.802 / 11 = 14.64 kNm
Md ≥  ⇒ Md =
14.64 kNm
= 2
=
p d *lsn / 24 11.15*3.50
2
/ 24 5.69 kNm

• Slab D102
M d = p d *l2 /15= 10.80*4,302 / 15 = 13.31 kNm
Md ≥  ⇒ Md =
13.31 kNm
= =
p d *lsn / 24 10.80*
2
4.002 / 24 7.20 kNm

6. Design Support Moment

• D101 Exterior Support

M d = -p d *l2 /24= -11.15*3.802 / 24 = -6.71 kNm

• D101-D102 Support
11.15 + 10.80) 3.80 + 4.30 2
2 ( *( )
p d *l 2 2
Md =− =
− =
−20.00 kNm
9 9

• D102-D102 Support
p d *l2 10.80*(4.30) 2
Md =− =
− =
−19.97 kNm
10 10

7. Design Support Bending Moment that will be used in the Calculation of

Reinforcement

• D101-D102 Support
11.15 + 10.80 3.80 + 4.30
( ) *( ) / 2) *0.30
V *a (p d *l / 2) *a 2 2
∆M
= = = = 2.22 kNm
3 3 3

−20.00 + 2.22 =−17.78 kNm


 11.15 + 10.80 3.80 + 4.30 2
M 'd ≥  2 ( ) *( ) ⇒ Md =
−17.78 kNm
p
− d *l 2 2
= =
−12.86 kNm
 14 14

• D102-D102 Support

V *a (p d *l / 2) *a (10.80* 4.30* /2) *0.30

∆M
= = = = 2.32 kNm
3 3 3

55
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

−19.97 + 2.32 =
−17.65 kNm.

M ≥  p d *l2 10.80*(4.30) 2
'
d ⇒ Md =
−17.65 kNm
 − = =
−14.26 kNm
 14 14

8. Calculation of Amount of Reinforcement

In order to calculate amount of reinforcement required, the effective depth at each direction
for all slabs should be determined. In order to determine these effective depths, the diameter
of reinforcing bar and clear concrete cover for all slabs should be selected.

Since the diameter of the flexural reinforcement for slabs should not be less than 8 mm (∅ ≥ 8
mm), the diameter of the reinforcing bars is chosen as 8 mm (∅=8 mm) for all slabs, and clear
concrete cover for slabs should not be less than 15 mm, it is chosen as 15 mm (c c = 15 mm).

— Calculation of the Effective Depths (d) of Slabs

In this calculation, in order to be more economical by obtaining the largest effective depth for
the larger moment, it is assumed that the span reinforcement in the shorter direction will be
placed close to the bottom of the slab than that in the longer direction.

• Slab D101
Support d = h f - c c -∅/2 = 160 – 15 – 8/2= 141 mm
Span d = h f - c c -∅/2 = 160 – 15 – 8/2= 141 mm

• Slab D102
Support d = h f - c c -∅/2 = 150 – 15 – 8/2= 131 mm
Span d = h f - c c -∅/2 = 150 – 15 – 8/2= 131 mm

8.1. Span Reinforcements

• Slab D101
— In the x axis direction
In this direction, the design bending moment and the effective depth are determined before as
M d = 14.64.15 kNm, and d= 141 mm, respectively.

Fc=0.85*fcd*b*a
hf

1000 mm Fs=As*fyd
a
∑M 0 = 0 , M r = 0.85*f cd* b*a*(d-
2
) = Md

56
 REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

a
0.85*(20)*1000*a*( 141- ) = 14.64*106
2
8500a2 - 2397000a + 14.64*106 = 0
a2 – 282a + 1722.35 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4.a.c 282 ± (282) 2 − 4*1*(1722.35) 282 ± 269.51

a 1,2 = = =
2a 2 2
⇒ a 1 = 275.75 mm
⇒ a 2 = 6.25 mm

∑F = 0, Fs - Fc = 0 ⇒ Fs = Fc

A s *f yd = 0.85*f cd *b * a
0.85*(20)*1000*(6.25)
As= =291.10 mm2
365
As 291.10
Reinforcement ratio, ρ == = 0.0021 > 0.002 . Therefore, reinforcement ratio
b*d 1000*141
required satisfies code requirement. Bar number is,
291.10
n= = 5.79 .
50.3
1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, ss = 172.71mm → 170 mm. However, according to
5.79
TS500, reinforcement spacing in the shorter direction should satisfy the following equation.
1.5* h f
ss ≤ 
200 mm
Therefore,
= = 280 mm
1.5* h f 1.5*160
ss ≤  → ss =
170 mm .
200 mm
Result: ∅8/340 straight bar + ∅8/340 bent bar

— In the y axis direction

Since this slab is a one-way RC slab, distribution reinforcement will be placed in this
direction. Amount of this reinforcement is
1 1000
=A sl =
*( *50.3) 59.18 mm 2 . Bar number is,
5 170
59.18
n= = 1.18 .
50.3

57
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, sl = 847.46 mm → 840 mm. However, according to
1.18
TS500, reinforcement spacing in the longer direction should satisfy the following equation.
s l ≤ 300 mm .

Therefore, s l = 300 mm .

Result: ∅8/300 straight bar

• Slab D102

— In the x axis direction

In this direction, the design bending moment and the effective depth are determined before as
M d = 13.31 kNm, and d= 131 mm, respectively.

Fc=0.85*fcd*b*a
hf

1000 mm Fs=As*fyd

a
∑M 0 = 0 , M r = 0.85*f cd *b*a*(d- ) = M d
2
a
0.85*(20)*1000*a*( 131- ) = 13.31*106
2
8500a2 - 2227000a + 13.31*106 = 0
a2 – 262a + 1565.88 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4.a.c 262 ± (262) 2 − 4*1*(1565.88) 262 ± 249.76

a 1,2 = = =
2a 2 2
⇒ a 1 = 255.88 mm
⇒ a 2 = 6.12 mm

∑F = 0, Fs - Fc = 0 ⇒ Fs = Fc

A s *f yd = 0*85*f cd *b*a
0.85*(20)*1000*(6.12)
As= =285.04 mm2
365
As 285.04
Reinforcement ratio, ρ == = 0.0022 > 0.002 . Therefore, reinforcement ratio
b*d 1000*131
required satisfies code requirement. Bar number is,
285.04
n= = 5.67.
50.3

58
 REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, ss = 176.37 mm → 170 mm. However, according to
5.67
TS500, reinforcement spacing in the shorter direction should satisfy the following equation.
1.5* h f
ss ≤ 
200 mm
Therefore,
= = 225 mm
1.5* h f 1.5*150
ss ≤  → ss =
170 mm .
200 mm
Result: ∅8/340 straight bar + ∅8/340 bent bar

— In the y axis direction

Since this slab is a one-way RC slab, distribution reinforcement will be placed in this
direction. Amount of this reinforcement is
1
=A sl =* 295.88 59.18 mm 2 . Bar number is,
5
59.18
n= = 1.18.
50.3
1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, sl = 847.46 mm → 840 mm. However, according to
1.18
TS500, reinforcement spacing in the shorter direction should satisfy the following equation.
s l ≤ 300 mm .

Therefore, s l = 300 mm .

Result: ∅8/300 straight bar

8.2. Support Reinforcements

• D101 Exterior Support

At this support, the design bending moment and the effective depth are determined before as
M d = 6.71 kNm, and d= 141 mm, respectively.

Fs=As*fyd
hf

1000 mm Fc=0.85*fcd*b*a

a
∑M 0 = 0 , M r = 0.85*f cd* b*a*(d-
2
) = Md

59
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

a
0.85*(20)*1000*a*( 141- ) = 6.71*106
2
8500a2 - 2397000a + 6.71*106 = 0
a2 – 282a + 789.41 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4.a.c 282 ± (282) 2 − 4*1*(789.41) 282 ± 276.34

a 1,2 = = =
2a 2 2
⇒ a 1 = 279.17 mm
⇒ a 2 = 2.83 mm

∑F = 0, Fs - Fc = 0 ⇒ Fs = Fc

A s *f yd = 0.85*f cd* b * a
0.85*(20)*1000*(2.83)
As= =131.81 mm2
365
Available reinforcement at this support: Bent bars from D101: ∅8/340 (147.94 mm2)
The sum is: 147.94 mm2 > Amount of reinforcement required (131.81 mm2), so there is
no need for additional reinforcement.
Result: Available bent bars are adequate

• D101-D102 Support
At this support, the design bending moment is determined before as M d = 17.78 kNm. The
effective depth is taken as 131 mm which is the smaller of those calculated before for the
supports of the slabs D101, and BD102.

Fs=As*fyd
hf

1000 mm Fc=0.85*fcd*b*a

a
∑M 0 = 0 , M r = 0.85*f cd* b*a*(d-
2
) = Md

a
0.85*(20)*1000*a*( 131- ) = 17.78*106
2
8500a2 - 2227000a + 17.78*106 = 0
a2 – 262a + 2091.76 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4.a.c 262 ± (262) 2 − 4*1*(2091.76) 262 ± 245.51

a 1,2 = = =
2a 2 2
⇒ a 1 = 253.76 mm
⇒ a 2 = 8.25 mm

60
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

∑F = 0, Fs - Fc = 0 ⇒ Fs = Fc

A s *f yd = 0.85*f cd* b * a
0.85*(20)*1000*(8.25)
As= =384.25 mm2
365
Available reinforcement at this support: Bent bars from D101: ∅8/340 (147.94 mm2)
Bent bars from D102: ∅8/340 (147.94 mm2)
The sum is: 147.94 mm2 + 147.94 mm2 = 295.88 mm2 < Amount of reinforcement
required (384.25 mm2), so that additional reinforcement should be placed at this support.

Amount of additional reinforcement = 384.25 mm2 - 295.88 mm2 = 88.37 mm2

88.37
The number of additional reinforcement: n= = 1.76.
50.3
1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, s = 568.18 mm → 560 mm.
1.76

Result: Available bent bars + ∅8/560 additional reinforcement

• D102-D102 Support

At this support, the design bending moment is determined before as M d = 17.65 kNm. The
effective depth is taken as d= 131 mm.

Fs=As*fyd
hf

1000 mm Fc=0.85*fcd*b*a

a
∑M 0 = 0 , M r = 0.85*f cd* b*a*(d-
2
) = Md

a
0.85*(20)*1000*a*( 131- ) = 17.65*106
2
8500a2 - 2227000a + 17.65*106 = 0
a2 – 262a + 2076.47 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4.a.c 262 ± (262) 2 − 4*1*(2076.47) 262 ± 245.64

a 1,2 = = =
2a 2 2
⇒ a 1 = 253.82 mm
⇒ a 2 = 8.18 mm

61
 REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

∑F = 0, Fs - Fc = 0 ⇒ Fs = Fc

A s *f yd = 0.85*f cd* b*a

0.85*(20)*1000*(8.18)
As= =380.99 mm2
365
Available reinforcement at this support: Bent bars from D102: ∅8/340 (147.94 mm2)
Bent bars from D102: ∅8/340 (147.94 mm2)
The sum is: 147.94 mm2 + 147.94 mm2 = 295.88 mm2 < Amount of reinforcement
required (380.99 mm2), so that additional reinforcement should be placed at this support.
Amount of additional reinforcement = 380.99 mm2 - 295.88 mm2 = 85.11 mm2
85.11
Ek donatı adedi: n= = 1.69 adet.
50.3
1000
The number of additional reinforcement =s = 591.72 mm → 590 mm.
1.69
Result: Available bent bars + ∅8/590 additional reinforcement

•
Amount of Reinforcement that Should be Placed on the top of the Beams Along the
Shorter Direction of the slab D101
= =
A s 0.60* 295.88 177.53 mm 2 .
177.53
Bar number: n= = 3.53.
50.3
1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, s = 283.29 mm → 280 mm. This reinforcement amount should
3.53
not be less than ∅8/300 for steel grade S420. Therefore,
Result: ∅8/280 straight bar

•
Amount of Reinforcement that Should be Placed on the top of the Beams Along the
Shorter Direction of the slab D102
= =
A s 0.60* 295.88 177.53 mm 2 .
177.53
Bar number: n= = 3.53.
50.3
1000
=
Reinforcement spacing, s = 283.29 mm → 280 mm. This reinforcement amount should
3.53
not be less than ∅8/300 for steel grade S420 . Therefore,
Result: ∅8/280 straight bar

The reinforcement plan drawn by using these calculated reinforcement of this slab system is
given below.

62
REINFORCED CONCRETE-II LECTURE’S NOTES Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYVAZ

30
Ф8/280
Ф8/280
Ф8/280

Ф8/280
Ф8/300

Ф8/300

Ф8/300
Ф8/300
D101 D102 D102 D101

Ф8/340 Ф8/340
Ф8/340

900
Ф8/340
Ф8/340 Ф8/340
Ф8/340 Ф8/340
Ф8/280

Ф8/280
Ф8/280
Ф8/280
Ф8/560 Ф8/590 Ф8/560

30
30 350 30 400 30 400 30 350 30

9. Design of this Slab System for Shear

V d ≤ V r . (V d : Design shear force, V r : Shear strength)

Vr = Vc + Vw

Contribution of shear reinforcement to shear strength

Contribution of concrete to shear strength ( = 0.8 V cr , V cr : Cracking
shear strength of the slab)

If V d ≤ V cr , there is no need to calculate the shear reinforcement.

• Slab D101

V cr = 0.65*f ctd *b*d = 0.65*1.27*1000*141 = 116395.5 N = 116.40 kN

V d = p d *(0.5*l sn ) = 11.15*(0.5*3.50) =19.51 kN/m (per unit width)

Since V d < V cr , there is no need for shear reinforcement.

• Slab D102

V cr = 0.65*f ctd *b*d = 0.65*1.27*1000*131 = 108140.5 N = 108.14 kN

V d = p d *(0.5*l sn ) = 10.80*(0.5*4.00) =21.60 kN/m (per unit width)

Since V d < V cr , there is no need for shear reinforcement.

63