KGK_AJAJLQ HK QVX
3?.3 [d tuol Qbknoy kdk ud hjãmktrl kxtkrjlr hk 59.? mm y ud hjãmktrl jdtkrjlr hk
51mm. ¼Auãn ks nc rkncajñd hk ãrkc hkn tuol<
HCXLQ7
Kn erchl hk cntkrcajñd hk udc mukstrc hk suknl ks usucnmkdtk

Kxprkscdhl ske÷d nc kaucajñd 2.17

 H 6 ? ∟ H 3 ?
   C _ (% )=   ∕36 6
 H3 ?
   H6= hjãmktr
hjãmktrll kxtkrjlr
kxtkrjlr hkn tuolmukstr kchlr =59.? mm
tuol mukstrkchlr
   Hj= hjãmktr
hjãmktrl
l kxtkrjlr
kxtkrjlr hkn tuolmukstr kchlr =51 mm
tuol mukstrkchlr

 C _= rk
rkncaj
ncajñdhk
ñdhk ãrkc
ãrkc

_kmpnczcdhl hctls kd (3)

? ?
 C _= 59.? ∟
?
51
  ∕366= 2.:;:%
51

3?.?. Kd nc sk mukstrc ud pkrin hk suknl gudtl ald nls d÷mkrls hk pkdktrcajñd

pkdktrcajñd
kstãdhcr kd nc acpc hk crajnnc. [njak nc kaucajñd (3?.9) pcrc hktkrmjdcr y erciacr nc
vcrjcajñd hk A u ald nc prludhjhch
prludhjhch..

Crkdc skac
3.; m 1
ɡ =35 `D / m
Crkdc
3.; m 1
ɡ sct =32.; `D / m
3.; m

3.; m 9

Crajnnc
3.; m 8 C
1
ɡ sct =39.: `D / m
1

3.; m
;
 

D = d÷mkrl hk pkdktrcajñd kstãdhcr lotkdjhl kd kn acmpl

`D 
ρ ' 6=ksiukr
ksiukrzl kikatjvl vkrtjacn (
zl kikatjvlvkrtjacn )
m?

Acnauncmls nls ksiukrzls kikavls pcrc ncs prliudhjhchks hkn erãal7

`D 
 b= 1m ρ ' 6=35∕3.; + 3.; ( 32.;∟:.23 ) =12.;1; ( )  0  D i =;
m?
 b=8.;m

`D 
ρ ' 6=35∕3.; + 3.; ( 32.;∟:.23 ) + 3.; ( 39.: ∟:.23 )=8:.356 ( )  0  D i =9
m?

b=9m

' 
ρ  6= 8:.356 + 3.; ( 39.:∟ :.23 )=;:.26; ( )  `D 
m?
  0  D i  = 8

b=5.;m

' 
ρ  6= ;:.26;+ 3.; ( 39.: ∟:.23 )=56.886 ( )  `D 
m?
  0  D i =1

b=:m

' 
ρ  6= 56.886+ 3.; ( 39.: ∟:.23 )= 23.65; ( )  `D 
m?
  0  D i =;

Nc sjeujkdtk kxprksjñd pcrc nc rksjstkdajc alrtcdtk A u.

`D 
Vcrc b=1m,  D i  =;, ρ ' 6=12.;1; ( ) 
m?
A u = ?:¼ ;6.5?= :?.86 ( `D  )  
m?
`D 
Vcrc b=8.;m,  D i =9 , ρ ' 6=8:.356 ( ) 
m?
`D 
A u = ?:¼ 96.5?= 36;.19 ( ) 
m?
`D 
Vcrc b=9m,  D i = 8, ρ ' 6= ;:.26; ( ) 
m?
 `D 
A u = ?:¼ 8 6.5?= 52.92 ( ) 
m?
`D 
Vcrc b=5.;m,  D i  =1, ρ ' 6=56.886 ( ) 
m?
 

 `D 
A u = ?:¼ 16.5?= 91.:9( ) 
m?
`D 
Vcrc b=:m,  D i =;, ρ ' 6=23.65; ( ) 
m?
`D 
A u = ?:¼ ;6.5?= :?.86( ) 
m?

 `D 
  ρ ' 6=( )
V_LI[DHJHCH(m) m? Di    A u(`D/m? ¼
1 12.;1; ; :?.86
8.; 8:.356 9 36;.19
9 ;:.26; 8 52.92
5.; 56.886 1 91.:9
: 23.65; ; :?.86

36

6
6 3 ? 1 8 ; 9 5

3?.1. Kn vcnlr prlmkhjl hkn d÷mkrl kstãdhcr hk pkdktrcajñd hk acmpl kd udc acpc
hk crajnnc scturchc ks 9. Kstjmk nc rksjstkdajc c nc almprksjñd dl aldijdchc hk nc
crajnnc. [tjnjak nc kaucajñd (3?.;) (@ 8.? `D/m?).

D (d÷mkrl hk pkdktrcajñd kstãdhcr

kstãdhcr lotkdjhl kd k
knn acmpl) = 9

A u=¼ rksjst
rksjstkdsj
kdsjc
c c almpr
almprkds sjmpnk ¼ .
kdsjj ñ d sjmpnk
 

Hk nc kaucajñd 2.8 sk kdk7

A u= @D … . ( 3)

V_LI[DHJHCH(m D96
Hldhk @ (aldstcdtk) = 8.? @D/m?
)
3.; 9
_kmpnczcdhl nls vcnlrks 1.6 2 kd (3) sk kdk7
8.; :
A u=8.?∕9
?
9.6 2
A u=?;.? @D /m
5.; 31
3?.8. Nc tconc mukstrc nc vcrjcajñd hkn d÷mkrl hk
:.6 38
pkdktrcajñd kstãdhcr hk acmpl, D96, kd ud
hkpñsjtl hk crkdc.

Nc acpc irkãtjac sk nlacnjzc c 9 m hk prliudhjhch. Kn pksl kspkaíijal skal hk nc crkdc

hk 6 c 9 m ks 32 `D/m1, y kn pksl kspkaíijal scturchl hk nc crkdc pcrc prliudhjhchks
hk 9 c 3? m ks ?6.?`D/m1. [tjnjak nc rkncajñd hk Q`kmptld hchc plr nc kaucajñd (3?.:)
pcrc acnauncr nls d÷mkrls hk pkdktrcajñd alrrkatls.

   A  D =ica
icatlr
tlr hk alrr
alrrkaajñ
kaajñ d 

   D alr =v cnlr D alrrkejhl

   D i = vcnl
vcnlrr D lotkdj
lotkdjhl
hl kd acmp
acmp ñ 

Vcrc Njcl y Ubjtmcd (3:29) sk tjkdk quk7

∗
 3
A  D =:.52
ρ ' 6

?
 Hldhk ρ ' 6= ksiukrzlkikatjvl vkrtjacn @D / m
vkrtjacn @D 

Acnauncmls nls ρ ' 6 pcrc nc b7

b =3,; m
 

?
ρ 6=3.;∕32 =?5 @D / m

b=1.6 
?
ρ 6=1∕32=;8 @D / m

b=8.; 
ρ 6=8.;∕32= 23 @D / m ?

b =9.6 m
?
ρ 6=9∕32=362 @D / m  

b =5.; m
?
ρ 6=9∕32 + 3.; ( ?6.?∟ :.23)= 3?1.;2; @D / m  

b =:.6 m
?
ρ 6=9∕32 + 1 ( ?6.? ∟:.23)= 31:.35 @D / m  

Acnauncmls A  D  hk nc kxprksjñd

   b =3.; m A d=:.52
∗ 3
?5
=¼3.22?    b =9.6 m A d=:.52
 3
∗
362
=¼ 6.:83

   b =1.6 m A d=:.52
∗ 3
;8
=¼3.113    b =5.; m A d=:.52
∗
  3
3?1.;2;
=¼  6.226

   b =8.; m A d= :.52

∗ 3
23
=3.625    b =: m A d= :.52
∗  3
31:.35
=6.2?:

Acnauncmls Dalr = A  D *Di 

V_LI[DHJHCH
Di    A  D  Dalr
(m)
3.; 9 3.22? 33
1 2 3.113 33
8.; : 3.625 36
9 2 6.:83 2
5.; 31 6.22 33
: 38 6.2?: 3?
 

3?.;.. Nls d÷mkrls hk pkdktrcajñd kstãdhcr pcrc ud hkpñsjtl hk crkdc skac sk hcd
3?.;
cocgl. Vcrc nc crkdc, ɡ = 32.5 `D/m 1. Hktkrmjdk nc vcrjcajñd hk (D3)96 ald nc prludhjhch
prludhjhch..
[sk kn catlr hk alrrkaajñd hk Njcl y Ubjtmcd hchl plr nc kaucajñd (3?.2).
V_LI[DHJHCH (m) D96
3.; :
1.6 :
8.; 3?
9.6 3?
5.; 39

P ( )]
6.;
  3
A  D = … ( 3?.2 )
ρ ' l
 p c

Qlnuajñd7

Vrksjñd ctmlsiêrjac ks jeucn c 363.1? `D/m ?

  Acnauncmls ρ'l pcrc achc b7

b = 3.; m
 `D 
ρ ' l=32.5 Õ 3.; =?2.6;6 ?
m
b = 1.6 m  `D 
ρ ' l=32.5 Õ 1.6 =;9.366 ?
m

b = 8.; m `D 
ρ ' l=32.5 Õ 8.;= 28.3;6 ?
m
b = 9.6 m  `D 
ρ ' l=32.5 Õ 9.6 =33?.?66 ?
m
b = 5.; m  `D 
ρ ' l=32.5 Õ 5.; =386.?;6 ?
m

Acnauncmls AD ske÷d nc kaucajñd 3?.27

b = 3.; m

6.;
  3
A  D = = 3.:63
  ?2.6;6

( )
P  ]
363.1?6
 

b = 1.6 m

P ( ) ]
6.;
  3
A  D = = 3.188
  ;9.366
363.1?6

b = 8.; m

P ( ) ]
6.;
  3
A  D = = 3.6:5
  28.3;6
363.1?6

b = 9.6 m

P ( ) ]
6.;
  3
A  D = = 6.:;6
33?.?66
363.1?6

b = 5.; m

P ( ) ]
6.;
  3
A  D = = 6.2;6
386.?;6
  363.1?6

Acnauncmls7

( D ¼¼ 3 )96=A  D  Õ D 9966 ¼

V_LI[DHJHCH D96 AD (D3)96

(m)
3.; : 3.:63 35.36:
1.6 : 3.188 3?.6:9
8.; 3? 3.6:5 31.398
9.6 3? 6.:;6 33.866
5.; 39 6.2;6 31.966

3?.9. Vcrc kn suknl hksarjtl kd kn prlonkmc hk ;, kstjmk kn ãdeunl hk irjaajñd pjal

prlmkhjl. [tjnjak nc kaucajñd (3?.32)

 D 3 )96 ? … ( 3?.32 )

erch . )=?5.3 + 6.1 Õ ( D 3)96∟ 6.666;8 Õ ( D 
ϛ ' ( erch P ]
 

Vcrc b = 3.; m, (D3)96 = 35.36:7

erch . )=?5.3 + 6.1 Õ 35.36: ∟6.666;8 Õ P 35.36: ] =1? ¶ 8 ' ?2.92
?
ϛ ' ( erch

Vcrc b = 1.6 m, (D3)96 = 3?.6:97

?

erch . )=?5.3 + 6.1 Õ 3?.6:9 ∟6.666;8 Õ P 3?.6:9 ] =16 ¶ 12 ' ;:.?;

ϛ ' ( erch

Vcrc b = 8.; m, (D3)96 = 31.3987

erch . )=?5.3 + 6.1 Õ 31.398 ∟6.666;8 Õ P 31.398 ] =16 ¶ ;5 ' ?6.?8
?
ϛ ' ( erch

Vcrc b = 9.6 m, (D3)96 = 33.8667

( ) ?
ϛ '  erch. =?5.3+ 6.1 Õ 33.866 ∟6.666;8 Õ P 33.866 ] =16 ¶ ? 9 ;:.19
' 

Vcrc b = 5.; m, (D3)96 = 31.9667

( ) ?
ϛ '  erch. =?5.3+ 6.1 Õ 31.966∟6.666;8 Õ P 31.966 ] =13 ¶ 8 82.88
' 

Kdtldaks kn ãdeunl hk irjaajñd pjal prlmkhjl skrã7

' 
ϛ prlm.=1? ¶ 8 ' ?2.92+16¶12';:.?;+ 16 ¶ ;5 ' ?6.?8 +16¶? {9}
{9} T {'} ;:.19+13 ¶ 8 82.88 } lvkr {;
{; ¼

ϛ prlm.=13 ¶ ? ' 13.3:

3?.5. Nc tconc sjeujkdtk mukstrc nls d÷mkrls hk pkdktrcajñd kstãdhcr hktkrmjdchls

pcrc ud hkpñsjtl hk suknl crkdlsl kd acmpl7
V_LI
V_LI[D
[DHJ
HJHC
HCH
H (m)
(m) VKQL
VKQL [DJ
[DJXC
XC_J
_JL
L HKN
HKN Q[KN
Q[KNL
L (`D/m1)
(`D/m D96
1.6 39.99 5
8.; 39.99 :
9.6 39.99 33
5.; 32.;; 39
:.6 32.;; 32
36.; 32.;; ?6
3?.6 32.;; ??

 Hktkrmjdk, unjzcdhl nc kaucajñd (3?.3:), nc vcrjcajñd hkn ãdeunl pjal hk rjaajñd ɲ'.
Ksmk ud vcnlr prlmkhjl hk ɲ' pcrc kn hjskól hk udc ajmkdtcajñd supkriajcn. Dltc7
prludhjhchks mcylrks c 9 m, kn pksl kspkaíial hkn suknl ks hk 32.;; `D/m 1.
pcrc prludhjhchks
6.18

P (  ) ]
∟3   D 96
ϛ ' = tcd ' 
… ( 3?.3: )
ρ  l
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
 p c
 

Qlnuajñd7

b =1.6 m
 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 1.6 =8:.:26 ?
m

b =8.; m
 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 8.;=58.:56 ?
m

b =9.6 m

 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 9.6 =::.:96 ?
m

b= 5.; m

 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 9.6 + 32.;; Õ 3.;=3?5.52; ?
m

b=:.66
b=:.66 m

 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 9.6 + 32.;; Õ 1.6=3;;.936 ?
m

b =36.; m

 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 9.6 + 32.;; Õ 8.; =321.81; ?
m

b =3?.6 m

 `D 
ρ ' l=39.99 Õ 9.6 + 32.;; Õ 9.6=?33.?96 ?
m
 

Hchc nc kxprksjñd hk nc kaucajñd (3?.3:), tkdhrkmls7 Vc=363.1? `D/m?

Vcrc b = 1.6 m, D = 5, y ρ'l = 8:.:26 `D/m?

P ]
6.18
∟3   5
ϛ ' = tcd =? ¶ 12 '  88.2?
  88.2?
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
  8:.:26
363.1?6 ( )
Vcrc b = 8.; m, D = :, y ρ'l = 58.:56 `D/m?

P ]
6.18
∟3   :
ϛ ' = tcd =? ¶ 83 ' 33.91
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
 58.:56
363.1?6 ( )

Vcrc b = 9.6 m, D = 33, y ρ'l = ::.:96 `D/m?

6.18
'  ∟3   33
ϛ =tcd =? ¶ 8? ' 8:.9

( )
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ   ::.:96

P  ]
363.1?6

Vcrc b = 5.; m, D = 39, y ρ'l = 3?5.52; `D/m?

P ]
6.18
∟3   39
ϛ ' = tcd =? ¶ ;8 ' ;
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
3?5.52;
363.1?6 ( )
Vcrc b = :.6 m, D = 32, y ρ'l = 3;;.936 `D/m?
6.18

ϛ ' =tcd∟3 =1 ¶ 89 ' 38.1:

P  ]
 32
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
3;;.936
363.1?6 ( )
Vcrc b = 36.; m, D = ?6, y ρ'l = 321.81; `D/m?

P ]
6.18
∟3   ?6
ϛ ' = tcd =? ¶ ;? ' 3?.5;
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
321.81;
363.1?6 ( )
Vcrc b = 3?.6 m, D = ??, y ρ'l = ?33.?96 `D/m?
6.18

P ]
∟3   ??
ϛ ' = tcd =? ¶ ;3 ' 11
3?.? + ?6.1 Õ
?33.?96
363.1?6 ( )
 

Bcajkdhl ud auchrl hk rksumkd7

V_LI[DHJHC ɡsuknl Di  ρ'l (`D/m?)   ϛ  (erchls)
H (m) (`D/m1)
1.6 39.99 5 8:.:26   ? ¶ 12 '  88.2?
 88.2?

8
9..;
6 3
39
9..9
999 3:3 5:8
:..:
:596
6    ??¶¶83
8?' ' 33.91
 8:.9
 8:.9
5.; 32.;; 39 3?5.52;   ? ¶ ;8 ' ;
:.6 32.;; 32 3;;.936   1 ¶ 89 ' 38.1:
36.; 32.;; ?6 321.81;   ? ¶ ;? ' 3?.5;
3?.6 32.;; ?? ?33.?96   ? ¶ ;3 ' 11

ϛprlm =? ¶ 12 ' 88.2?
88.2?+ ?¶83'33.91+ ? ¶ 8? ' 8:.9 +?¶;8';
+ ?¶83'33.91 +?¶;8'; + 1 ¶ 89 ' 38.1:
38.1:+ ?¶;?'3?.5; + ? ¶ ;3 ' 11} lvkr {5
+ ?¶;?'3?.5;

ϛprlm =? ¶ ;; ' 3;.22

3?.2. Kd nc sjeujkdtk tconc sk hcd nls hktcnnks pcrc ud hkpñsjtl hk suknl kd crkdc.

V_LI[DHJHCH (m) V_KQJÑD KIKAXJYC HK D×MK_L HK VKDKX_CAJÑD

QLO_KAC_EC (`D/m?) KQXÃDHC_ KD ACMVL, D96
1.6 ;;.3 :
8.; 2?.5 33
9.6 :5.1 3?

Kn hkpñsjtl hk crkdc kdk ud prlmkhjl hk 32% hk idls. [sk ncs kaucajldks (3?.39) y
(3?.35) y nc ksmcajñd hk nc hkdsjhch rkncvc mkhjc hk crkdc kdtrk ncs prludhjhchks
hk 1m y 9m.
Qlnuajñd7
Vcrc nc hkdsjhch rkncvc7

P ]
 D 3 )96 ≨ ?; … ( 3?.39 c )
 H r ( % )=3.;; Õ ( D 3 )96 + 86  pcrc 6 ≨ ( D 

 Hr ( % )=6.28 Õ ( D  P

 D 3 )96 + ;2.2  pcrc ]
 D 3 )96 ≨ ;6 … ( 3?.39 o )
 pcrc ?; ≨ ( D 

Nc crkdc kdk ud prlmkhjl hk 32% hk idls, ks hkajr kn (D 3)96, sk plhrã mlhjiacrsk ald
nc sjeujkdtk kaucajñd7
 

(  )
6.;
 :2
(  D 
D 3 )96=( D 
 D 96+ 3?.: ) Õ
ρ ' l
… ( 3?.35 )

Vcrc D96 = :, ρ'l = ;;.3 `D/m?7

6.;
 D 3 )96= ( : + 3?.: ) Õ
( ) =?:.?65
( D    :2
;;.3

Vcrc D96 = 33, ρ'l = 2?.5 `D/m?7

( )=
6.;
  :2
 D 3 )96= (33 + 3?.: ) Õ
( D  2?.5
?9.635

Vcrc D96 = 3?, ρ'l = :5.1 `D/m?7

( )
6.;

( D 3 )96= (3? + 3?.: ) Õ   :2

:5.1
=?8.:2:

Vcrc (D3)96 = ?:.?65 sk unjzcrã nc kaucajñd 3?.39o7

 Hr ( % )=6.28 Õ ?:.?65 + ;2.2 =21.118

Vcrc (D3)96 = ?9.635 sk unjzcrã nc kaucajñd 3?.39o7

 Hr ( % )=6.28 Õ ?9.635 + ;2.2 =26.9;8

Vcrc (D3)96 = ?8.:2: sk unjzcrã nc kaucajñd 3?.39c7

 Hr ( % )=3.;; Õ ?8.:2: + 86=52.511

Bcajkdhl ud auchrl hk rksumkd7

V_LI[DHJHC ρ'l (`D/m?) D96 (D3)96 Hr
H (m)
1.6 ;;.3 : ?:.?65 21.118
8.; 2?.5 33 ?9.635 26.9;8
9.6 :5.1 3? ?8.:2: 52.511

21.118 + 26.9;8 + 52.511

 Hr mkhjc=   = 26.:65
1

3?.:
3?.:.. Kd nc ac
acpc
pc hk cr
craj
ajnn
nncc sk nn
nnkv
kvcr
crld
ld c acol
acol pr
pruk
ukoc
ocss hk vk
vknk
nktc
tc hk al
alrt
rtkk (v
(vkn
knkt
ktcc
rkatcdeuncr). Ncs hj3mkdsjldks hk pcnktcs ukrld 91.; mmm(h) x 3?5 mm(b). pcrc nc
 

prukoc kd C, kn tlrquk rkqukrjhl pcrc acuscr nc cnnc uk hk ?6 D.m . Ksmk nc albksjñd
dl hrkdchc hk nc crajnnc, kn njmjtk njqujhl uk hk ;6 y kn njmjtk pnãsal hk 32. Ksmk nc
albksjñd dl hrkdchc hk nc crajnnc pcrc unjzcrnc kd kn hjskól mkhjcdtk kn usl hk achc
kaucajñd7
c. _k
_knc
ncaj
ajñd
ñd ΰ hk
hk Ogk
Ogkrr
rrum
um
o. _kncaj
_kncajñd
ñd kdtrk
kdtrk ΰ k JV
JV hk Mlrr
Mlrrjs
js y Ujnnj
Ujnnjcms
cms
a. _kncaj
_kncajñd
ñd kdtr
kdtrkk ΰ y NN
NN hk Mlrr
Mlrrjs
js y Ujnn
Ujnnjcm
jcmss

Crkdc skac
3.; m 1
ɡ =35 `D / m
Crkdc
3.; m 1
ɡ sct =32.; `D / m

3.; m

3.; m 9

C Crajnnc
3.; m 8
1
ɡ sct =39.: `D / m
1

3.; m
;

QLN[AJLD
HCXLQ7

h=91.; mm ψ =?6 D .m
. m  , b=3?5 mm NN=;6 NV=32

C. Nc rknca
rkncajñd
jñd hk
hk Ogkrru
Ogkrrum
m ks nc sjeuj
sjeujkdt
kdtk7
k7
 

( ) (  ) ( )
?
∕ h ∕b ∕ 3 +   h
 X    φ 
A u=  0 ` = 9
 @  36 ? 1b

_KKMVNCWCDHL YCNL_KQ7

( )(   )( )
?
  φ  9.1; ∕3?.5   9.1;
` = ∕ ∕ 3 +
36
9
? 1∕3?.5
∟1 1
  ` =6.:12∕36 am
  ?6
A u= ∟1
 0
6.:12∕36
?
A u=?3.1?3 `D / m

   A u( hjskól) = ΰ A u

 ΰ ( plr Ogkrru
Ogkrrum
m)
 VJ=NN-NV=;6-32
  VJ=?
 ΰ=3.5 -6.;8 nle(?)
  ΰ=3.1?9

_kkmpnczcdhl kd nc kaucajñd7

A u( hjskól) =3.1?9∕?3.1?3

?
A u( hjskól) =?2.?5? `D / m
?
O.   A  =?3.1?3 `D / m
u

A u( hjskól)= ΰ A u 0 VJ=?

Nc kxprksjñd ske÷d Mlrrjs y Ujnnjcms aldsjhkrcdhl JV ks nc sjeujkdtk 7

∟6.62 ( VJ 
 VJ  ) )
 ΰ =3.32∕ k + 6.;5
∟6.62 ( ?)
 ΰ =3.32∕ k + 6.;5
 ΰ =¼3.;59
A u( hjskól )= ΰ A u

A u( hjskól )=3.;59∕?3.1?3

 

A u( hjskól) =¼11.;:?`D   // m?

A. Nc kxprksjñd ske÷d Mlrrjs y Ujnnjcms aldsjhkrcdhl NN ks nc sjeujkdtk7

_KQJXKDAJC HK V[DXC
V_LI[DHJHCH (m)
HKN ALDL, qa(MD/m?)
3.; ?.6;

1 8.?1
8.; 9.63
9 2.32
5.; :.:5
: 3?.8?

∟6.62 ( ¼ )
 ΰ =3.32∕k + 6.;5
∟ 6.62 ( ;6 )
 ΰ =3.32∕k + 6.;5
 ΰ =¼6.;:?

A u( hjskól )= ΰ A u

hjskól

A u( hjskól )= 6.;:?∕?3.1?3

A u( hjskól) =¼3?.9??`D / m?

3?.36. kd ud hkpñsjtl hk crkdc skac dlrmcnmkdtk aldslnjhchc, sk nnkvñ c

acol udc prukoc hk pkdktrcajñd hk aldl. Nc tconc mukstrc nls rksuntchls7

Qupldec quk kn pksl kn pksl kspkaíial kd skal hk nc crkdc ks 3;.; @D/m1.

 

c. Acna
Acnaunk
unk kn cd
cdeunl
eunl pj
pjal
al kd rja
rjaajld
ajld pr
prlmkh
lmkhjl
jl ɲf, hk nc cr
crkdc.
kdc. [
[njak
njak nc ka
kaucaj
ucajñd
ñd
(3?.12)7
o. Ksjmk nc hk
hkdsjh
dsjhch
ch rknc
rkncvc
vc mkhjc hk nc crk
crkdc.
dc. [n
[nzk
zk nc kaucaj
kaucajñd
ñd (3?.15
(3?.15o)
o) y Sa=3.

QLN[AJLD7

ɲ =tcd
∟3
( 6.3+ 6.12nle ( ))
 q a
ρ  6

1 ? ?
Vcrc b= 3.;, q a =?.6;∕36 `D / m , ρ   6=3.;∕3;.;=?1.?;6 `D / m

(  ))
1
∟3 ?.6;∕36
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle
?1.?;6

ɲ =¼86.668˗=86˗6ˇ3;”

1 ? ?
Vcrc b= 1.6, q a =8.?1∕36 `D / m , ρ   6=1∕3;.;= 8;.8;6 `D / m

(   ))
1 ?
∟3 8.?1∕36 `D / m
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle
8;.8;6

ɲ =¼86.16?˗=86˗32ˇ36”
1 ? ?
Vcrc b= 8.;, q a =9.63∕36 `D / m , ρ   6= 8.;∕3;.; =9:.5;6 `D / m
1 ?
∟3 9.63∕36 `D / m
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle )

(  )
9:.5;6
ɲ =¼1:.259˗=1:˗;?ˇ1;”
1 ? ?
Vcrc b= 9.6, q a =2.32∕36 `D / m , ρ   6=9∕3;.;= :1.666 `D / m

(   ))
1 ?
∟3 2.32∕36 `D / m
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle
:1

ɲ = ¼1:.::3˗=1:˗;:ˇ?5”
1 ? ?
Vcrc b= 5.;, q a =:.:5∕36 `D / m , ρ   6=5.;∕3;.;=339.?;6 `D / m
1 ?
∟3 :.:5∕36 `D / m

(  )
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle 339.?;6 )
 

ɲ =¼1:.2;6˗=1:˗;3ˇ3”
1 ? ?
Vcrc b= :.6, q a =3?.8?∕36 `D   // m , ρ   6=:∕3;.;=31:.; `D   // m

(   ))
1 ?
∟3 3?.8?∕36 `D / m
ɲ =tcd ( 6.3+ 6.12nle
31:.;

ɲ =¼86.6;2˗=86˗1ˇ?:”
BCAJKDHL [DC XCONC HK _KQ[MKD7

?
V_LI[DHJHCH (m) qa(@D/m?)   ρ   6 ( `D / m ) ɲ(E_CHLQ)
1
3.;   ?.6;∕36   ?1.?; 86˗6ˇ3;”
1
1.6   8.?1∕36   ;8.?; 86˗32ˇ36”
1
8.;   9.63∕36   9:.5; 1:˗;?ˇ1;”
1
9.6   2.32∕36   :1.66 1:˗;:ˇ?5”
1
5.;   :.:5∕36   339.?; 1:˗;3ˇ3”
1
:.6   3?.8?∕36   31:.; 86˗1ˇ?:”

86 ˗ 6 ˇ 3; ”+ 86 ˗ 32 ˇ 36 ” + 1: ˗ ;? ˇ 1; ” + 1: ˗ ;: ˇ ?5 ” + 1: ˗ ;3 ˇ 3 ”+ 86 ˗ 1 ˇ ?: ”

ɲ prlmkhjl=
9

ɲ prlmkhjl=1: ˗ ;3 6

O. ske÷d kn ercial nls pudtls hk ksmcajñd sld nls sjeujkdtks7

V_LI[DHJHCH (m) Ar
3.;
1 8;%
8.; ;6%
9 ;1%
5.; ;;%
: ;1%
 

8; + ;6 + ;1 + ;; + ;1
A r ( prlmkhjl)=
;

A r ( prlmkhjl)=;3.?6%

3?.33. aldsuntk kn pkrin hkn suknl quk sk mukstrc kd nc ieurc

i eurc . supldec quk nc
rksjstkdajc c nc pkdktrcajñd hk aldl qa, kd C, ske÷d nl hktkrmjdch
hktkrmjdchl l plr ud pkdktrl
mktrl hk aldl knêatrjal, kdk rjaajñd hk 6.2 MD/m?.
c. hktkrmjdk nc albksjñd dl hrkdchc Au
o. kdaukdtrk nc rkncajñd hk slork aldslnjhcajñd LA_.

Crkdc skac
?.66 m
1
ɡ =32 `D / m

8.66m Crajnnc
1
ɡ sct =?6 `D / m

QLN[AJLD 7
?
c.   q a =6.2 MD / m = 266 `D / m?
 D ` =3; ( aldlknkatrjal )

qa + ρ 6
A u=
 D  @ 
 @ 

ρ 6=?∕32 + 8∕?6 =¼339 `D / m?

_KKMVNCWCDHL YCNL_KQ KD Au7

 

266∟ 339
A u=   =8;.9 `D / m ?
3;

o. Hk nc
nc kau
kauca
cajjñd
ñd77
LA_ =6.15∕¼

ρ   6=?∕32 + 8∕( ?6 ∟:.23 )=59.59 `D / m

?

_KKMVNCWCDHL KD NC KA[CAJLD

LA_ =6.15∕¼

LA_ =1.866

3?.3? Aldsjhkrk udc prukoc hk prksurímktrl kd udc crajnnc scturchc oncdhc.

Mkhjhc hkn vlnumkd hk nc aknhc, Yl =;1; am1

pl = 8?.8 `D/m? vl = 89 am1
p = 1?9.; `D/m? v = 326 am1
Qupldjkdhl quk nc rkncajñd hk Vljssld,  ξs , ks 6.; y kd rkkrkdajc c nc i eurc 3?.39,
acnaunk kn mñhunl hkn prksurímktrl, Kp.
 

Ijeurc7 (c) Vrksurjmktrl0 (o) ercac hk prksjñd vs vlnumkd tltcn hk nc acvjhch

QLN[AJÑD7
kn mlhunl hkn prksurjmktrl, Kp, hkn suknl sk hktkrmjdc uscdhl nc tklríc hk nc kxpcdsjñd
hk ud ajnjdhrl jddjtcmkdtk eruksl. Qk kdk kdtldaks7

∉p v +v
 K p =? ( 3 + ξ )( Y 6+ v m )(  ) 0 hldhk v m= 6 i 
∉v ?

∉ p = pi  ∟ pl  0 ∉ v = vi ∟ vl 0  ξ 7 rk

rkncaj
ncajld pljssld ( sk supld
ld hk pljssld supldkk jeucnn c 6.11 )
jeuc

v 6 + v i  89 + 6.;?
v m=  =   = ?1.?9 a m 1
? ?
?
∉ p = pi   ∟
∟ pl=1?9.; ∟8?.8 =?28.3 `D   // m
 ∉ v = vi ∟ vl =6.;?∟ 89= 8;.82 a m 1

?28.3
  K p = ? ( 3 + 6.; )( ;1; + ?1.?9 )( )
8;.82
?
 K p =36893.2; `D / m

3?.31 Kd ud hkpñsjtl hk crajnnc sk nnkvñ c acol udc prukoc hk hjnctñmktrl. Kn djvkn

rkãal sk kdaukdtrc c udc prludhjhch hk 1 m. C udc prludhjhch hk 2 m, nc prksjñd
hk aldtcatl, pl, uk hk ?26 `D/m? y kn ksukrzl hk kxpcdsjñd, p3, uk hk 1;6 `D/m?.
c. Hktkrmjdk kn alkiajkdtk hk prksjñd hk krrc kd rkplsl, @l.
o. Kdaukdtrk nc tcsc hk slork aldslnjhcajñd, LA_.
a. ¼Auãn ks kn mñhunl hk kncsajhch, Ks<
Qupldec ρ ¸ l  c udc prludhjhch hk 2 m kd :; `D/m? y  ξs =¼6.1;.

QLN[AJÑD7
c) Hk nc kauc
kaucajñd
ajñd 22.1?
.1? sk kdk
kdk77

6.85
 @  H
 @ l = ∟ 6.9

( )
3.;
 

@l=alkajkdtk hk nc prksjñd hk nc krrc kd rkplsl

 p 6∟ ξ 6
 @  H=
ρ' l
   ξ6= prksjñd hk plrl hkn ceuc
   ρ '  l =ksiukrzl vkrtjacn kikatjvc
kikatjvc ∂ sjtu
 `D  '  ?
 ξ6= ; α w =; x :.23= 8:.6; ?  , ρ  l =:; `D / m
m

?26 ∟8:.6;
(  )
6.85
?.81
 @  H=  = ?.81   @ l = ∟6.9    @ l =6.9;;
:; 3.;

o) Hk nc rk
rkncaj
ncajñd
ñd 2.11 ttkdk
kdkmls7
mls7

LA_ =( 6.; @   HH )3.9 ↟LA_ =( 6.; x ?.81 )3.9=3.199

a) Hk nc ka
kaucaj
ucajñd
ñd 2.1; sskk kd
kdkk nl sjeu
sjeujkdtk
jkdtk77

?
 K =(3 ∟ ξ ) K H

   K H= mlhunl
mlhunlhkn
hkn hjnctñmktrl
hjnctñmktrl
 K H= 18.5 ( p 3∟ pl ) ↟ K H =18.5 ( 1;∟?26 ) ↟ K H=?8?:

 K H= ( 3∟6.1; ) ?8?: ↟ K =?313.8; `D / m

? ?

3?.38. nc vknlajhch hk nc ldhc V kd udsuknl ks 3:66m/s. supldjkdhl quk nc rkncajñd hk

Vljssld ks 6.1?, acnaunk kn mlhunl hk kncsajhch hkn suknl. Qupldec quk kn pksl
kspkajial ks 32 @D/m1.
Kaucajld7

∗
  K
∕(3∟u )

v=
e()
ɡ 

( 3∟? u )( 3+ u )

Hldhk
 

K= mñhunl hk kncsajhch hkn mkhjl

ɡ= pksl kspkaíal hkn mkhjl
e= caknkrcajñd hkojhl c nc
n c ercvkhch
u= rkncajñd hk Vlnjsñd

QLN[AJÑD 7

∗
  K
∕(3∟u )

v=
e()
ɡ 

( 3∟? u )( 3+ u )
HCXLQ 7

Y=3:66 m/s
ɡ=32 @D/m1
u= 6.1?
e= :.23 m/s?
K=<

_KKMVNCWCDHL KD NC KA[CAJLD 7

∗
  K
∕( 3∟6.1? )

3:66=
( )
  32
:.23
(3 ∟?∕6.1? )( 3 + 6.1? )
 K=89?2:6.882 @D/m?

3?.3;. Kd nc tconc sjeujkdtk sk hcd nls rksuntchls hk ud kstuhjl hk rkrcaajñd (ieurc

3?.??) kd ud sjl. Hktkrmjdk kn kspkslr y nc vknlajhch hk nc ldhc V hk nls mctkrjcnks
kdaldtrchls.
kmpl hk nc
hjstcdajc c pcrr
prjmkrc nnkechc
hk nc ukdtk hk
hk ncs ldhcs
pkrturocajld (m)
V(s*36T1
?.; ;.2
;.6 36.?
5.; 3;.?
36.6 35.6
3;.6 ?6.6
?6.6 ?8.?

?;.6 ?5.3
16.6 ?2.6
 

86.6 13.3
;6.6 11.:
QLN[AJLD7

Kd nc ieurc 3?.??7

∟1
  tjkmpl ?1∕36
Vkdhjkdtk hkn skemkdtl l c= =
hjstcdajc ;.?;
1
?1∕36  m
v3 =   =??2.?962 ( kstrctl supkrjlr
supkrjlr )
;.?; s
∟1
 3 33∕36
Vkdhjkdtk hkn skemkdtl co = =
v? 31.;

1
33∕36  m
v ?=   =238.23; ( kstrctljdtkrmkhjl )
31.; s
∟1
 3 1.;∕36
Vkdhjkdtk hkn skemkdtl oa = =
v1 38.5;

v1 =8?38  m  ( kstrctl jdtkrmkhjl

jdtkrmkhjl )
s
 

Almpcrcdhl ald kstk auchrl nls vcnlrks lotkdjhls7

Almpcrcdhl ncs vknlajhchks lotkdjhcs

lotkdjhcs cquí ald ald ncs hchcs kd nc tconc ?.36, sk
loskrvc quk kn tkrakr kstrctl ks rlac.
KQVKQL_
Hk nc ieurc ?.8;,  x a =36.; m, plr nl quk

∗
3 v ∟v
 z 3= ∕ ? 3 ∕ x a
? v ?∟v 3

Kdtldaks 7

3 238.23; ∟??2.?93
 z = ∕ ∕36.;=;.?;6 m
3
? 238.23; ∟??2.?93
∗
Hk dukvl hk nc kaucajñd7

( ?∕ z 3∕∗ v 1 ∟v 3
)
? ?

X ∟ ∕v 1∕v ?
3 v 1∕v 3
 z a =
? ∗ v 1 ∟v ?
? ?

Kn vcnlr hk t hk nc ieurc ?.8;) ks 9;*36T1 skeudhls, plr aldsjeujkdtk 7

 

(   )
?∕( 1.:8 )∕ ∗ ( 8?38 ) ∟ ??2.?93
? ?
∟1
9;∕36 ∟ ∕( 8?38 )∕(238.23; )
3 8?38∕??2.?93
 z a =
? ∗ 8?38 ?
8?38 ∟238.23;
?

3
 z = ? ∕( 6.69;∟6.618; )∕216.85 =3?.959 m
a

Kn kstrctl hk rlac sk kdaukdtrc c udc prludhjhch hk  z 3+ z? =;.?;6+ 3?.959 m mkhjc

hkshk nc supkriajk.
s upkriajk.