1. Who you were with? 47. Why are you staring at me?

2. What’s your father’s occupation/job/ profession? Or 48. My shoes are too tight. Those are pinching my feet.
What does your father do? 49. Time is over. Or Time is up.
3. Where are you going? 50. The car’s alarm has gone off.
4. Who goes shopping?1 51. Why are you doing the dishes?
5. Who is looking at you? 52. Who are walking in the park?
6. His father was in the U.S. last week. 53. What are you thinking about?
7. How old were you last year? 54. My mom is watching a movie.
8. Were you here last night? 55. Where are you?
9. Where were you last week? 56. Why are you looking at that boy?
10. I don’t know you. 57. Be home by 8:00.
11. God knows men. 58. Follow/Go after your father.
12. How was the party? Or How does the party go? 59. Take a taxi home.
13. Who was in the meeting yesterday? 60. That’s a long way. Drive there.
14. Were you home alone yesterday? 61. When are you free? Or What days are you free?
15. Are you going? 62. He/She is always early.
16. Who is licking ice cream? 63. We’re listening to our favorite music.
17. Such a nice city.2 64. My brother is in the car. He’s waiting for us.
18. Such a nice smell. 65. Why are you turning left?
19. My father never tells a lie. 66. Don’t stay up late. You’re sleepy. You’re yawning in
20. My siblings are dancing. class.
21. When do they get married? 67. Smoking isn’t good for your health.
22. Where and when were you born? 68. Who’s helping your mother?
23. Was your family home on Friday? 69. Who’s shouting in the street?
24. I wasn’t alone. My mom was with me. 70. I’m healthy.
25. There are too many cars in city. 71. Is pizza healthy food?
26. Don’t have/eat high-calorie food. It’s not healthy. 72. Children are telling lies to their mother. Their ball
27. Coffee doesn’t agree with me. (I can’t stomach sth.) isn’t in yard.
28. What ice cream flavor do you like? 73. Why are you walking fast?
29. Is red your favorite color? 74. How is your family?
30. My mom is talking on the phone. Or My mom is on 75. How old4 is your father?
the phone. 76. What’s your first language/ mother tongue/ native
31. What is your favorite meal? tongue?
32. What’s your sister’s name? 77. Who are you in love with?
33. Where does he/she work? 78. Time is money. Don’t waste it.
34. How much money does he make/earn? Or How 79. What are those two boys doing in class?
much is his salary3? 80. I study English (as a routine action that you do). Or
35. Does he/she have any children? I’m studying English (the action that you are doing
36. I can’t understand you. now.)
37. How much money do you have on you? Or How 81. Who’s calling you?
much cash do you have with you? 82. Let’s go.
38. Was your father a doctor? 83. Let’s go shopping.
39. What do you weigh? Or How much do you weigh? 84. Brush your teeth every day5.
40. Where are you going tonight? 85. Don’t laugh aloud/ loudly/ out loud.
41. Where were you at 8:00? 86. Smile when you are talking.
42. How was your day? 87. Hug him/her.
43. How is your father? 88. Don’t kiss her/him.
44. Say hello to your family (from me). 89. Don’t touch me.
45. Does your car/bicycle have a flat/punctured tire? 90. Please speak English in class.
46. When does she/he go to bed? 91. Ask a question/ some questions.

1 Subject question 4
Different answers for age
2 Such + adjective + noun. 5
Every day is an adverb and everyday is an adjective.
3 Salary= wage, pay
1
92. Answer/ respond my questions. 136. Why is he/she late?
93. I’m late. Hurry up/ shake a leg. Class holds at 9:00. 137. My father is always on time/ punctuated.
It’s five to nine. 138. How does your back pack cost? Or How much is your
94. Who’s cleaning one’s bedroom? back pack.
95. What are you cooking? 139. Whose sunglasses are?
96. What’s for lunch? 140. What color are your teacher’s shoes?
97. Where are your parents? 141. Why are you here?
98. Who does study English in your family? 142. Who is at work?
99. Which one is Sara? Or Who is Sara? 143. My friend is the one dancing with Ali.
100. Why are you late? 144. What day was yesterday?
101. Where do you study? 145. Who came your home last week?
102. What’s your brother’s name? 146. Why do you work all the time?
103. How old is your net-door neighbor? 147. How do you spend your money?
104. They’re looking at each other. 148. Why did you become a psychologist?
105. My friend is swimming in pool. 149. How was your vacation?
106. Children are playing basketball in park. 150. Did you get home on time?
107. There’s a big flat screen TV in our class. 151. How many classes did you take last year?
108. There are two boys and three girls in class. 152. How old were you when you got married?
109. Why are you looking at me? 153. Why do you love him/her?
110. The weather is getting hot. 154. Look at them. They’re shaking hands.
111. Everybody is happy. They’re dancing. 155. Life is really hard. I got tired.
112. My father is sitting on the sofa and smoking. 156. Are you happy? Or Do you feel happy?
113. There’s a small park across from/ opposite my 157. Were you thirsty after lunch?
apartment. 158. Why didn’t you call me after your class?
114. She is stuck in a traffic jam. 159. Don’t forget to kiss your mom before leaving.
115. We’re waiting. 160. She’s getting married with/ to him. They have a lot
116. What’s the date today? Or What’ s today’s date? Or in common.
What date is today? 161. What’s your marital status? Married/ Single/
117. It’s 6:00. It’s getting dark. Divorced.
118. Why are you telling a lie to your teacher? 162. Did you fall in love last year?
119. Students are answering the questions fast. It’s 163. I never trust anybody.
cakewalk / it’s piece of cake. 164. When do we arrive2 in/ get to Shiraz?
120. Are you in love (with someone)? 165. When do we leave Tehran?
121. He’s in love with the one with1 blue eyes. 166. How much is the one-way ticket from Isfahan to
122. My parents aren’t sure. They’re whispering. Tehran?
123. Is your father a nurse? 167. How much is the round-trip ticket from Isfahan to
124. What grade is your son in? he’s in second grade. Tehran?
125. What is your English teacher’s nationality? 168. Where should I get off3?
126. What’s your second language? 169. Which bus goes to the city center/ down town?
127. What do you study? 170. As you wish.
128. What does your teacher come from? Or What is your 171. Hey you! Never give up! Ok?
teacher from? 172. Let’s go.
129. What’s the official language of the U.S.? 173. Don’t threaten me.
130. What color does your mother like? 174. Could I please take some photos of this museum? Or
131. Where is your home? Can I please take some photos of this museum?
132. What’s your sister’s occupation? 175. Does this shirt fit4 me?
133. How old is your friend? 176. Do you have this shirt in blue? Or Does this shirt have
134. Where are your friends? a blue one?
135. How is in the school? 177. Don’t forget to buy a gift for me.

1 3
1) Subject + to be + the one(s) + preposition. And 2) Subject + to Get out opposite of Get in(to) a car.
be + the one(s) + verb with ing + other words. 4
Fit used for size and Suit used for when a clothe make you
2
1) Arrive in a large area like country, city. And 2) Arrive at small attractive.
place like school, house.
2
178. I owe you an apology for my mistake.
179. Why are you staring at me?
180. Let me know/ Inform me when class starts.
181. Whistle for it.
182. It’s none of your business. It’s my private life.
183. I’m watching my weigh.
184. I’m starving.
185. Jack and I have nothing in common.
186. He works from dawn to dusk.
187. How many clothes are you wearing?
188. Open the window. It’s stuffy here/ it has gotten
stuffy here.
189. When he comes, when it rains, it pours.
190. His/her eyes filled with tears.
191. They went to see their son to the airport.
192. I went for a walk to take my mind off.
193. I decided to skip the evening class.
194. Don’t be a wet blanket.
195. Don’t throw it away. It might be useful.
196. I didn’t want to break that. It was an accident.
197. I bumped into a chair in dark.
198. There’s no elevator for getting success. You have to
take stairs.

3
Conditional clause
Clause: a) dependent, subordinate clause b) independent,
sentence.
0. Zero conditional: (present real conditional)/ Fact,
the zero conditional is used to make statements about
the real world, and often refers to general truths, such
as scientific facts. In these sentences, the time is now
or always and the situation is real and possible. The
zero conditional is also often used to give instructions,
using the imperative in the main clause.
Pattern: If simple present, simple present.
Exp. If it rains heavily, they cancel the flight.
Exp. If you heat ice, it melts.
Exp. If you want to come, call me before 5:00.
Exp. If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
1. First conditional: (future real conditional)/ future
fact, the first conditional is used to refer to the present
or future where the situation is real. The first
conditional refers to a possible condition and its
probable result.
Pattern: If simple present, modals (will, won’t, may,
might, can, could, going to).
Inversion: Should + subject + simple present, modals.
Exp. If you study hard, you will get a good score.
Inv. Should you study hard, you will get a good score.
Exp. If you leave your money in the bank, you won’t
earn any interests and it may lose value over time.
Exp. If I invest my money in the bank, I might lose it all.
Exp. If you travel at rush hour, the trains can be very
crowded.
2. Second conditional: (present unreal conditional)/
Wish, hypothetical situation, imagination, the second
conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any
time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences
are not based on fact. The second conditional is used
to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable
result.
►With the verb be we can use “were” with I/ he/ she/
it.
Pattern: If simple past, modals (wouldn’t, might,
could).
Inversion: Were + subject + to do, modals.
Exp. If I found a wallet, I would keep it for myself.
Inv. Were I to find a wallet, I would keep it for myself.
Exp. If I went on a trip, I wouldn’t have any money left
over.
Exp. That’s what I would do if I were you.
Exp. If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so
tired.
4
3. Third conditional: (past unreal condition)/ Regret,
Remorse, the third conditional is used to refer to a
time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary
to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite
of what is expressed. The third conditional is used to
refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past
result.
Pattern: If past perfect, perfect modals (would, could,
might).
Inversion: Had + subject + p.p., perfect modals.
Exp. If I had listened to my parents, I would have
immigrated to the U.S.
Inv. Had I listened to my parents, I would have
immigrated to the U.S.
Exp. Had I known the juicer would sit around collecting
dust, I wouldn’t have bought it.
Exp. Had I known this shirt would shrink after first
wash, I wouldn’t have bought it.
Exp. Had I known this TV would take up so much room,
I would have bought a smaller one.
Exp. Had I known the Peugeot would cost so much to
maintain, I would have bought a cheaper one.
Exp. Had I known this table would have too many
components, I would have salesperson assemble it.
4. Mixed conditional: The mixed type conditional is
used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a
situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts
they are based on are the opposite of what is
expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer
to an unreal past condition and its probable result in
the present.
Pattern: If simple past or past perfect, present or
perfect modals (would, could, might).
Inversion: Were + subject + to do or Had + subject +
p.p., present or perfect modals (would, could, might).
Exp. If I had studied more, I would have accepted in
college.
Inv. Had I not spent money on this juicer, I would afford
for a blender now.
Exp. If I had boosted my resume, I would work in this
company now.
Exp. If I had listened to my parents, I wouldn’t be a
teacher. Or I wouldn’t be teaching.
Exp. If we had looked at the map, we wouldn’t be lost
in jungle.
Exp. If you weren’t afraid of spider, you would have
picked it and put it outside.
Used to/ be or get used to/ be or get Be or get used to/ be or get accustomed to
accustomed Use be used to + gerund to talk about a new situation that
is now familiar or less strange.
We use ‘used to’ and ‘didn’t use to’ + base form to talk
Use get used to + gerund to talk about a new situation that
about past habits or repeated actions or situations/ states
is becoming familiar or less strange.
that have changed.
►The difference between be used to and get used to is
►‘used to’ doesn't exist in the present tense. For present
exactly the same as the difference between be and get +
habits, use usually + the simple, present, e . g I usually walk
adjective.
to work.
►We can also use be or get accustomed to + gerund
►We can also use ‘would’ instead of ‘used to’ before
instead of be or get used to + gerund, but these are more
action verbs (e.g., be, have, know, like, etc.), but this is
formal than ‘be or get used to’.
more formal than ‘used to’. ‘Used to’ is appropriate for
action and non-action (stative) verbs. Exp. The first time we visited China; we couldn’t get used
to eating with chopsticks.
►Action and non-action (stative) verbs: Action verbs refer
Exp. Have you gotten used to live in the suburbs or do you
to an action. Examples are: write, work, break, kick, cook,
still miss the city?
take etc. State verbs or stative verbs refer to a state. The
Exp. I’m really sleepy. I’m not used to staying up so late. I'm
most common state verbs are be and have. They are both
usually in bed by mid night.
primary auxiliaries. The other primary auxiliary ‘do’ is an
Exp. A: I don't think I could work at night. B: It's not so bad.
action verb. Other common verbs referring to states are:
I'm used to it now.
know, believe, like, love, hate, remember, suppose,
Exp. It's taking me a long time to get used to living on my
understand, want, wish etc.
own.
There is an important difference between action verbs and
Exp. My boyfriend is Japanese, so he isn’t used to driving
state verbs. Action verbs can have both simple and
on the left.
continuous forms. State verbs, on the other hand, do not
Exp. When Luis started his first job, he couldn't get used to
normally have continuous forms. This is probably because
getting up at 6 a.m.
continuous forms are mainly used to talk about temporary
Exp. Jasmine has been a nurse all her life, so she is used to
situations. States, on the other hand, tend to be permanent
working nights.
or long lasting.
Exp. I’ve never worn glasses before, but now I’ll have to get
Exp. My father used to chain smoke. used to wearing them.
Exp. I used to be a teacher. (I’m not a teacher anymore). Exp. Reiko is an only child. She isn’t used to sharing her
Exp. There used to be a grocery store 10 years ago. things.
Exp. I used to have smaller room. Exp. Although I've lived in Brazil for years, I’ve never gotten
Exp. I didn’t use to have closet in my bedroom. used to having dinner at 9 or 10 o'clock at night.
Exp. My bedroom’s wall used to be yellow. Exp. If you want to lose weight, then you’ll have to get used
Exp. My bed used to be the other corner of room. to eating less.
Exp. When we were children we used to play soccer on the
street.
Exp. There used to be a movie theater in our town, but it
closed down three years ago.
Exp. Paul used to have very long hair when he was younger.
Exp. Did you use to wear a uniform to school?
Exp. When I had tests in college, I used to stay up all night
studying .
Exp. I didn’t recognize you! You used to have long hair,
didn't you?
Exp. Isabelle used to rent an apartment when she was in
college, but now she has a house of her own.
Exp. When we were children, we used to spend all day
playing soccer in the park.

5
Causative Exp. She had an agency book the ticket.
Exp. Our manager hired a gardener to have him take care
We use a causative verb when we want to talk about of plants.
something that someone else did for us or for another Exp. Why did you have someone do your homework?
person. It means that the subject caused the action to
happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or Get someone to do something
asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone +
The passive is used when the focus is on the thing instead to + infinitive'. Again, this means that you cause the other
of the person. When you combine them together, you are person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or
essentially saying someone caused something to be done by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do it.
(by someone). Pattern: Subject + get + person + to + infinitive.
►We usually use 'have something done' when we are
Exp. You should get John to pick it up for you.
talking about paying someone to do something for us. It's
Exp. I was gotten my mother to wake me up.
often used for services. We can also use ‘get’ instead of
Exp. He needs to get a plumber to fix water leak.
‘have’, but is less formal.
Exp. The teacher always gets a student to correct exam
Pattern: Subject + get/have something done.
papers.
→ I clean my bedroom. Exp. I got a dressmaker to sew a national costume for party.
→ I get/ have my bedroom cleaned (by servant). Exp. The government TV commercials are trying to get
→ What do you get/have cleaned by servant? people to stop smoking.
→ Who do you get/have your room cleaned by? Exp. How can parents get their children to read more?
Exp. Please get your secretary to send me the information.
Exp. Jeremy had his key stolen.
Exp. The police get the people to stand far from building.
Exp. She has her hair cut.
Exp. We couldn’t get her to sign the agreement.
Exp. Doctors say you should have your eyes tested every 6
months.
Exp. Are you going to have this socket repaired at last?
Exp. We want to have the walls painted but we can’t decide
about the color.
Exp. Our neighbor is having a new house built.
Exp. I need to go to the dentist today to have my teeth
pulled.
Exp. The children are upset because they had their toys
taken away.
Exp. He had his heart broken so he never decides to come
back.
Exp. Helen got her hair dyed pink.
Exp. I need to get my nails done.
Exp. We get food delivered if we don’t feel like going out.
Exp. He has his nose broken when he was playing volleyball.

Have someone do something

We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person
+ infinitive'. This has a very similar meaning to 'have
something done', but this time we say who did the thing -
we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for
us.
Pattern: Subject + have + person + infinitive.

Exp. My mother had me buy some fruits.

Exp. You should have mechanic repair your car.
Exp. He will have a teacher take his exams.
Exp. She had her daughter water her houseplants.
Exp. She must have her husband take care of her children.
She had an infectious disease.
Exp. Jeremy had his friend bring his dog from pet clinic.

6
Passive Other forms of passive
a) Infinitive: Some verbs whose next verb is the infinitive
Verb type: (to do) in passive structure define by this formula
a) Transitive verbs: A transitive verb is a verb that → verb + to be + p.p.
requires an object to receive the action (address, Exp. I like to be taken to park.
borrow, bring, discuss, raise, offer, pay, write, promise, Exp. I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.
and have). Exp. She is hoping to be elected president.
Exp. The speaker discussed different marketing Exp. The carpet needs to be washed.
strategies in the video. Exp. These doors should be shut at night.
b) Intransitive verbs: An intransitive verb does not take Exp. This window may be opened but that one must
an object (vote, sit, increase, laugh, originate, stay closed.
fluctuate, and trend). Exp. Alice could be given a prize for her artwork.
Exp. The students arrived at the residency in Houston.
b) -ing form: Some verbs whose next verb is the gerund
►We use passive structure when 1) the object is more (doing) in passive structure define by this formula
important than the subject or the agent is either obvious, → verb + being + p.p.
not important or unknown, 2) in formal writing to make it Exp. I enjoy being invited to a big party.
less personal, 3) for describing a process like flowchart. Exp. I considered not being disrespected at work place.
►We don’t use passive for natural process, where people Exp. He denied being married.
aren’t involved (e.g. the carbon cycle). Exp. Responsible people hate being paid for their
duties.
►Just transitive verbs can convert to passive.
c) Need + gerund: When we want to say something is
He washes Active Passive necessary to do without starting who will do it
the car. Exp. Some facilities need improving around the
Simple He washes the The car is washed. campus. (it’s important to improve some facilities).
present car. Exp. Your hair needs cutting.
Present He’s washing the The car is being Exp. The needed repairing in order to be suitable for
continuous car. washed.
young couples.
Present He has washed The car has been
Exp. They need inviting to this ceremony.
perfect the car. washed.
Simple past He washed the The car was
car. washed.
Past He was washing The car was being
continuous the car. washed.
Past perfect He had washed The car had been
the car. washed.
To be going He’s going to The car is going to
to wash the car. be washed.
Used to He used to wash The car used to
the car. be washed.
Have to He has to wash The car has to be
the car. washed.
Modals He The car
should/will/may should/will/may
wash the car. be washed.

►Is going to be p.p. can write in this form: is to be p.p.

Exp. The union is going to be run by seven executive
officers. → The union is to be run by seven executive
officers

7
Verb + verb patterns
a) Verb + to be (would like, decide, plan, want, hope,
agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, be able, be
likely, claim, deserve, fail, learn, manage, offer,
promise, refuse, seem, tend, try).
Exp. I can't afford to own a car.
Exp. We all agreed to cancel next week's meeting.
Exp. Why did you choose to study arts?
Exp. I demand to know the truth.
Exp. Tony has failed to show up at work on time
again.
Exp. I hope to see you soon.
Exp. We managed to cross the valley.
Exp. Ben offered to take me home.
Exp. He promised to change his behavior, but I knew
he wouldn't.
b) Verb + object + to do (advise, allow, encourage, force,
get (when it means persuade or make), persuade,
remind, teach, tell, warn).
Exp. My GP (general practitioner) advised me to see a
specialist.
Exp. Could you ask her to copy this letter for me?
Exp. She begged him not to leave her.
Exp. How can we encourage a baby to use the toilet
rather than his potty?
Exp. Do you expect me to believe you?
Exp. The teacher instructed the students to line up in
pairs.
Exp. I've invited Jill to come to dinner on Saturday.
Exp. I tried to persuade them to stay, but they said they
were too tired.
Exp. I reminded Andy to bring a bottle of wine and
some snacks.
Exp. The doctor told me to give up smoking.
Exp. The professor warned us to be diligent with our
weekly assignments.
c) Verb + with or without object + to do (ask, choose,
dare, expert, help, intend, need, prefer, prepare,
want).
Exp. I asked him to fix my car.
Exp. You should prepare yourself to be ready for
driving test.
Exp. Some of your teacher want to fire you.
d) Verb + object + do (let, make).
►when make is used in the passive we use the to do.
→ I was made to handle all kinds of animals including
spiders and snakes.
►help can be followed by an infinitive with or without
to. → The course helped me to understand my own
dog better.
Exp. They made me wait.
Exp. I don’t let my children stay up late.
8
e) Verb (+preposition) + doing (avoid, approve of, can’t
help, can’t stand, carry on, consider, deny, (not)mind,
enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, include, insist
on, involve, keep, mention, practice, put off,
recommend, resist, suggest, think of/about, quit).
Exp. Angela accused me of telling her secret.
Exp. Mario admitted (to) bumping my car.
Exp. The student apologized (to the professor) for
being late.
Exp. The student complained about having to write a
lot of essays.
Exp. Francesco denied bumping my car.
Exp. The wife insisted on inviting Dan and Margaret as
well.
Exp. They prohibit smoking in the museum.
Exp. Jill suggested going to the pool.
f) Verb + to do or doing (attempt, begin, bother,
continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start).
Exp. Many young people didn’t bother voting.
Exp. He didn’t bother to answer the questions.
Exp. It was so hot I couldn’t be bothered to cook.
g) Some verbs mean different when they’re followed by
to do or doing (forget, go on, need, remember, stop,
try).
h) Remember + infinitive: You remember first, then you
do something.
Exp. Remember to turn the light off.
Remember + gerund: You do something then you
remember it.
Exp. I remember meeting her at a party once.
i) Forget + infinitive: You didn't remember to do
something.
Exp. Don’t forget to turn the light off.
Forget + gerund: You did something and you won't
forget it. It is more common in the negative.
Exp. I never forget travelling across Europe.
j) Try + infinitive: make an effort to do something.
Exp. She was trying not to cry.
Try + gerund: experiment to see if something works.
Exp. Try logging off and logging on again.
k) Go + gerund: We use "go + gerund" to talk about
hobbies or activities.
Exp. It’s a secret, so don’t go telling everyone.
Relative (adjective) clause Preposition
When prepositions are used with relative clauses, they
Relative clauses give information about a noun (or noun usually come at the end of the clauses in spoken English but
phrase). They’re linked to the noun (or noun phrase) by a in formal style the preposition can be placed before the
relative pronoun. The relative pronoun can be either the relative pronouns which or whom.
subject or the object of the clause and we don’t use Exp. You may have a neighbor that you can rely on.
another pronoun in the clause to refer to the noun. Exp. I was unsuccessful in obtaining a place at any of the
a) Relative pronoun: who (people sub. Or obj.), that universities to which I applied.
(people and thing sub. Or obj.), which (things sub. Or Exp. Amy for whom we were waiting finally arrived.
obj.), whom (people obj.), whose (possession), when Exp. We went to the wedding to which immediate family
(time), where (place), why (reason), How. was invited.
b) Defining relative clause: it’s a main part of sentence
Relative clause with quantifiers
that gives information about noun to identify the
• The structure: quantifiers + of + relative pronoun.
clearly. Without these relative clauses, it’s unclear
o Whom: modifying people
which person, place or thing we’re referring to. We can
o Which: modifying objects
leave out the relative pronoun when it refers back to
o Whose: possessions
the object of the defining relative clause.
• Examples of quantifiers: all, any, both, each, enough,
Exp. Find someone who can collect your mail for you.
every, few/a few/fewer, little/ a little/less, a lot/lots,
Exp. Store away any objects that would become
many, more, several, some, a number, half, neither,
damaging missiles if it gets windy.
non, one.
Exp. Stuntman is a person who plays dangerous roles
instead of the actor. Exp. Chris has two sisters, both of whom smoke.
Exp. My brother who is married lives in Canada. Exp. Nicki has two phones, one of which is broken.
c) Non-defining relative clause: non-defining relative Exp. Tom’s a writer, all of whose books are popular.
clauses add extra, non-essential information about Exp. The teacher punished the six students, all of whom
something. These are more common in written were caught cheating on the same exam.
language than in spoken language. We separate Exp. She’s upset with her three children, each of whom
relative clause from the main clause with comma. We always makes up a different excuse to avoid sharing chores
can’t leave out the relative pronoun. at home.
Exp. Stuntman, who is brave, plays dangerous roles Exp. These two articles, both of which deal with the issue
instead of the actors. of honesty in the work place, should be required reading
Exp. My brother, who is married, lives in Canada. for everyone in company.
Exp. I have had 10 students, a few of whom passed the
Reduction relative clause exam.
a) Relative pronoun + be + p.p. → p.p. Exp. These immigrants are registering their children, many
Exp. Anyone who is trained in music would be a of whom were born in the U.S.
musician. → Anyone trained in music would be a
musician.
b) Relative pronoun + be + adjective → adjective
Exp. Someone who is enthusiastic about art would be
an artist. → Someone enthusiastic about art would be
an artist.
c) Relative pronoun + be + verb-ing → verb-ing
Exp. A person who is studying hard would get a good
score. → Someone studying hard would get a good
score.
d) Relative pronoun + do, does, doing → doing
Exp. Someone who works hard would make a lot of
money. → Someone working hard would make a lot of
money.
e) Relative pronoun + have, has, had (own) → with
Exp. A person who has a good voice would be a singer.
→ A person with a good voice would be a singer.

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Paired conjunction Inversion
The negative conjunctions require inversion in the clause.
a) Either…, or… Inversion is normally used in questions.
b) Neither inv.…, nor inv.…
Exp. I don’t like to talk with him. I don’t want to see him.
c) Whether…, or…
→ Neither do I like to talk with him nor do I want to see
d) Not only inv.…, but (also)…
him.
e) Both…, and… Exp. Not only do I want to master my English, but also I
want to write complex sentences on my exams.
1. Sentence: There’s nothing in common between two
sentences. We put the paired conjunction words at the
beginning of the sentence and comma after ending first
sentence.
Exp. Tell me the truth. I will report it to the police. → Either
tell me the truth, or I will report it to the police.

2. Parallel structure (noun, adjective, verb, adverb): When

There is sth in common at noun, adjective, verb or adverb
so we put the paired conjunction words at the place of
sentence has sth in common.
Exp. The baby is sick. The baby is hungry. → The baby is
either sick or hungry.
Exp. I don’t want fame. I don’t want wealth. → I want
neither fame, nor wealth.

►The verb follows the closest subject.

Exp. Either my parents, or my sister comes to visit me.

Exp. Either my sister, or mt parents come to visit me.
Exp. Either today
Exp. I will eat either peas or broccoli for dinner.
Exp. Call phones should be either left at home or turned off.
Exp. Either the blue shirt or the red sweater will look good
with your jeans.
Exp. He likes neither milk nor cream cake.
Exp. Neither smoking, nor drinking alcohol should be
banned from this party.
Exp. Neither the location, nor the size of this studio
apartment is convenient for me.
Exp. Neither you nor I want to go to this party today.
Exp. She has neither food nor sun light allergy.
Exp. Not only my colleagues, but also my boss is really
friendly.
Exp. He not only studies hard but also works well.
Exp. Bob has not only a car but also a motorcycle.
Exp. The company deal in both software and hardware.
Exp. I’m planning to go out with my friends. We’ll not only
go to the theater but also eat out for dinner.
Exp. He not only spit his gum but also litter some garbage
in the park.
Exp. He was not only not wearing a mask but also chewing
gum.
Exp. Mickle can both read and write.
Exp. The manager accepts neither an illiterate person nor a
person who has 2 Ph.D. as the market’s cashier.

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Conjunction
purpose Coordinating Subordinating Transition
a) Coordinating →F A N B O Y S (for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so)
Pattern: ………………., F A N B O Y S…………………… In addition
1. to add In addition Besides
b) Subordinating and
information besides Moreover
Pattern1: If……………….,…………………………………… furthermore
Pattern2: ……………….if…………………………………….
c) Transition
That is
Pattern1: ……………. However,………..…………….. 2. to clarify ----- ----- In other words
Pattern2: …………….; however,………………………. In fact
Pattern3: ……………., however,……………………….

Exp. The company provides cheap internet access. In 3. to illustrate For example
addition, it makes shareware freely available. or exemplify ----- ----- For instance
Exp. I need the money. Besides, when I agree to do sth, I information To illustrate
do it.
Exp. The rent is reasonable and, moreover, the location is
Even so
perfect.
However
Exp. The source of information is irrelevant. Furthermore, In-contrast
the information need to be confidential. Although
By contrast
Exp. Smaller cars are more efficient; in fact, they are less Even though
4. to show But Nevertheless
fuel. Though
contrast idea Yet (but) Nonetheless
While
Exp. It’s an old car, but it’s very reliable. Still
whereas
Exp. He was convicted criminal, yet many people admired Despite this
him. Despite that
Exp. The old system was fairly complicated whereas the In spite of
new one is really simple.
Because
Exp. They arrived, while we were having dinner.
Now that Therefore
Exp. Even though he’s 24 now, he’s still like a little child. 5. to express So (result) Since As a result
Exp. The stock lost 60 cent a share, in contrast to last year, cause or result For (reason) So that Consequently
it gained 21 cent. Due to the fact Accordingly
Exp. The substance may not affect humans. Nonetheless, that,
the FDA is examining it closely.
Exp. The interview had gone well and, despite (the fact) (only) if
that there had been three other candidates, the job was Even if
hers. Whether
Exp. Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he 6. to express Unless
Otherwise
condition Provided/
drank too much.
providing that
Exp. The molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream
As long as
and consequently affect the organs. So long as
Exp. Decide how much you can spend, and shop
accordingly.
Exp. She’s going to have problems finding a job even if
7. to show Similarly
she gets her A levels. ----- -----
similarity Likewise
Exp. The first letter she wrote me was less than a page
long, and her second letter was similarly brief.
Exp. The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was
excellent.

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Participle with -ing
Participle clauses enable us to say information in a more
economical way. They are formed using present participles
(going, reading, seeing, walking, etc.), past participles
(gone, read, seen, walked, etc.) or perfect participles
(having gone, having read, having seen, having walked,
etc.). We can use participle clauses when the participle and
the verb in the main clause have the same subject.
Reduction of time→ Participle (-ing)
It is also common for participle clauses, especially with -ing,
to follow conjunctions and prepositions such as before,
after, instead of, on, since, when, while and in spite of.
Exp. When I was eating dinner, I watched TV.
→ (When) eating dinner, I watched TV.
Exp. When I opened the door, I saw a strange sight.
→ (When) opening the door, I saw a strange sight.
Exp. While I was taking a shower, my sister called from N.Y.
X the subjects of two sentences aren’t similar. So we can’t
convert it to participle form.
Exp. While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.
→ Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.
Exp. After I finished my homework, I went out.
→After finishing homework, I went out.
Exp. After I had finished my homework, I went out.
→After having finished my homework, I went out.
Exp. Before he left the dance, he had said goodbye to his
G.F.
→Before leaving the dance, he had said goodbye to his G.F.
Exp. When I surf the net, I press skip ad as soon as it
appears.
→(when) Surfing the net, I press skip ad as soon as it
appears.
Exp. Before cooking, you should wash your hands.
Exp. Instead of complaining about it, they should try doing
something positive.
Exp. On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed.
Exp. While packing her things, she thought about the last
two years.
Exp. In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still
couldn’t understand how to use it.
► because + be + noun/ adjective converts to participle.
Exp. Because he was a doctor, he could manage the
problem.
→Being/As a doctor, he could manage the problem.
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Present participle clauses
Here are some common ways we use present participle
clauses. Note that present participles have a similar
meaning to active verbs.
• To give the result of an action:
The bomb exploded, destroying the building.
• To give the reason for an action:
Exp. Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a
book.
• To talk about an action that happened at the same
time as another action:
Exp. Standing in the queue, I realized I didn't have any
money.
• To add information about the subject of the main
clause:
Exp. Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars
in the city center.
Past participle clauses
Here are some common ways that we use past participle
clauses. Note that past participles normally have a passive
meaning.
• With a similar meaning to an if condition:
Used in this way, participles can make your writing more
concise. (If you use participles in this way, … )
• To give the reason for an action:
Exp. Worried by the news, she called the hospital.
• To add information about the subject of the main
clause:
Exp. Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.
Perfect participle clauses
Perfect participle clauses show that the action they
describe was finished before the action in the main clause.
Perfect participles can be structured to make an active or
passive meaning.
Exp. Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.
Exp. Having finished their training, they will be fully
qualified doctors.
Exp. Having been made redundant, she started looking for
a new job.
Transitional expressions
Similarity also, in the same way, just as … so too, likewise, similarly
Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand … on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless,
notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet
Sequence/Order first, second, third, … next, then, finally
Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now,
recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then
Example for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate
Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly
Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there
Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
Additional Support additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in
or Evidence addition, moreover, then
Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole,
thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary

13
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