have a valrney or 2pplicaaons, ranging from storm water collection to industrial basic logic of Figure above holds true;
rue; wellbeing is maximized for society as a
#Explain EIA & CPCB?(U3)=EIA:Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the
process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or
development, taking into account both positive and negative inter-related
socioeconomic, cultural, and human-health impacts.EIA can provide both
environmental and economic benefits, such as reduced project implementation
and design costs, avoided treatment/clean-up costs, and reduced impact of
laws and regulations.An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a well-
established preventive policy tool around the world it is a process that aims to
provide early and adequate information about the likely environmental
consequences of various plans and projects, as well as to propose alternatives
and mitigation measures.EIA is one of the most important preventive tools for
describing and valuing the potential effects of activities that may harm water
resources. In terms of sustainable development, EIA is primarily regarded as a
project planning tool. People request that different alternatives be compared
for each type of project and plan.*CPCB:The Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), statutory organisation, was constituted in September, 1974 under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was
entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1981.It serves as a field formation and also provides technical
services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.*Functions of the CPCB:Principal Functions
of the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974: (1)To promote gleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the
States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.(2) To advise
the Central Government on any matter concerning restoration and maintaining
the wholesomeness of aquatic resources and the prevention, control and
abatement of water pollution.(3)To plan and cause to be executed a nation-
wide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.
(4)To provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Pollution Control
Board.(5)To lay down and annul standards for the quality of water in streams
and wells.
#Explain water pollution,its effects?(U3)= water pollution is pollution that
occurs above ground in bodies of water such as oceans, streams, lakes, and
rivers. These waters become polluted as a result of contaminated rainwater
runoff that enters nearby water sources.Runoff from farm fertilisers and
homeowner lawn care, as well as salts and chemicals from city and highway
roads, is some of the leading causes of water contamination. Surface water can
also become contaminated as a result of sewage leaks and animal factory
waste. These pollutants are extremely dangerous and can even be fatal for
human consumption because they contain high levels of pathogens and
waterborne diseases. Examples of what pollutant substances can cause in
surface water include: (i)A decrease in dissolved oxygen in water, due to the
presence of organic matter and nutrients.(ii)An increase in turbidity, or a darker
color in water.(iii)Sedimentation of solid pollutants in the bottom of water
bodies.*Effects:(1)Ecosystems:Water pollution is a major global environmental
issue because it can degrade aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution is caused by a
variety of contaminants, including chemicals, pathogens, and physical changes
such as increased temperature. (2)Public health and waterborne diseases:Due
to polluted surface water use various water_borne diseases such
Gastrointestinal, cholera, diarrhea, etc. occurs. (3)Ocean acidification: Another
effect of water pollution is ocean acidification. The ongoing decrease in the pH
value of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from
the atmosphere is known as ocean acidification.
#Explain Water Act 1979?(U3)= An Act to provide for the prevention and
control of water pollution, and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness
of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes
aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for
conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating
thereto and for matters connected therewith.WHEREAS it is expedient to
provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining
or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to
carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of
water pollution and for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and
functions relating there to. AND WHEREAS Parliament has no power to make
laws for the States with respect to any of the matters aforesaid except as
provided in articles 249 and 250 of the Constitution. AND WHEREAS in
pursuance of clause (1) of article 252 of the Constitution resolutions have been
passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of the States of Assam, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal to the effect that the
matters aforesaid should be regulated in those States by Parliament by law.
#What is the Polluters Pay Principle?(U3)= The 'polluter pays principle states
that those who cause pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent
harm to human health or the environments for example, a factory that
generates a potentially toxic substance as a byproduct of its operations is
typically held liable for its safe disposal The polluter pays principle one of
several guiding principles for global sustainable development.The polluter pays
principle is enacted in environmental law to hold the party responsible for
pollution liable for the damage done to the natural environment. Because of
the strong support it has received in most Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) and European Union countries, it is
regarded as a regional custom.The polluter pays' principle essentially holds the
polluter responsible for environmental pollution The polluter is responsible for
all environmental damage. So, under the 'polluter pays principle,' the polluter
must not only compensate the victims of pollution, but also compensate for the
restoration of environmental degradation caused by pollution
According to OECD Recommendation (1)(2) of 1972 and 1974, the
measures to be taken by the polluter to control pollution are decided by
public authorities so that the environment is in an acceptable state after the
industry operation. APPLICATION: 1 green house gas emission 2.drinking
water suppliers 3.industrial pollution 4.urban waste water treatment
#Explain the need of training to water user?(U3 )= Water user training is an
important tool for capacity building and is required by all water organisations.
The necessary shift in approach can be accomplished through specially designed
courses, modifications to university courses, and on-the-job training
programmes. Any training must be incorporated into the terms of reference for
including water professionals, and adequate funding must be allocated to this
end.Trainer training is a specialised field that necessitates an understanding of
adult learning methods as well as the importance of the peer group (farming
community, professional water community) in creating learning opportunities.
Many information exchange facilitators (for example, extension officers, field
guides, and field agents) have backgrounds in biophysical science and
engineering and require cross-disciplinary training in communication, group
interaction facilitation, accounting, programme management, and
counselling.Water resource management agencies must invest significantly in
education programmes to train trainers in information exchange and
communication. In-service courses, seminars, and workshops are examples of
methods. There is a growing emphasis on electronic means of disseminating
information and training techniques, particularlydistance learning.
#Causes of groundwater pollution(U3)-3. Hazardous Waste Disposal
Photographic chemicals, motor oil, cooking oil, paint thinners, medicines,
swimming pool chemicals. . 4. Petroleum Products Petroleum storage tanks can
we underground or above ground. Furthermore, petroleum products a primarily
transported underground via pipeline Water Contamination can occur if these
substances leak ... 5. Solid Waste estimated that 0.3 to 0.6 kg Waste realesed
into ground per person per day in development countries. In contrast developed
countries release 0.7 to 1 kg/person/day. These substances' chemicals are
leached into ground water yia precitation and surface runo ..6 Surface
compoundments –are shallow lagoons here liquid waste is stored. For example,
the country has over 180,000 surface These prevent leaching. 7. Agricultural
Chemicals Milions of tonnes of agricultural chemicals, such as fertilisers and
pesticides, are production around the world These chemicals are also used by
other institutions, such as golt courses used to boost crop Excessive use of these
chemicals may result in groundwater contamination. .8 and Injection wells They
and commercial disposal.
#Explain economic value of water?(U4)= Total economic value includes use
values and non-use values, with the basic idea to combine use values and
nonuse values. Use values are concrete, such as the value we get from the
production of a good, and can be broken down into separate categories; direct
use, indirect use, and option values.Direct use value occurs when something is
directly used or consumed.Indirect use values are usually measures of benefits
or services. Ecosystem services can be beneficial directly or indirectly whether
they are consumed or not. If water is taken out of rivers for irrigation or for
municipal uses that is a direct use. Indirect use could involve aesthetic values
such as the beauty of the water. Uses that involve both direct and Indirect use
values include water for fisheries, wildlife, and ecosystems. Estimated values
and prices can be determined for such uses that are deferred, or the willingness
to pay to maintain a resource.Nonuse values include existence values and
bequest values. A basic difference between option values and nonuse values is
the difference in time horizons. Bequest values, which are nonuse values, are
technically the same as option values (use values); however, the bequest values
have a longer time frame, such as being held for future generations. Existence
values (nonuse values) are pure benefits, such as the value of knowing that
something exists for the value of its existence. It is the least tangible of the
various types of values.
#Water Scarcity and its Types and measures preventing it?(U4)= There is
virtually any evidence of a global water deficit. Water is not always available in
the appropriate place at the right time, which is a challenge connected to its
temporal and spatial distribution.*Types:1. Physical water scarcity: When a
region's demand exceeds its available water supply, there is physical or
absolute water shortage. Around 1.2 billion people, many of whom reside in
arid or semi-arid regions, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations, live in physically deficient areas. It is anticipated
that as populations rise and weather patterns become more erratic due to
climate change, the number of people affected by this type of water scarcity
would increase.2. Economic water scarcity: The main causes of this type of
water scarcity are either a widespread absence of water infrastructure or
Inadequate management of water resources in areas where infrastructure is
present. More than 1.6 billion people, according to FAO estimates, have
economic water shortages. Unrestricted water consumption for agriculture and
industry at the expense of the wider population can also lead to economic
water scarcity.
*Measures for Preventing Water Scarcity:(1)Aquifer Recharging:A body of
permeable soil or rock that holds or transports groundwater is known as an
aquifer. Usually, rain or melting snow refills them. According to UN statistics,
groundwater withdrawal has increased thrice over the past 50 years; the
regions with the biggest withdrawals are parts of China, India, and the United
States. About 67% of it is put to agricultural use, 22% goes to residential
consumption, and 11% goes to industry.(2) Water reuse and Zero-Liquid
Discharge Technology:This method can help municipalities and industries deal
with water scarcity. Water is used, treated, and reused in a closed-loop system
with no release or discharge in Zero Liquid Discharge technologies.(3)Coastal
Reservoir Projects:Coastal reservoir projects in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan
have been successfully operating and supplying people with drinking water.
(4)Desalination Plants:This is a treatment method for saline or brackish water.
This method can be used to treat seawater or groundwater that has high salt
concentrations and is therefore unfit for drinking. Salt concentration in highly
saline water ranges from 10,000 to 35,000 parts per million (ppm). Freshwater
is defined as water with a salinity of less than 1,000 ppm.
#Explain water resource projects and need of planning?(U4)= *The goals of
water resources project planning may be by theuse of constructed facilities, or
structural measures or by management and legal techniques that do not
require constructedfacilities. The latter are called non- structural measures and
may include rules to limit or control water and land use which complement or
substitute for constructed facilities.* Planning and management of water
resources systems are essential due to following factors:(1) Severity of the
adverse consequences of droughts, floods and excessive pollution. These can
lead to.(a) Too little water due to growing urbanization, additional water
requirements, in stream flow requirements etc. Measures should be taken to
reduce the demand during scarcity times.(b)Too much water due to increased
flood frequencies and also increase in water requirements due to increased
economic development on river floodplains,(c)Polluted water due to both
industrial and household discharges.(2) Degradation of aquatic and riparian
systems due to river training and reclamation of floodplains for urban and
Industrial evelopment, poor water quality due to discharges of pesticides,
fertilizers and wastewater effluents etc.(3) While port development requires
deeper rivers, narrowing the river for shipping purposes will increase the flood
level.(4) River bank erosion and degradation of river bed upstream of the
reservoirs may increase the flooding risks (5) Sediment accumulation in the
reservoir due to poor water quality.
#Decision making?(U4)= In general, water resource projects are very large and
involve large sums of money, which are frequently public. They compete with
other societal needs and have an impact on many other aspects of society's
structure. As a result, the decision-making process that leads to the
implementation of a water resources project is lengthy, and final decisions are
made at political and socioeconomic rather than technical levels.The basis for a
decision on a water resources project is a plan that outlines the project's
objectives as well as the means by which they are to be accomplished, their
costs, and the project's consequences in terms of benefits and negative impacts.
Water resource planning encompasses all activities that lead to such a plan. The
broader the scope of the planning process, the larger the project and the more
intensive use of water resources. There are few water resource projects that
have only local implications, and the majority of them must be viewed in the
broader context of regional, national or international development.
#Global & National Perspectives of water crises?(U5)= A global perspective on
water management predominates in high- level policy discussions. This has the
advantage that over-arching issues can be highlighted and international
resources mobilized. But water issues arise from local conditions and can only be
resolved by people and Institutions with local authority and responsibility. High-
level policies can only have meaningful impact if they are informed by and
responsive to local and regional contexts. In keeping with the principle of
subsidiarity, high level policy-making should support local and regional
interests, efforts, and policies.Developing nations have severe infrastructure
gaps. Uncontrolled human waste release and poor sewage treatment pose
serious health concerns to an estimated 2.5 billion people, mostly in low- and
middle-income nations.Poorly treated domestic and industrial effluents are
discharged, which degrades water quality in countries that are quickly
industrialising, Water, energy, and nutrients must be recovered through waste
management that is acceptable for the local environment.The lack of access to
clean water and sanitary facilities has received attention from international
policy- making. particularly with the introduction of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). However, the sanitation objective is still unmet,
and urgent problems (such faecal sludge management) that affect access have
not been fully addressed.
#Explain water as an economic good?(U4)= The concept of water as a
commodity is basic. Water has a value to its consumers, who are prepared to
pay for it, just like any other good. Like with any other good, customers will
utilize water as long as the advantages of using an extra cubic meter outweigh
the expenses associated with doing so.The ideal consumption is X".If a
consumer is charged a price Pl that differs from the marginal cost of supply,
they will instead consume X¹ instead of X'. There is a corresponding loss of net
benefits, also known as deadweight loss, when the increase in expenses (the
area under the cost curve) exceeds the growth in benefits (the area under the
benefit curve).In general, the
whole when.(a)Water is priced at its marginal cost and (b) Water is used up until
the marginal cost and marginal benefit are equal
#(National State, local) Current Water Laws?(U5)= *The area of law that deals
with water ownership, access, and control is known as water law. *It also
addresses the Interstate and transnational aspects of water, the division of
authority among the states, local governments (such as municipalities in urban
areas and panchayats in rural areas), public and private actors, and the problem
of water quality with its effects on the environment and human health.*The
term "laws" in common usage refers to the entire collection of regulations
pertaining to a single topic or deriving from a single source.* The term "law" in
the context of Indian water legislation includes.(i)The Constitution of India.
(ii)Laws or acts.(iii)Decisions of the Supreme Court of India, High Courts, district
courts and nyay panchayats.(iv)Common law or law developed by English judges
through judicial decisions, as applied in India.(v)Customary norms or rules of
behaviour that may be unwritten but established by long practice or
usage.*However, a bill passed by the Parliament may supersede them. The water
legislation in India is composed of various parts. Federal and state laws are
included, as well as international treaties.* It also comprises a number of less
formal agreements, such as policies relating to and water-related issues, as well
as traditional laws and rules.
#Explain water rights and types of water rights?(U5)= All civilizations have
their primary foundation in water. Many civilizations' rise and collapse have
been influenced by water. The interconnections in the environment and the
necessity of ecologically based perspectives are lessons that water resources
continuously impart to societies. People have always had a strong love
towards water. The availability and quality of water are essential to the health
of every community. Global environmental movements continue to place a
high priority on concerns relating to water.During this process, conventional
water saving measures are forsaken. Traditional communities, which serve the
main reservoirs of traditional knowledge, are also being displaced from their
neighborhoods. Tribal groups and other groups are the most impacted in India
by the building of major dams and the vast deforestation that goes along with
it. Water rights may control how surface water or groundwater from a
particular source is used.*Types of Water Rights: The two primary categories
of water rights are riparian water rights and prior appropriation water rights
However, because water rights vary greatly based on geography, some water
rights exist in some states but not others. In the United States, there are
numerous types of water rights, including the following : (1)Riparin water
rights.(2)Non-riparin water rights.(3)Hybrid water rights.(4)Absolute
dominion.(5)Correlative rights.(6)Littoral rights.(7)Public trust.(8)Right to clean
water.
#What are water allocation priorities?(U5)= While planning and operation of
water resource systems, water allocation priorities Follows: (A) Drinking
water: Everybody should have access to adequate safe drinking water
facilities, including in urban and rural locations. Where there is no other
source of drinking water, irrigation and multipurpose projects should always
include a drinking water component. The first use of any accessible water
should be for human and animal consumption.(B)Irrigation: Application of
water to soll for crop production is known as irrigation. In order to the water
that is available from rainfall and groundwater, Irrigation water is given.
Rainfall quantity and timing are often insufficient in manyparts of the world to
provide crops with the moisture they need. (C) Hydropower: Hydropower is a
safe, dependable, and renewable energy source that supports the goals of the
country's environmental and energy policies. Hydropower uses the kinetic
energy of falling water to generateelectricity without using more water than
the environment naturally provides.(D)Ecology: The investigation of the
elements Influencing species distribution and abundance.(E) Industrial
demand of water: A variety of functions, such as air conditioning, sanitation,
small-scale equipment cooling, and product processing make up industrial
water use. Water consumption is significantly influenced by the presence of
industries in or near the city. Depending on the industry, a different amount of
water is needed.(F)Navigation: When people and products are moved from
one location transported by water. From the perspective of energy
conservation as well, the expansion of inland water to another via navigation,
they are transport or navigation is essential.
#Explain CWC roles and functions?(U5)= *Roles: 1. The Central Water
Commission of India has the responsibility of initiation and coordination of
schemes introduced by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.2 They include schemes that
are founded to conserve as well as control the water resource usage in the
country and the States.3.The schemes launched also help in the fields of flood
management, irrigation activities, drinking water supply. hydroelectricity
generation, etc.4. The CWC will consult the state government and central
government where required.*Functions :The commission is also vested with
the responsibilities of:(1)Management And Control Of Floods.(2)Checking
Financial Feasibility And Economic Vlability Of Different Irrigation Projects.
(3)Collecting Compiling And Publishing The Analysed Hydrological Data In The
Country. (4)Construction, Development, Examination, And Implementation Of
The Schemes Necessary.
#Inter basin Water transfer?(U5)= Water transfer is the phrase used to
describe the movement of water via engineering structures, typically across
river basins, for a useful purpose. Inter-basin Water Transfer (IBWT), one of the
potential remedies for a lack of water, resembles other options like dams,
desalination, groundwater extraction, etc. Transporting excess waterfrom one
basin to another that lacks water is known as inter-basin water transfer.Inter-
basin water transfer begins with an unsustainable scenario in the receiving
basin because of the ongoing water shortages there. This will need the
transfer of water over significant distances, sometimes on the order of
thousands of kilometres, if the surplus and deficit basins are notclose to one
another, which is quite commonly the case.Water is typically transported
between basins using canals; ridges are crossed via tunnels and pipelines. The
final decision is contingent on the area's geography, climate, nearby soil
characteristics, and amount of water present.When a mountain must be
traversed and the construction of a tunnel is impractical, many inter-
basin transfer projects use pumping water in some
sections.
#Dublin Principles?(U5)= A meeting in Dublin in 1922 gave rise to four
principles that have been the basis for much of the mo water sector
reform.*Principle 1: Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential
to sustain life, development and the environment.The idea that freshwater is
a finite resource arises from the fact that the hydrological cycle produces a
fixed amount of water per time period on average. This total quantity cannot
yet be significantly altered by human actions, but it can and frequently is
depleted by man-made pollution. The freshwater resource is a natural asset
that must be preserved in order to provide the desired services. This principle
recognizes that water is required for a variety of purposes, functions, and
services; therefore, management must be holistic (integrated) and take into
account both the demands placed on the resource and the threats to
it.*Principle 2: Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and policymakers at all
levels.Water is a subject in which everyone is a stakeholder. Stakeholder
participation in the decision-making process is the only way to achieve true
participation. Depending on the spatial scale important to certain water
management and investment decisions, the type of participation will vary. It
will also be impacted by the political climate in which such decisions are made.
The best method for building enduring consensus and common ground is a
participatory approach.*Principle 3: Women play a central part in the
provision, management and safeguarding of water.*Principle 4: Water has an
economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an
economic good as well as a social
#Management of Flood Plains?(U6)= Floodplain management is a community-
based effort to prevent or reduce the risk of flooding, resulting in a more resilient
community.The land close to a river bed that is more or less regularly submerged in
water during periods of heavy water discharge from nearby rivers is known as a
floodplain One kind of floodplain is a wand Floodplains can mitigate the effects of
heavy rainfall by holding onto water, preventing flood damage to downstream
populations and economic activity.Rivers can rise and spread out in floodplains,
relieving pressure on infrastructure during trial downpours In order to reduce flood
damage, supply clean water, recharge groundwater, and create open places for
recreation, we are providing towns with the tools and regulations they need to
connect flood plain Major floodplains roles have thus been lost, due to land
drainage, Intensive urbanization and river channelization. The objective is to
restore them, their retention capacity and ecosystem functions, by reconnecting
them to the river.*Strategies for Smarter Floodplain Management:(1)Land Use
Planning , (2) Watershed restoration , (3) Structural and Nonstructural solution, (4)
Design standards, (5) Disaster relief , (6) Community awareness, (7) Ecosystem
conservation , (8) Agricultural uses. IMPORTANCE FLOODPLAINS.1. FLOOD
PROTECTION .2.better water quality 3.they create extremely fertile areas for
agriculture.4.general improvements to habits.5.recreational usage.6.refilling
aquifers
#QGIS for IWRM?(U6)= QGIS is a desktop geographic information system (QGIS)
that provides viewing, editing, printing, and analysis of grographical data. It is free
and open-source across platforms. Early in 2002, Gary Sherman started working on
Quantum GIS, and in 2007, the Open Source Geospatial Foundation selected it as one
of its incubator incubator January 2009 saw the release of version 1.0.Geographic
information system (GIS) software performs the function of allowing users to
create, edit, and export graphical maps as well as analyse and modify spatial data,
Raster, vector, and mesh layers are supported by QGIS. Features such as points,
lines, or polygons make up vector data. The software can georeference images and
supports a variety of raster image formats. GRASS can also be accessed visually
with QGIS. Since QGIS requires less RAM and processing power than commercial
QGISs and has a smaller install footprint on the host file system, it can be utilised
on older hardware or run alongside other programmes whose CPU power may be
constrained. QGIS Applications in Water Resources(U6): QGIS has countless uses
in the field of water resources, and the list is constantly expanding.2. The use of
this method in conjunction with remote sensing is very cominon. When used to
manage input data and provide output in distributed modelling, QGIS is especially
useful.3. For instance, the Universal Soil Loss Equation is used to calculate long-
term soil erosion from agricultural fields (USLE). 4.The erosion values are provided
for bare standard plots at various slopes and these are altered by a number of
variables.5. The mean-annual soil erosion rates are obtained by utilising a QGIS to
overlay geographic data of various components and soils.

#Flood risk mapping and its advantage?(6U)= The process of determining the
geographic extent of danger is called mapping flood risk (combining information on
probability and consequences). Combining maps of risks and vulnerabilities is
necessary for risk mapping The outcomes of these studies are frequently displayed
as maps that illustrate the scope and makeup of the risk. These risk maps are an
important medium of communication in sustainable flood management. They may
help to transfer the risk information to the residents as they depict flood risk in a
colourful and easy understandable way. The most important resources for planning
land use in flood-prone locations are flood risk maps. Flood return times are
typically taken into account while selecting the fundamental mapping criteria.
Other times, the anticipated water depth or dynamic factors are utilised. Flood risk
maps are designed to increase awareness of the likelihood of flooding among the
public, local authorities and other organizations. They also encourage people living
and working in flood-prone areas to find out more about the local flood risk and to
take appropriate action. It is important to note, that climate change must be
carefully considered when implementing flood risk mapping Flood risk mapping
typically provides a 'snapshot' of flood risk at a given point in time. When
considering the effects of climate change however, it is important to consider the
dynamic nature of flood risks. For example, SLR and changes in storm intensity,
occurring as a result of climate change, will causes changes in the areas susceptible
to flooding.
*Advantages:Flood risk mapping will make it possible to estimate how many
homes or businesses are at risk of flooding. This will make it easier to gauge the
size of the response and cleanup efforts.Recognizes and preserves wetlands,
woods, and other habitats that might be useful for flood protection. Offers the
data required to put in place flood protection measures at locations with high
pollution risks (eg power plants, nuclear facilities, etc.).Offers the data required for
evaluations of vulnerability to flooding. Enhances planning for flood control and
response (prioritization of interventions).Enhances land-use planning by restricting
construction in flood-prone areas. Improves information basis for property, crop
and infrastructure insurance.

#State and explain Hydropower Generation and its components?(U6)= people

have used the force of falling water to poweruseful devices, such as water wheels
for the grinding of grains. The mechanical energy of falling water is transformed
into electrical energy by a turbine and generator to create hydroelectric energy.
One of the cleanest and most efficient ways to produce electricity is through the
use of hydropower, a renewable energy source that emits no pollution into the air
or water.In projects with multiple uses, the production of hydroelectric energy is
integrated with other purposes, such as Irrigation, water supply, etc., yielding in
significant cost and resource savings.Another advantage of hydropower over other
forms of electricity generation is that reservoirs can store water during times of low
demand and can quickly start generating during the peak hours of electricity use.
Thermal power plants take much longer to start up from cold than hydropower
plants.*components: The reservoir behind the dam serves as a storage facility for
the water utilised to produce electricity. Forebay refers to the area of the reservoir
that is directly upstream of the intake construction. Through an intake structure,
water is taken out of the forebay and transported via penstocks to the
powerhouse.Water is transported from the forebay to the turbines through a
penstock, which has gates and valves fitted to control the water flow. Alternatively,
open channels or tunnels may be employed, depending on the site conditions.To
solve the issues caused by water hammer, a surge tank is built. The power house
has the turbines and generators installed. The water comes out of turbines through
draft tube and joins the tail water.

#Short note on arbitration and importance?(U5)= *Defination:Arbitration is a

procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or
more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute.In choosing
arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of
going to court.*Its principal characteristics are: (1). Arbitration is consensual:Only
when both parties have consented to the arbitration process can begin. The parties
include an arbitration cause in the relevant contract for any potential future issues
emerging under it.(2).Abitration is neutral:In addition to their selection of neutrals
of appropriate nationality, parties are able to choose such important ments as the
applicable law, language and venue of the arbitration. This allows them to ensure
that no party enjoys home court advantage.(3).Arbitration is a confidential
procedure:The WIPO Rules specifically protect the confidentiality of the existence
of the arbitration, any disclosures made during that procedure, and the award. In
certain circumstances, the WIPO Rules allow a party to restrict access to trade
secrets.*Importance of Arbitration in IWRM:(1) Achieving Good Water
Governance(2) Securing Water for People , (3) Securing Water for food , (4) Water
for Ecosystems , (5) Managing Risks , (6) Valuing Water, (7) Water for industries
and cities.
#Soft computing techniques for flood forecasting?(U6)= One of the most recent
methods for creating systems with computational intelligence is called soft
computing. Artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms are just a
few of the several computing paradigms that soft computing tries to incorporate.
(1) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN):An artificial neural network is a form of
computing model that draws inspiration from biology and is loosely based on how
the human brain functions. It is more helpful to imagine a neural network as a
collection of straightforward processing nodes or neurons that performs an input-
output mapping.(2) Fuzzy Logic:The mathematics of fuzzy set theory, on which
fuzzy logic is founded, has changed the traditional idea of binary set membership to
accommodate partial membership ranging from 0 to
1. Fuzzy sets, as opposed to their crisp counterparts, contain ambiguous borders
and hence gradual transitions between defined sets, making it possible to directly
model the uncertainty related to these ideas.(3) Genetic Algorithms (GA):The
biological principles of natural selection and the survival of the fittest serve as the
inspiration for genetic algorithms (GAs), which are nonlinear search and
optimization techniques. Contrary to other approaches like hill climbing and
simulated annealing, a GA demonstrates implicit parallelism, taking into account a
large number of locations at once during the search process and lowering the
likelihood of convergent local optimum.

#Role of dams in flood control?(U6)= Dams are an important part of any city's
flood protection. They safeguard against the potential loss of life and property
caused by flooding. Dams prevent flooding by collecting and storing water when it
reaches a certain level A dam could be built to release water collected during the
monsoon season back into the river at a controlled rate or to divert the water
elsewhere for other purposes.A reservoir's water level should be kept below a
certain level before the monsoon season begins. This is done so that when the
monsoon rains arrive, there is enough space to store the excess rainwater and also
so that water can be released in a controlled manner, preventing floods
downstream when the dams are over flowing. A dam that is solely used for flood
control and has no conservation storage is referred to as a "dry dam" (e.g. Mount
Morris Dam, Seven Oaks Dam).
IMPORTANCE OF DAMS IN IWRM.1. Since the first great civilization emerged on
the major rivers in the third millennium BC, dams have been essential to growth.
Only modest dams were first constructed for irrigation and water supply.
2.According to a WCD research, 30-40% of the 271 million hectares of irrigated
areas worldwide depend on dams, and half of the world's big dams were
constructed completely or mostly for irrigation. 3. According to estimates, 12-16%
of the world's food output comes from dams. 4.A billion people or so rely on the
food that is produced by irrigation associated to reservoirs. No other method of
production could have been used to make this meal.
USE OF DAM. 1 WATER SUPPLY-- Dam reservoir water is used to provide adequate
amounts of quality freshwater to residential, industrial, and mining sites.
2.irrigation. In many countries, cropland irrigation is done using water stored
behind dams.3.electrial generation . Hydropower is considered clean because it
does not contribute to global warming, air pollution, acid rain, orozone depletion.4.
Flood Control. For centuries, people have built dams to help control devastating
floods. It helps to prevent the loss of life and property.5.WATER STORAGE. Dams
create reservoirs that supply water for uses, including industrial, municipal, and
agricultural.6.MINE TALLINDS. It allows the mining and processing of coal and other
vital minerals while protecting the environment.7.DEBRIS CONTROL. Dams provide
enhanced environmental protection, such as the retention of riskous materials and
detrimentalsedimentation.8.NAVIGATION.Dams and locks provide for a stable
system of Inland river transportation throughout the nation.