INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATIONS

COURSE no. 8

Assoc. Prof. Luminiţa SCRIPCARIU

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 FROM THE PREVIOUS COURSE

 Reed-Solomon Codes

 Performances of error-correcting codes

 Line codes

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 QUESTION 1
Line codes are used for:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error correction
 bit timing

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 QUESTION 1
Line codes are used for:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error correction
 bit timing

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 QUESTION 2
Which of the following line codes associate
the input bits with signal levels?
 NRZ-M
 RZ
 Manchester
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 2
Which of the following line codes associate
the input bits with signal levels?
 NRZ-M
 RZ
 Manchester
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 3
Which of the following codes use a
ternary output alphabet?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 HDB3
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 3
Which of the following codes use a
ternary output alphabet?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 HDB3
 MILLER

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 QUESTION 4
Which of the codes below have a coding
rate equal to 1:1?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 MILLER
 NRZ-M

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 QUESTION 4
Which of the codes below have a coding
rate equal to 1:1?
 AMI
 BIF-M
 MILLER
 NRZ-M

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 QUESTION 5
The following bit sequence
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as
+ 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -.
What line code is used in this case?
 AMI
 BIPOLAR 2
 HDB3
 HDB4
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 QUESTION 5
The following bit sequence
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 is encoded as
+ 0 0 0 0 0 - + 0 0 0 0 0 -.
What line code is used in this case?
 AMI
 BIPOLAR 2
 HDB3
 HDB4
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 QUESTION 6
What happens to the received BER if the
SNR is decreased?
 BER is decreased
 BER is increased
 BER is the same
 BER is variable

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 QUESTION 6
What happens to the received BER if the
SNR is decreased?
 BER is decreased
 BER is increased
 BER is the same
 BER is variable

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 QUESTION 7
What effect has an error-correcting code on
the received BER?
 BER is decreased
 BER is increased
 BER is the same
 BER is variable

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 QUESTION 7
What effect has an error-correcting code on
the received BER?
 BER is decreased
 BER is increased
 BER is the same
 BER is variable

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 QUESTION 8
The transmitted power can be decreased,
without reducing the quality of the received
signal, by:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error-correction techniques
 line codes

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 QUESTION 8
The transmitted power can be decreased,
without reducing the quality of the received
signal, by:
 data compression
 data encryption
 error-correction techniques
 line codes

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 QUESTION 9
The coding gain of H(31,26) code is about:
 2 dB
 3 dB
 4 dB
 6 dB

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 QUESTION 9
The coding gain of H(31,26) code is about:
 2 dB
 3 dB
 4 dB
 6 dB

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10. What do the acronyms below
mean?
• BER
• PER
• BIF-M
• RZ
• AMI

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 LINEAR MODULATION

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 Amplitude Modulation
• AM – amplitude modulation
in which
• x(t) is the modulation wave (BB – Base
band signal)
• c(t) is the carrier (CW – continuous wave)
• s(t) is the modulated signal

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 Analogic AM
• DSB-AM Double Side Band
• SSB-AM Single Side Band
• VSB-AM Vestigial Side Band
• LSB-AM Left Side Band
• RSB-AM Right Side Band
• SC-AM Supressed Carrier

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• The carrier has a higher
frequency than the
modulation signal.
• The modulation signal
modulates the envelope of
the carrier.
• Envelope detection
sometimes may be used
to recover the modulation
signal.
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EXAMPLE:

For DSB-SC, envelope

detection cannot be used
(the rectified signal is
obtained).

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 Another example:
If the modulation
index exceeds 1, the
envelope detector
cannot be used.

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 AM signal expression

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 P.s.d - power spectral density

For the DSB-AM signal, synchronization is done

with a filter that extracts the carrier from the
received signal spectrum.
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 AM-SC Spectrum

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 SSB Spectrum

Any side band can be sent. This technique is

used to reduce the transmission bandwidth in
multiplexing systems (e.g. phone system).
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 REMARK
• AM is a linear modulation technique
because the BB spectrum shape is not
changed, it is just transposed around the
carrier frequency.

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 AM Parameters
• Modulation signal amplitude: Am
• Carrier amplitude: Ac
• Modulation index is the ratio of Am to Ac: m= Am/Ac
• Maximum frequency of the modulation signal: fm
• Carrier frequency: fc
• Modulated signal bandwidth: B
• Active power: Pa (power contained in side bands)
• Total power:Pt
• Modulation efficiency: h = Pa / Pt
• Oversized factor: k =
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 Exercise
Let us consider the modulated signal:
s(t )   5  cos(10000t )cos(204000t ) V 
I. Calculate the following parameters:
a. Modulation index
b. Active power
c. Total power
d. Modulation efficiency
e. Oversized factor.
II. Represent graphically the AM signal amplitude
spectrum.

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 Proposed exercise
Let us consider the modulated signal:
s(t )   2  cos(20000t )cos(180000t )  V
I. Calculate the following parameters:
a. Modulation index
b. Active power
c. Total power
d. Modulation efficiency
e. Oversized factor.
II. Represent graphically the AM signal amplitude
spectrum.

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 Amplitude demodulators

1. Coherent demodulator

2. Non-coherent demodulator (envelope

detector)

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 Envelope detection

• It is not used for AM-SC

signals or DSB-AM signals
with m>1.
• No carrier synchronization is
required.
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 Coherent Demodulator
• It modulates again the AM signal and
passes it through a LPF (Low-Pass Filter).
• The synchronized carrier is required in this
case.

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 Digital Modulation Techniques

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 Digital Modulation
• The modulator signal is digital (a sequence
of bits or symbols).

• Analog carriers are used.

• The name of the modulation technique is

given by the modulated parameter:
amplitude, phase or frequency.
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 Binary Digital Modulations

Which of the modulated signals above can be demodulated by

envelope detection?
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 Digital Amplitude Modulation
• ASK (unipolar) - Amplitude Shift Keying
• BASK – Binary ASK (polar)
• M-ASK (ex. 8-ASK, 16-ASK, 32-ASK)
• QAM (ex. 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• MSK – Minimum Shift Keying
• GMSK – Gaussian MSK
• SFSK – Sinusoidal Frequency Shift Keying
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 Example: ASK Spectral Analyze

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 ASK State Diagram

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 Exercise:
ASK Signal Power Analysis
• Calculate the mean power of a polar
binary ASK signal. Deduce the efficiency
and the oversized factor of the modulator.
• Calculate the mean power of a unipolar
binary ASK signal. Deduce the d.c. value,
the efficiency and the oversized factor of
the modulator.
• Recalculate the same parameters for 3
and 4 states.
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 ASK Demodulators

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• Two DSB-SC amplitude modulators are used
with two orthogonal carriers
• Efficient use of the bandwidth
• Double the data rate.

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 QAM

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 State Diagram

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