Pakistan studies

Assignment # 1

Submitted to:
Sir. Jamil Afridi

Submitted by:
Muhammad Fahad Khan

Reg.No:
51-FET/BscMET/F-19
 1.Federalism:
Federalism is a system of
government in which the
same territory is controlled by
two levels of government.
Generally, an overarching
national government is responsible for broader governance of larger territorial
areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities govern the issues of local
concern.
Both the national government and the smaller political subdivisions have the
power to make laws and both have a certain level of autonomy from each other.

Example:
The best example for a country with a Federalist political system is the United
States. The Founding Fathers John Adams and Alexander Hamilton also founded
the Federalist party during the first administration of George Washington in 1789-
1793. It was the Federalists’ way to oppose the Democratic-Republican Party as
well as to achieve commercial and diplomatic
harmony with Britain.

2.Executive:
The executive is the part of government that
enforces law, and has responsibility for
the governance of a state.
In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers, authority is
distributed among several branches (executive, legislative, judicial)—an attempt
to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single group of people. In
such a system, the executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or
interpret them (the role of the judiciary). Instead, the executive enforces the law
as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. The executive can be
the source of certain types of law, such as a decree or executive order. Executive
bureaucracies are commonly the source of regulations.
the powers of and the organization of the executive are completely dependent on
what powers the legislature grants it and the actions of the executive may or may
not be subject to judicial review, something which is also controlled by the
legislature. The executive may also have legislative or judicial powers in systems
where the legislature is sovereign, which is often why the executive is instead
referred to as the government since it often possesses non-executive powers

Example:
In the United States, the President is the head of the executive branch of
government which also includes the Vice President, Cabinet members and
governmental departments. The President of the United States also has the
power to create some laws, such as executive orders, however they are subject to
review by the judicial branch of government which has the power to declare them
unconstitutional.

3.Legislature:
A legislature is an assembly with
the authority to make laws for a political
entity such as a country or city. They are often
contrasted with
the executive and judicial powers
of government.
Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known as primary legislation. In addition,
legislatures may observe and steer governing actions, with authority to amend
the budget involved.
The members of a legislature are called legislators. In a democracy, legislators are
most commonly popularly elected, although indirect election and appointment by
the executive are also used, particularly for bicameral legislatures featuring
an upper chamber.

Example:
In Western Australia, the legislative arm of government is the Parliament (the
‘legislature’). The Western Australian Parliament is bicameral (made up of two
houses), consisting of the Legislative
Council (upper house) and the Legislative
Assembly (lower house).

4.Judiciary:
The judiciary is the system of courts that
interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary
can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the
doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not
make statutory law (which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law
(which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets, defends, and
applies the law to the facts of each case. However, in some countries the judiciary
does make common law.
In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through
the process of judicial review. Courts with judicial review power may annul the
laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm,
such as primary legislation, the provisions of
the constitution, treaties or international law. Judges constitute a critical force for
interpretation and implementation of a constitution, thus in common
law countries creating the body of constitutional law.

Example:
In Western Australia, the judicial arm of government is the hierarchy of courts
(the ‘judiciary’), headed by the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of Western
Australia is the state’s chief judicial officer. The High Court of Australia is the
nation’s highest court. Although the functions of government in Western Australia
can conveniently be classified into legislative, executive, and judicial, there is no
formal constitutional separation of these powers as there is, for instance, in the
constitution of the United states.