Format Pentaksiran Kimia KSSM Mulai SPM 2021 Bab/Chap 2 (Kuantan-Pahang03)

Bengkel Kimia Cg Adura Azlin Ishak - SPM 2021 Bengkel Kimia Cg Adura Azlin Ishak - SPM 2021
FORMAT PENTAKSIRAN KIMIA KSSM MULAI SPM 2021 Bab/Chap 2
KERTAS 1 (4541/1) 1 Jam 15 Minit [Kuantan-Pahang03]

Bil Perkara Kertas 1 Jadual 3 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron bagi atom-atom R,
1 Jenis instrumen Ujian bertulis S dan T.
Table 3 shows number of protons and number of neutrons for atoms R, S and T.
2 Jenis item Item Objektif
ØAneka Pilihan Atom Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
( 3 pilihan jawapan : A – C dan
Atoms Number of protons Number of neutrons
4 pilihan jawapan : A – D)
Nota – soalan 3 pilihan lebih susah. R 12 12
Perlu lebih masa untuk menjawab S 17 18
ØAneka Gabungan T 17 20
3 Bilangan soalan 40 soalan ( 40 markah )
(a) Nyatakan susunan elektron bagi atom R. 1M]
(Jawab semua soalan)
State the electron arrangement for atom R.
4 Jumlah Markah 40 markah
2.8.2
5 Konstruk Ø Mengingat (15 soalan ) PK01
Ø Memahami (15 soalan ) KK01
Ø Mengaplikasi ( 8 soalan ) KK02 - KBAT (b) (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?
Ø Menganalisis ( 2 soalan ) KK03 - KBAT What is meant by isotopes?
Atom bagi unsur yang sama yang mempunyai bilangan proton/nombor proton
yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron/ nombor nukleon yang berbeza
KERTAS 2 (4541/2) 2 Jam 30 Min Atom of the same element with the same number of protons/proton number but
Bahagian A (60 markah) Item berstruktur different number of neutrons/nucleon number
8 item (Jawab semua soalan)
No Konstruk Markah (ii) Nyatakan atom-atom yang merupakan isotop. 1M]
1 Mengingat dan Memahami 5 State the atoms that are isotopes.
2 Mengingat dan Memahami 5 S dan T// S and T
3 Mengingat, Memahami dan Mengaplikasi 6
4 Mengingat, Memahami dan Mengaplikasi 7 (i) Nyatakan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (b)(ii).
5 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi dan Menganalisis 8 State a reason for your answer in (b)(ii).
6 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi dan Menganalisis 9 Atom S dan atom T mempunyai bilangan proton/nombor proton yang sama
7 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi, Menganalisis dan Menilai 10 tetapi bilangan neutron/ nombor nukleon yang berbeza
/ Merekacipta
Atom S and T have same number of protons/proton number but different number of
8 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi, Menganalisis dan Menilai 10
neutrons/ number.
/ Merekacipta
Bahagian B (20 markah) Item Respon terhad
2 item (Jawab satu soalan) (c) Bromin terdiri daripada dua isotop, !" #$
Br dan %&
!"Br. Kelimpahan semula jadi
#$ %&
No Konstruk Markah !"Br ialah 50% dan !"Br ialah 50%. Hitung jisim atom relatif bromin.
Bromine consists two isotopes !" #$
Br and %& #$
!"Br. The natural abundance of !"Br is 50%
9 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi dan Menganalisis 20 and %& Br is 50%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine.
!"
10 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi dan Menganalisis 20
Bahagian C (20 markah) Item Respon terbuka
(50 X 79) + (50 X 81)
1 item
100
No Konstruk Markah
= 80
11 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi, Menganalisis, Menilai / 20

Merekacipta
Jumlah markah 100
[2M]
Ms 1 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ Mac2021 Ms 2 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ Mac2021

[MRSM18-07] Diagram 7.1 shows an article on Health Effects of Mothballs. • state of matter/ keadaan jirim
• movement of the particles/ pergerakan zarah-zarah
Health Effects of Mothballs • diagram of particles arrangement/ gambarajah susunan zarah-zarah [6M]
Mothballs are nearly 100% active ingredient, and the
active ingredient may be either naphthalene or P kepada Q/ P to Q R kepada S/ R to S
paradichlorobenzene. Each active ingredient can cause state of matter/ Pepejal/ Solid Cecair/ Liquid 1+1
different health effects if the exposure is high enough. keadaan jirim
Mothballs slowly turn from solids to toxic vapour. When
you smell mothballs, you are inhaling the insecticide.
movement of the Bergetar dan berputar Bergetar, berputar dan 1+1
Kandungan ubat gegat adalah hampir 100% bahan aktif particles/ pada kedudukan yang bergerak melalui cecair
yang merupakan sama ada naftalena atau pergerakan tetap Vibrate, rotate and
paradiklorobenzena. Setiap bahan aktif ini boleh zarah-zarah Vibrate and rotate move/slide
mendatangkan kesan kesihatan yang berlainan jika at their fixed throughout the
terdedah kepada kuantiti yang tinggi. Ubat gegat berubah positions liquids
daripada pepejal kepada wap beracun secara perlahan- diagram of 1+1
lahan. Apabila terhidu bahan tersebut, seolah-olah anda particles
menyedut insektisid. arrangement/
Source / sumber : http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/mothball/health.html
gambarajah
susunan zarah-
Diagram 7.1/ Rajah 7.1
(a) (i) Based on article shown in Diagram 7.1, mothballs are commonly used as
the main insecticide to repel cockroaches. Name the process involved.
Berdasarkan artikel dalam Rajah 7.1, ubat gegat kebiasaannya digunakan
sebagai insektisid untuk menghalau lipas. Namakan proses yang terlibat. [1M]
(b) Diagram 7.3 shows subatomic particles in the nucleus of three carbon atoms.
Resapan/ Diffusion Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan zarah subatom di dalam nukleus bagi tiga atom karbon.
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Solid mothballs melt into liquid when heated in water bath. Diagram 7.2
shows the heating curve of the solid mothballs.
Pepejal ubat gegat melebur menjadi cecair apabila dipanaskan dalam kukus air.
Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan lengkungan pemanasan pepejal ubat gegat.
(i) What can be deduced from Diagram 7.3? Explain your answer.
Apakah kesimpulan berdasarkan Rajah 7.3? Terangkan jawapan anda. [2M]
P1. Atom-atom adalah isotop
P2. Atom-Atom mempunyai bilangan proton yan sama tetapi berbeza bilangan
neutron
P1. Atoms are isotopes
Diagram 7.2/ Rajah 7.2 P2. Atoms have the same number of proton but different number
Based on Diagram 7.2, describe the curve from the region of P to Q and the of neutron
region of R to S. In your description include: .............................................................................................................................
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2, huraikan lengkung dari bahagian P ke Q dan dari
bahagian R ke S. Dalam huraian anda sertakan:

(ii) Compare and contrast the three carbon atoms in terms of: Bab/Chap 3
Banding dan bezakan ketiga –tiga atom tersebut dari segi:
[SPM16-03] (a) Green plant undergoes photosynthesis to produce glucose. The
• Number of proton/ Bilangan proton molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
• Number of neutron/ Bilangan neutron Tumbuhan hijau menjalankan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan glukosa. Formula
• Number of electron/ Bilangan elektron molekul bagi glukosa adalah C6H12O6.
• Physical properties/ Sifat fizikal
• Chemical properties/ Sifat kimia [5M] (i) What is meant by molecular formula?
Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?
C-12 C-13 C-14 The chemical formula that shows the actual number of atom of each element in a
molecule
Number of proton/ Bilangan proton 6 6 6 Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan atom yang sebenar bagi setiap unsur
Number of neutron/ Bilangan neutron 6 7 8 dalam satu molekul
......................................................................................................................[1M]
Number of electron/ Bilangan elektron 6 6 6
Physical properties/ Sifat fizikal Berbeza/ Different (ii) Write the empirical formula for glucose C6H12O6. 1M]
Chemical properties/ Sifat kimia Sama/ Similar Tulis formula empirik bagi glukosa C6H12O6.
CH2O
(iii) The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below.

(iii) Draw the atomic structure of carbon-14. Persamaan kimia bagi fotosintesis adalah seperti di bawah.
Lukiskan struktur atom bagi karbon-14.
P1. Nucleus is shown (labeled/shaded) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O à C6H12O6 + 6 O2
P2. Number of proton & neutron is shown in the nucleus
P3. Correct number of shells and its electrons Give three information that can be interpret from the chemical equation.
Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat di tafsir daripada persamaan kimia itu.
6 mol CO2 bertindak balas dengan 6 mol air menghasilkan 1 mol glukosa dan 6
mol CO2
6 mol CO2 react with 6 mol air to produce 1 mol glukosa and 6 mol CO2
......................................................................................................................[3M]
(b) An iron nail that is exposed to air and water to form rust, hydrated iron(III)
oxide, Fe2O3.H2O. Chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:
Paku besi yang terdedah kepada udara dan air menghasilkan karat, Fe2O3.H2O.
Persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu adalah seperti berikut:
[3M]
X Fe + Y O2 + Z H2O à 2 Fe2O3.H2O
(i) Balanced the chemical equation for the reaction by determine the value of X, Y
and Z.
Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai
X, Y dan Z.
X : ...4...... Y : .3... Z: ...2..... [3M]
(ii) State the number of moles of iron that is required to produce 1 mole hydrated
iron(III) oxide.
Nyatakan bilangan mol ferum yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 mol
ferum(III) oksida terhidrat.
2 mol

......................................................................................................................[1M] (d) In an experiment, X reacts, with chlorine to produce a compound, XCl2.

[SPM18-03]. The mass of an atom is very small. Therefore, a chemist determines Dalam suatu eksperimen, X bertindak balas dengan klorin untuk menghasilkan
the mass of an atom by comparing the mass of the atom with another atom which satu sebatian, XCl2.
is called relative atomic mass. Diagram 3 shows the comparison of mass between
atom X with atom carbon-12. (i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
Jisim suatu atom adalah sangat kecil. Oleh itu, ahli kimia menentukan jisim atom Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.
dengan membandingkan jisim atom tersebut dengan atom yang lain yang X + Cl2à XCl2//
dipanggil jisim atom relatif Rajah 3 menunjukkan perbandingan jisim antara atom Mg + Cl2 à MgCl2//
X dengan atom karbon-12.
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
(ii) Interpret the chemical equation in 3(d)(i) in quantitative terms.

Tafsirkan persamaan kimia di 3(d)(i) dari segi kuantitatif
1 mol X bertindak balas dengan 1 mol gas Cl2 menghasilkan 1 mol XCl2
1 mol of X reacts with 1 mol of Cl2 to produce 1 mol of XCl2
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
Diagram 3/ Rajah 3
(iii) By using the relative atomic mass of X from your answer in 3(c), calculate the
(a) What is the meaning of relative atomic mass? number of moles of chlorine needed to react completely with 2.4 g of element X.
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan jisim atom relatif? Dengan menggunakan jisim atom relatif bagi X daripada jawapan anda di 3(c),
Mass of one atom of an element compared to1/12 of the mass of atom carbon-12 hitung bilangan mol klorin yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas secara lengkap
Jisim bagi satu atom bagi satu unsur dibandingkan dengan 1/12 jisim bagi atom dengan 2.4 g unsur X.
karbon-12
Jisim sesuatu atom dibandingkan dengan jisim 1/12 Jisim karbon-12 Mol X = 2.4/24 = 0.1 mol
..................................................................................................................... [1M] 1 mol X bertindak balas dengan 1 mol Cl2

0.1 mol X bertindak balas dengan 0.1 mol Cl2
(b) Give one reason why carbon-12 is used as a standard atom to compare the
mass of atom. Mol of Cl2 = 0.1 mol
Beri satu sebab mengapa karbon-12 digunakan sebagai atom piawai untuk
membandingkan jisim atom.
Can be handled easily// exist as solid// used in mass spectrometer
boleh dikendalikan dengan mudah// wujud sebagai pepejal// digunakan dalam [2M]
spektrometer
a; has accurate mass/ 12.00 (e) In another experiment. 1.92 g of X reacts with 1.28 g of oxygen.
r; abundance Complete the table below to determine the empirical formula of oxide of X.
[Given that relative atomic mass of oxygen, 0=16]
Dalam satu eksperimen lain, 1.92 g X bertindak balas dengan 1.28 g oksigen.
Pepejal. Mudah dikendalikan Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida X.
[Diberi jisim atom relatif oksigen, O = 16]
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
Element
(c)Based on Diagram 3, state the relative atomic mass for atom X. X O
Unsur
Berdasarkan Rajah 3, nyatakan jisim atom relatif bagi atom X. Mass (g)
24 (Xde unit) [Mg ni] 1.92 1.28
Jisim (g)
The number of mole 1.92/24 = 0.08 1.28/16 = 0.08
..................................................................................................................... [1M] Bilangan mol
Simplest ratio of mole 1 1
Nisbah mol teringkas

(b) Apakah logam X? .................................................................................... [1M]

Empirical formula: XO//MgO What is metal X?
Formula empirik [3M] Magnesium/ Zink/Aluminium
Magnesium/ Zinc /Aluminium
[Kuantan, Pahang soalan ke 04]
Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida kuprum. Diagram 4 (c) Gas hidrogen dibiarkan mengalir sehingga hasil pemanasan berada pada suhu bilik. Nyatakan
shows an apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula of oxide of copper. mengapa langkah ini diambil semasa menjalankan eksperimen.
The hydrogen gas is allowed to flow until the product of heating is at room temperature. State
Serbuk kuprum oksida
why this step was taken while conducting the experiment.
Copper oxide powder
Untuk memastikan kuprum tidak dioksidakan semula.
To ensure the copper is not oxidized again.
……….............................................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Nyatakan oksida logam lain yang mana formula empiriknya boleh ditentukan dengan
menggunakan kaedah dalam Rajah 4.
State another oxide of metal which its empirical formula can be determined using the
method in Diagram 4.
Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm–3 Ferum(II) oksida/ Stanum(II) oksida/ Plumbum(II) oksida / FeO/ SnO/PbO
Air Iron(II) oxide/ Tin(II) oxide/ Lead(II) oxide/ FeO/ SnO/ PbO
Water 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
……….............................................................................................................................. [1M]
Logam X
Metal X
Bongkah kayu (e) Dengan menggunakan keputusan yang diperoleh, tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida
kuprum.
Wooden block
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, O = 16]
Rajah 4/ Diagram 4 Based on the result obtained, determine the empirical formula for oxide of copper.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen itu. [Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64, O = 16]
Table 4 shows the result of the experiment.
1. Jisim Cu dan O yang betul dengan unit g.
Deskripsi Jisim (g) 2. Bilangan mol dan nisbah mol teringkas
Description Mass (g) 3. Formula empirik yang betul
Salur kaca 1. The correct masses of Cu and O with units, g.
53.46
Glass tube 2. The number of moles and the simplest mole ratio
Salur kaca + oksida kuprum 3. Correct empirical formula
57.46
Glass tube + copper oxide
Salur kaca + logam kuprum Unsur/Element Cu O
56.66
Glass tube + copper Jisim, g 56.66- 57.46 -
Mass, g 53.46 56.66 = 1
Jadual 4/ Table 4 = 3.20 0.80
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula empirik? Bil. mol, mol 3.20 ÷ 64 0.80 ÷ 16
The number of // //
What is meant by empirical formula?
moles, mol 0.05 0.05 1
Nisbah mol
Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom bagi atom teringkas
setiap unsur dalam suatu sebatian 1 1
The simplest
Chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a mole ratio
compound
…...…...............................................................................................................................
Formula empiric/Empirical formula = CuO 1
…...…...............................................................................................................................[1M]

[2 markah/ 2 marks] [Kuantan, Pahang01]

Bab/Chap 4 Rajah 1 merupakan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Diagram 1 is a part of the Periodic Table of Elements.
Menuruni Kumpulan Kiri Ke kanan
Going down the group Left to right
1. SAIZ ATOM ??? Bertambah 1. Bilangan Petala sama
Size atom ??? is bigger Number of shell is same Li
2. JARAK ANTARA elektron valens 2. TETAPI Bilangan Proton Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

dengan nukleus ATOM ??? semakin bertambah
jauh BUT the number of proton increases
The distance between atom towards (a) Berdasarkan Rajah 1,
nucleus atom ??? is further 3. Menyebabkan daya tarikan Based on Diagram 1,
nukleus ATOM terhadap elektron
3. DAYA TARIKAN antara NUKLEUS bertambah (ii) Apakah nama bagi baris mengufuk dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur?
ATOM terhadap elektron valens Cause the force of attraction of What is the name of horizontal row in the Periodic Table of Elements?
semakin LEMAH nucleus atom to electron increase Kala // Period
The force of attraction of nucleus of
ATOM towards electron valens is 4. Saiz atom berkurang ............................................................................................................................ [1M]
weaker Size of atom decreases
(iii)Unsur yang manakah yang tidak reaktif secara kimia? Terangkan.
Kumpulan 1/ Group 1
Elektron valens mudah didermakan Which element is not chemically reactive? Explain.
Valens electron easier to donate 1. Argon//Ar
2. Atom Ar telah mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil//atom Ar tidak
Kumpulan 17 / Group 17 menderma, menerima atau berkongsi elektron dengan atom unsur lain
Sukar menarik elektron untuk Atom has achieved a stable octet electron arrangement// Ar atom do
memenuhi petala valens not donate, accept or share electrons with the atoms of other elements
Hard to attract electron to occupied ..............................................................................................................................
the valens shell
Tindak balas/ The reaction of ..............................................................................................................................
Kumpulan 1 / Group 1
Air/ water Oksigen/ Oxygen Klorin/ Chlorine .............................................................................................................................. [2M]
2X + 2H2O à 2XOH + 4X + O2 à 2X2O 2X + Cl2 à 2XCl
H2 X2O + H2O à 2XOH (b) Unsur natrium, Na lebih reaktif berbanding unsur Litium, Li. Terangkan.
Larutan beralkali The element sodium, Na is more reactive than the element Lithium, Li. Explain.
Alkaline solution 1. Saiz atom Na adalah lebih besar berbanding atom Li
Kumpulan 17/ Group 17– Halogen

2. Daya tarikan antara nukleus dan valens elektron dalam atom Na lebih lemah
berbanding atom Li
Air/ Water Logam- Ferum Alkali
Y2 + H2O à HY + HOY 2Fe + 3Y2 à 2FeY3 Y2 + NaOH
HY - Hidro -ic Pepejal/ Solid à NaY + NaOY + H2O 1. The atomic size of Na is bigger than Li atom
HOY- Hipo-us Ferum(III) klorida NaCl + NaOCl + H2O 2. The force of attraction between the nucleus and valence electron of Na atom is
Iron(III) chloride Natrium ...klorat(I) weaker than Li atom
Sodium… chlorat(I)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................[2M]
Bab/Chap 5 (ii) Namakan daya yang wujud antara kedua-dua ion dalam sebatian itu.
Name the force that exists between these ion in the compound. [1M]
[SPM06-03] (a)(i) Susunan elektron bagi argon adalah 2.8.8. Mengapakah unsur Daya elektrostatik//Electrostatic force
ini sangat stabil dan tidak reaktif?
The electron arrangement for argon is 2.8.8. Why is this element very stable and ………………………………………………………………………………..………………….[1M]
not reactive?
Bilangan elektron valens adalah 8. (iii) Takat lebur natrium klorida, NaCl, ialah 801 °C dan takat didihnya ialah
1413°C. Apakah yang berlaku kepada ion-ion dalam sebatian ini pada suhu
………………………………………………………………………………..………………….[1M] 900°C?
The melting point of sodium chloride, NaCl is 801 °C and its boiling point is
(ii) Namakan satu unsur lain yang mempunyai kestabilan yang sama dengan 1413 °C. What will happen to the ions in this compound at 900 °C?
argon. Ikatan ion terputus// daya tarikan antara ion berkurang// menjauhi satu sama lain//
Name one other element that has the same stability as argon. ion bebas bergerak
Helium // Neon // Kripton // xenon // radon R: ikatan ion terurai
Helium // Neon // Krypton // xenon // radon Ionic bond is broken// the force of attraction between ions decreases// repel each other//
ions free to move
………………………………………………………………………………..………………….[1M]
Ion free to move // ionic bonds is broken // sodium ion and chloride ions repels each
(b) Atom natrium dan atom klorin adalah tidak stabil. Kedua-dua atom itu other
r- ikatan ion terurai / laju// pantas
bertindak balas untuk membentuk sebatian ion yang lebih stabil. Rajah 3.1
menunjukkan sebatian natrium klorida, NaCl, yang terhasil akibat ikatan ion
………………………………………………………………………………..………………….[1M]
yang terbentuk antara satu ion natrium, Na+, dengan satu ion klorida, CI-.
Atoms of both sodium and chlorine are unstable. They react to form an ionic
(iv) Beri satu sebab untuk jawapan anda di 3(b)(iii).
compound which more stable. Diagram 3.1 shows a sodium chloride compound,
Give one reason for your answer in 3 (b)(iii).
NaCl, that is produced by the formation of an ionic bond between a sodium ion, Na+
Haba/tenaga digunakan untuk memutuskan ikatan ion dalam sebatian NaCl
and d chloride ion, Cl-. // tenaga haba diguna/ diserap untuk atasi daya tarikan antara zarah// NaCl dalam
+ - keadaan lebur/ cecair
Heat/energy used to overcome force attraction between ion in sodium chloride compound
Cl ………………………………………………………………………………..………………….[1M]
Na
(c) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi dua unsur,
X dan Y. Huruf yang digunakan tidak mewakili simbol sebenar unsur berkenaan.
Diagram 3.2 shows the proton number and the nucleon number for two elements, X
(i) Bagaimanakah satu ion natrium dan satu ion klorida terbentuk daripada atom and Y. The letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
masing-masing?
How are a sodium ion and a chloride ion formed from their respective atoms? [2M]
X Y
9 19
Ion natrium: 4 6
Sodium ion : …………………………………………………………………………….
Rajah 3.2/ Diagram 3.2
Ion klorida:
Chloride ion : ……………………………………………………………………………. Lukis rajah untuk menunjukkan ikatan yang terbentuk antara unsur X dan
unsur Y.
Ion natrium: atom Na melepaskan/ menderma 1 elektron membentuk ion natrium Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements X and Y.
R; buang
Sodium ion : sodium atom release / donate 1 electron to form sodium ion
Ion klorida: atom klorin menerima 1 electron membentuk ion klorida

Chloride ion : chlorin atom receive/ gain 1 electron to form chloride ion

.............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................[2M]
(c) Compound X is known as a clean fuel. The combustion of compound X

produces blue flame without soot. Write a chemical equation for the combustion
- Draw with correct electron
of compound X.
- Ratio of ion Sebatian X dikenali sebagai bahan api bersih. Pembakaran sebatian X
- Charge of ion menghasilkan nyalaan biru tanpa jelaga. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran
sebatian X.
[3M] C3H7OH + 9/2O2 à 3 CO3 + 4 H2O
[SPM16-04]. Diagram 4.1 shows a bottle of hand sanitizer. Compound X is the A: 2C3H7OH + 9O2 à 6 CO3 + 8 H2O
main component found in the hand sanitizer.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan sebotol pembasmi kuman tangan. Sebatian X merupakan ......................................................................................................................[2M]
komponen utama yang terdapat dalam pembasmi kuman tangan itu.
(d) Compound X is also used as a main substance in the production of acetone.

Diagram 4.2 shows a woman is removing her nail varnish.
Sebatian X juga digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam penghasilan aseton.
Rajah 4.2 menunjuk, seorang wanita sedang menanggalkan varnis kuku.
Diagram 4.1/Rajah 4.1
(a) State the type of bond in compound X.

Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian X.
Ikatan Kovalen//covalent bond
R; covalent compound// kovelen
......................................................................................................................[1M]
(b)(i) Is compound X able to conduct electricity? Diagram 4.2/ Rajah 4.2

Adakah sebatian X dapat mengkonduksikan arus elektrik?
Tidak boleh// cannot Based on Diagram 4.2, / Berdasarkan Rajah 4.2,
A: No/Unable// does not conduct
(i) explain why acetone is suitable to be used to remove the nail varnish.
......................................................................................................................[1M] terangkan mengapa aseton sesuai digunakan untuk menanggalkan varnis kuku.
1. aseton (kena tulis nama) adalah pelarut organik/ sebatian kovalen//
(ii) Explain your answer in 4(b)(i). / Terangkan jawapan anda di 4(b)(i). sebatian organik
1. Sebatian X terdiri daripada molekul// compound X consists of molecules Acetone is an organic solvent/ covalent compound// organic compound
2. no free moving ion in compound// tiada ion yang bebas bergerak 2. varnis kuku larut dalam pelarut organik
3. cannot carry elektric charge// tidak boleh membawa cas elektrik nail varnish dissolve in organic solvent// nail varnis his a covalentt/ organic
R; cannot complete circuit// tidak melengkapkan litar compound
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................[2M]
(ii) can water replace acetone to remove the nail varnish? Give your reason.
bolehkah air menggantikan aseton untuk menanggalkan varnis kuku? Berikan
alasan anda.
Tidak// no
Varnis kuku/ sebatian kovalen tidak larut dalam air
Nail varnish/ covalent compound cannot dissolve in water
A: aseton melarutkan varnish kuku
R: kalis air/ water proof
R: water is polar solvent, nail varnish cannot hydrates in polar solvent [2 markah/ 2 marks]
Aseton tidak larut dalam air (iii) Apabila gas ammonia dan gas hidrogen klorida bercampur, wasap putih ammonium
Air tidak larut dalam varnish kuku klorida terbentuk.
Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.
............................................................................................................................. When ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas are mixed, white fumes of ammonium
chloride is formed.
......................................................................................................................[2M] Write the chemical equation of the reaction.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
[Kuantan, Pahang07] .................................................................................................................................... [1M]
(a) Rajah 7 menunjukkan pembentukan ikatan kovalen dalam molekul ammonia.
Diagram 7 shows the formation of covalent bond in ammonia molecule. (iv) Ammonium klorida terdiri daripada ion ammonium dan ion klorida. Ion ammonium
terbentuk daripada ikatan datif antara molekul ammonia dan ion hidrogen daripada asid.
Terangkan secara ringkas pembentukan ikatan datif dalam ion ammonium.
Ammonium chloride consists of ammonium ion and chloride ion. Ammonium ions are
formed from dative bonds between ammonia molecules and hydrogen ions from acid.
Describe briefly the formation of dative bond in ammonium ion.
Pasangan elektron bebas yang tidak terlibat dalam ikatan kovalen (pada atom
nitrogen) di dalam molekul ammonia akan dikongsikan dengan ion hidrogen yang
Rajah 7/ Diagram 7 tidak mempunyai elektron.
(i) Apakah jenis ikatan kovalen yang terbentuk dalam molekul ammonia? The lone pair of electrons that are not involved in covalent bonds (on
What type of covalent bond is formed in an ammonia molecule? nitrogen atom) in ammonia molecules will be shared with hydrogen ions
Ikatan kovalen tunggal // Single covalent bond that do not have electrons.
.................................................................................................................................... [1M] …………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Molekul X2Y mempunyai jenis ikatan kovalen yang sama seperti molekul ammonia.
Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan electron bagi molekul X2Y. ……………………………………………………………………………………. [1M]
[Nombor proton: X = 1; Y = 8]
The X2Y molecule has the same type of covalent bond as the ammonia molecule. Draw (b) Jadual 7 menunjukkan beberapa sifat bagi sebatian R, S dan T.
an electron arrangement diagram for the molecule X2Y. Table 7 shows some properties of substances R, S and T.
[Proton number: X = 1; Y = 8] Sifat-sifat Sebatian R Sebatian S Sebatian T
1. Bilangan elektron pada setiap petala yang betul dan nukleus ditunjukkan dan Properties Compound R Compound S Compound T
dilabelkan Keadaan pada suhu
The number of electrons on each shell is correct and nucleus is indicated and bilik Pepejal Pepejal Pepejal
labeled State at room Solid Solid Solid
2. Nisbah atom betul dengan bilangan pasangan elektron dikongsikan antara temperature
setiap atom Keterlarutan dalam
Larut Tidak larut Larut
air
The ratio of X and Y atoms is correct with the number of electron pairs shared Soluble Insoluble Soluble
Solubility in water
between each atom

Kekonduksian [MRSM18-09] Diagram 9.1 shows the three element cards, X, Y and Z. X and Y
elektrik sebatian can react with Z to form different type of compounds.
Tidak boleh Tidak boleh Boleh
dalam air Gambarajah 9.1 menunjukan tiga kad unsur, X, Y dan Z. X dan Y boleh bertindak
mengkonduksikan mengkonduksikan mengkondusikan
Electrical balas dengan Z membentuk sebatian yang berbeza.
Do not conduct Do not conduct Can conduct
conductivity of
compound in water X State at 25 °C: Solid ▪ X is the 11th element in the Periodic
Keadaan fizikal pada Table
Jadual 7/ Table 7 25°C: Pepejal X adalah unsur ke-11 dalam Berkala
(i) Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 7, kenal pasti sebatian R, S dan T. Jadual
Based on the information in Table 7, identify compounds R, S and T. Colour: Grey/white
Warna: Kelabu/ Putih ▪ It is store under oil
Sebatian R/ Compound R: …………………………………………………………. Ia disimpan di bawah minyak
Atomic mass: 22.99
Sebatian S/ Compound S: …………………………………………………………. Jisim atom ▪ When dropped into water it bursts
into
Sebatian T/ Compound T: …………………………………………………………. Density: 0.968 g/cm3 flames
[3 markah/ 3 marks] Ketumpatan Apabila jatuh ke dalam air ia akan
Sebatian R: Glukosa/ C6H12O6 menghasilkan percikan api
Sebatian S: Plumbum(II) iodida/ PbI2
Melting pt: 97.72°C
Sebatian T: Kalium nitrat/ KNO3 ▪ X is soft enough to be cut with a
Takat lebur:
* Terima mana-mana jawapan yang sesuai knife
Boiling pt: 883°C X cukup lembut untuk dipotong
Compound R: Glucose/ C6H12O6 dengan pisau
Takat didih
Compound S: Lead(II) iodide/ PbI2
Compound T: Potassium nitrate/ KNO3
Y State at 25 °C: Solid ▪ Y is the 6th element in the Periodic
* Accept any suitable answers
(i) Ahmad menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat sebatian. Beliau telah 25°C: Pepejal Y ialah unsur keenam dalam Jadual
tersilap mencampurkan sebatian S dan sebatian T dalam satu bikar. Berkala
Cadangkan bagaimana Ahmad boleh mengasingkan campuran tersebut. Colour: Black
Ahmad conducted an experiment to study the properties of compounds. He had mistakenly Warna: Hitam ▪ Appear in many different forms in
mixed compound S and compound T in one beaker. nature, e.g. black charcoal, diamonds
Suggest how Ahmad can separate the mixture. Atomic mass: 12.011 and graphite
1. Tambahkan air ke dalam campuran dan kacau Jisim atom Muncul dalam pelbagai bentuk dalam
Dunia. Contohnya arang hitam,
Add water into the mixture and stir
Density: 2.267 g/cm3 berlian
2. Turaskan
Ketumpatan dan grafit
Filter
.……………………………………………………………………………………. ▪ Y forms the bulk of all living matter
Melting pt: 352°C
Takat lebur Y membentuk sebahagian besar
……………………………….……………………………………………………. daripada semua benda hidup
….………………………………………….………………………………………. Boiling pt: 4027°C
[2 markah/ 2 marks] Takat didih

Z State at 25°C: Gas ▪ Z is the 17th element in the Periodic

25°C: gas Z adalah elemen ke-17 dalam Jadual
Berkala
Colour: Greenish
yellow ▪ Z is a toxic gas
Warna: Hijau Z adalah gas toksik
kekuningan
▪ It is used in toilet cleaner to kill
Atomic mass: 35.453 bacteria
Jisim atom: Ia digunakan dalam pembersih tandas
untuk membunuh bakteria OPTION 2
Density: 2.898 g/cm3 P1. Y and Z form covalent bond
Ketumpatan: ▪ However, adding small amounts to P2. To achieve [stable] octet electron arrangement
drinking water kills water-borne P3. One atom Y contribute 4 electrons while
Melting pt: -101.5°C disease such as cholera and typhoid P4. each atom Z contribute 1 electron
Takat lebur: Walau bagaimanapun, apabila P5. One atom Y share 4 pairs of/8 electrons with four atom Z
ditambah dalam air minumam dalam
kuantiti yang kecil boleh membunuh P6 & P7. Diagram
Boiling pt: -34.04°C
penyakit bawaan air seperti kolera • Correct number of shells and electron
Takat didih:
dan kepialu • Labeled nucleus and correct number of atom
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atoms X, Y and Z.

Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom X, Y dan Z. [3M]
P1. X: 2.8.1
P2. Y: 2.4
P3. Z: 2.8.7
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Based on Diagram 9.1, suggest any two suitable elements that can react
to form a compound. State the type of bond formed and explain the formation of
the compound.
Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1, cadangkan dua unsur yang sesuai bertindak balas
membentuk suatu sebatian. Nyatakan jenis ikatan yang terbentuk dan terangkan
pembentukan sebatian tersebut. [7M]
OPTION 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P1. X and Z formed ionic bond
P2. To achieve [stable] octet electron arrangement …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P3. X atom release/donate one [valence] electron to form X+ ion.
P4. Z atom gain/receive one electron to form Z- ion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P5. X+ and Z- are attracted by strong electrostatic force
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P6 & P7. Diagram
• Correct number of shells and electron …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1) Place half spatula of compound T and pour compound V in evaporating dish

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… separately
2) Leave aside / heat for [5-10] minutes
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Observe and record the change
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Observation
Compound T remains as solid Liquid V disappears// Volume of
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… liquid V decreases
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Experiment 2: Solubility in water
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows the arrangement of particle for two types of compound. Procedure:
Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan susunan zarah dua jenis sebatian. 1) Pour 5 cm3 of water into two different test tubes
2) Place half spatula of compound T and 2 cm3 of compound V into each test tube
Compound separately and
Sebatian
Observation
The solid T dissolve in water Liquid V does not dissolve in water
Conclusion:
Compound T is ionic compound and compound V is covalent Compound
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Compound T Compound V …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Sebatian T Sebatian V
Diagram 9.2/ Rajah 9.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Describe an experiment to differentiate the compounds based on: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Huraikan eksperimen untuk membezakan kedua-dua sebatian tersebut
berdasarkan: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• solubility in water/ keterlarutan di dalam air
• melting point or boiling point/ takat lebur atau takat didih. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In your description include: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Huraian anda haruslah mengandungi perkara berikut:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Example of compound T and compound V/ Contoh sebatian T dan sebatian V
• Procedure of experiment/ Kaedah ekperimen …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Observation/ Pemerhatian
• Conclusion/ Kesimpulan [10M] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Compound T: Sodium chloride/magnesium chloride, etc.
Compound V: Hexane …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a: any ionic and covalent compound
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Experiment 1: Melting point or boiling point
Procedure: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

+ Tambahkan 2 larutan/ Add 2 solution

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Y Turas/ Filter
O Kering/ Dry
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Garam sulfat tak terlarutkan :suBaCaPb
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The insoluble salt of Sulphate
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Garam klorida tak terlarutkan: coPbAgMer

The insoluble salt of Chloride
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Semua garam karbonat tak terlarutkan kecuali ANaK Karbonat
All carbonate salt is insoluble except ANaK carbonate
INGAT/ REMEMBER
PeKuPbO – Perang panas, kuning sejuk – PbO
KuPuZno – Kuning panas, Putih sejuk - ZnO
Bab/Chap 6 Pemanasan Garam / Heating of salt

1 gas – biasa CO2 – sumber/asal daripada Garam CO3
Untuk Kuprum / For copper 1 gas – is CO2 – from CO3 Salt
Cu Perang Brown
CuO Hitam Black 2 gas – biasa NO2 dan O2 – sumber/asal daripada Garam NO3
CuCO3 Hijau Green NO2 – Gas Perang dan berasid
CuCl2 Pepejal Hijau, Larutan Biru Green solid, Blue solution 2 gas – is NO2 and O2 – from NO3 Salt
Lain-lain BIRU Blue NO2 – Brown Gas and acidic
Test Anion / Anion Test

Penyediaan Garam/ Preparation of salts
CO32- Cl2 SO42- NO3-
Tambah Tambahkan/ Tambahkan/ Tambahkan/ Add
A. Terlarutkan/ Soluble
sebarang asid Add Add H2SO4 CAIR/ dilute
(BUKAN ANaK – ASID dengan LOGAM/ LOGAM OKSIDA/ LOGAM KARBONAT)
kuat FeSO4
(NO ANaK- ACID with METAL/ METAL OXIDE/ METAL CARBONATE)
Add any strong HNO3 HCl
+ Panaskan asid/ Heat the acid Goncang/ shake.
acid AgNO3 BaCl2
Tambahkan serbuk LOGAM/ Oksida logam/ karbonat logam Sengetkan/ tilt
HCl// HNO3//
And powder of METAL/ METAL OXIDE/ METAL CARBONATE H2SO4 3 titis H2SO4 PEKAT
Kacau/ stir 3 drop concentrated
Tambah sehingga berlebihan/ add until excess H2SO4
Y Turas. Ambik HASIL turasan Pembuakan Mendakan Mendakan Cincin perang
Filter. Take the filtrate berlaku/ Gas putih putih terbentuk
Evaporate Panaskan sehingga tepu CO2 terbebas terbentuk terbentuk Brown ring formed
Heat until saturated Effervesce occur/ White White
Cool Sejukkan di suhu bilik untuk pembentukan kristal. CO2 gas is precipitate precipitate
Cool at room temperature for crystalisation released AgCl BaSO4
Y Turas. Ambik BAKI turasan
Filter. Take the residue Test Kation/ Cation test – 9 – Ammonium, Ca, Mg, Pb, Al, Zn, Cu, Fe2+, Fe3+
O Keringkan/ Dry 6 yang penting/ 6 the importance
Ca2+ Mg2+ Pb2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Cu2+
B. Tak Terlarutkan/ Insoluble

NaOH Mendakan Putih Mendakan Putih LARUT Mendakan Biru (iii) Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas dalam (a)(i).
Kekal dalam lebihan kekal Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).
White precipitate not White precipitate dissolve in Blue precipitate 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak balas betul
dissolve exces not dissolve Correct reactant and products chemical formula
NH3 Tiada Mendakan Putih kekal Mendakan Mendakan biru 2. Persamaan kimia seimbang
perubahan White precipitate not dissolve Putih (tambh sikit) Balance chemical equation
Unchanged LARUT Blue precipitate
dalam Cu(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → CuCO3 + NaNO3 //
lebihan LARUT Cu(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → CuCO3 + KNO3 //
White membentuk Cu(NO3)2 + (NH4)2CO3 → CuCO3 + NH4NO3
precipitate larutan BIRU
dissolve in TUA ........................................................................................................[2M]
exces Then dissolve
in exces formed (b) Dalam tindak balas II, pemanasan pepejal hijau menghasilkan pepejal
DARK BLUE hitam X dan gas Y.
solution In reaction II, heating of green solid produced black solid X and gas Y.
Pengesahan ion Pb2+/ Comfirmation of Pb2+ ion (i) Gas Y mengeruhkan air kapur. Namakan gas Y.
Tambahkan KI – Mendakan Kuning terhasil/ Add with KI – Yellow precipitate Gas Y turns limewater cloudy. Name gas Y.
formed Gas karbon dioksida// carbon dioxide gas
....................................................................................................[1M]
[Kuantan, Pahang08] (ii) Tuliskan formula kimia pepejal hitam X.
Rajah 8 menunjukkan tiga siri tindak balas ke atas kuprum(II) nitrat. Write the chemical formula of black solid X.
Diagram 8 shows three series of reaction on copper(II) nitrate. CuO
..................................................................................................[1M]
Kuprum(II) + Garam V I Pepejal hijau W II Pepejal hitam X + Gas
nitrat Salt V Green solid W Panaskan Black solid X Y
Copper(II) Heat (c) Dalam tindak balas III, pepejal hijau W bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik
nitrate III + H2SO4 menghasilkan larutan Z. Nyatakan warna larutan Z.
In reaction III, green solid W reacts with sulphuric acid produced solution Z.
Larutan Z Air Gas Y State the colour of solution Z.
+ +
Solution Z Water Biru// blue
...........................................................................................................[1M]
Rajah 8/ Diagram 8 (d) Kation bagi larutan Z dikenal pasti sebagai salah satu kation logam berat
(a) Dalam tindak balas I, kuprum(II) nitrat bertindak balas dengan garam V yang dijumpai dalam air buangan industri. Huraikan secara ringkas ujian
menghasilkan pepejal hijau W. kimia untuk mengesahkan kation dalam larutan Z.
In reaction I, copper(II) nitrate reacts with salt V to produce a green solid W. Cation in solution Z is identified as one of the heavy metals found in industrial
waste water. Describe briefly chemical test to verify the cation in solution Z.
(i) Kenal pasti garam V. …………………………………..………… [1M] 1. Masukkan (2-3) cm3 larutan Z ke dalam tabung uji dan tambah larutan
Identify salt V
natrium hidroksida /ammonia sehingga berlebihan.
Garam V: Natrium karbonat//Na2CO3// Kalium karbonat// K2CO3// Ammonium Insert (2-3) cm3 of solution Z into the test tube and add sodium
karbonat// (NH4)2CO3
hydroxide/ammonia solution until excess.
Salt V: Sodium carbonate // Na2CO3// Potassium carbonate //K2CO3//
Ammonium carbonate // (NH4)2CO3 2. Mendakan biru tidak larut dalam NaOH berlebihan //mendakan biru larut
dalam larutan ammonia berlebihan
(ii) Namakan pepejal hijau W. …………………………………..………… [1M] Blue precipitate insoluble in excess NaOH // Blue precipitate soluble in
Name the green solid W. excess of ammonia solution
3. menunjukkan kehadiran ion kuprum(II)
Pepejal hijau W: Kuprum(II) karbonat indicates the presence of copper(II) ions
Green solid W: Copper(II) carbonate ……...……………………...……………………………………………………………
...……..………………………………………………………………………………….
……….………………………………………………………………………………….
…….…………………………………………………………………………………….[3M]
[SPM15-09]. (a) Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid
X. Asid X adalah asid monoprotik.
The equation shows the reaction between zinc and acid X. Acid X is a monoprotic
acid.
Zn + Asid X à Garam Y + H2
Zn + Acid X à Salt Y + H2
Ketiga-tiga garam ZnSO4, ZnCl2 dan Zn(NO3)2, dalam Rajah 9 boleh ditukarkan
Berdasarkan persamaan itu, / Based on the equation, kepada ZnCO3, melalui tindak balas I, kemudian ZnCO3 bertindak balas dengan
(i) cadangkan asid X dan kenal pasti garam Y. asid W untuk membentuk satu garam zink melalui tindak balas II.
suggest acid X and identify salt Y. [2M] All the three salts, ZnSO4, ZnCl2 and Zn(NO3)2, in Diagram 9 can be converted to
acid x ; HCl// HNO3//CH3COOH ZnCO3 by reaction I, then ZnCO3 reacts with acid W to form a zinc salt through
hydrochloric acid// nitric acid// ethanoic acid reaction II.
asid hidroklorik// asid nitric// asid etanoik
(i) Dengan memilih satu daripada tiga garam di Rajah 9, cadangkan larutan R
Y untuk menyediakan zink karbonat, ZnCO3. Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat
; ZnCl2// Zn(NO3)2// Zn(CH3COO) dan huraikan eksperimen makmal untuk menyediakan zink karbonat, ZnCO3.
Zinc chloride, zinc nitric, zinc ethanoate By choosing one of the three salts in Diagram 9, suggest solution R to prepare zinc
Zink klorida, zink nitrat, zink etanoat carbonate, ZnCO3. Write the chemical equation involved and describe a laboratory
experiment to prepare zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 [8M]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Larutan R:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Cadangkan – UMUM – boleh bagi nama or formula
K2CO3 // Na2CO3 // (NH4)2CO3
(ii) daripada jawapan anda di 9(a)(i), tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu. Potassium carbonate// sodium carbonate// ammonium carbonate
From your answer in 9(a)(i), write a chemical equation for the reaction. [2M] Kalium karbonat// natrium karbonat// ammonium karbonat
Zn + 2HCl à ZnCl2 + H2
Zn + 2HNO3 à Zn(NO3)2 + H2 Persamaan kimia: bergantung kepada garam dan R yang dipilih
ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 à ZnCO3 + Na2SO4
Zn + 2CH3COOH à Zn(CH3COO)2 + H2
ZnSO4 + K2CO3 à ZnCO3 + K2SO4
Accept ionic equation/ terima persamaan ion
ZnSO4 + (NH4)2CO3 à ZnCO3 + (NH4)2SO4
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NaCl

ZnCl2 + K2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2KCl
(b) Rajah 9 menunjukkan carta alir bagi garam zink ZnCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NH4Cl
Diagram 9 shows a flow chart of zinc salts.
Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
Zn(NO3)2 + K2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2KNO3
Zn(NO3)2 + (NH4)2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NH4NO3
Prosedur
1. [20 – 100] cm3 larutan zink sulfat [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 disukat dan dituangkan ke dalam
bikar.
[20 – 100] cm3 of [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 zinc sulphate solution is measured and poured into a
beaker

2. [20 – 100] cm3 larutan kalium/natrium karbonat [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 disukat dan
dituang ke dalam bikar. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[20 – 100]cm3 of [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 potassium carbonate solution is measured and poured
into a beaker …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Kacau, // stir …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. dan turaskan campuran tersebut. // filter
5. Kemudiannya bilas sedikit dengan air suling. // wash/ rinse
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Cadangkan asid W untuk menyediakan salah satu daripada tiga garam zink
di Rajah 9. Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat dan huraikan eksperimen …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
makmal untuk menyediakan garam itu.
Suggest acid W to prepare any one of the three zinc salt in Diagram 9. Write a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
chemical equation involved and describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the
salt. [8M] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
asid W: HCl//hidroklorik// HNO3// nitrik// H2SO4// Sulfurik …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Acid W: Hydrochloric// nitric// sulphuric
Persamaan kimia: ZnCO3 + 2HCl à ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O Bab/Chap 7
Collision 1. Size 1. Present of Catalyst 1. Temperature 1. Concentration

Theory 2. Smaller size, 2. Provide alternative 2. The higher 2. The higher
Prosedur 1. factor TSA (Total route, by new low temperature, the concentration, the
[20 – 100] cm3 larutan kalium/natrium karbonat [0.1 – 2.0] 2. What surface area per activation energy, higher kinetic number of particle
factor
do
volume) bigger 3. FOC – NO NEED energy pr volume Increase
1. [20 – 100] cm3 asid hidroklorik [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 disukat dan dituang ke dalam bikar. 3. FOC 3. FOC increases HERE 3. FOC increases 3. FOC increases
[20 – 100] cm3 of [0.1 – 2.0] mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measure and pour into beaker 4. FOAC between CaCO3 + 4. FOC increases between H+ + between H+ +
H+ between Zn + H+ thiosulphate ion, thiosulphate ion,
2. Tambahkan zink karbonat ke dalam asid sehingga berlebihan 4. FOC increases S2O32- S2O32-
between CaCO3 + 4. FOC increases 4. FOC increases
Add zinc carbonate into acid until excess
H+ between H+ + between H+ +
thiosulphate ion, thiosulphate ion,
3. Kacau dan turaskan campuran tersebut. S2O32- S2O32-
Stir and filter 1. saiz 1. kehadiran 1. Suhu 1. kepekatan
2. Jumlah luas mangkin 2. suhu tinggi, 2. kepekatan tinggi,
4. Pindahkan hasil turasan ke mangkuk penyejat dan panaskan sehingga larutan tepu. permukaan per 2. menyediakan tenaga kinetic tinggi bil. Zarah per isi
Heat until saturated// heat until 3/4 isi padu lintasan alternatif 3. Frekuensi padu tinggi
5. kemudian biarkan menyejuk pada suhu bilik. bertambah yang baru dengan perlanggaran 3. Frekuensi
Cool and filter 3. Frekuensi tenaga pengaktifan, bertambah antara perlanggaran
6. Turas dan bilas dengan sedikit dengan air suling. perlanggaran Ea’ yang lebih CaCO3 + H+ bertambah antara
bertambah rendah 4. Frekuensi CaCO3 + H+
antara CaCO3 + 3. Lebih banyak perlanggaran 4. Frekuensi
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… H+ zarah yang berkesan perlanggaran
4. Frekuensi berlanggar dapat bertambah antara berkesan
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… perlanggaran mengatasi tenaga CaCO3 + H+ bertambah antara
berkesan pengaktifan. CaCO3 + H+
bertambah 4.Frekuensi
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
antara CaCO3 + perlanggaran
H+ berkesan
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Nama zarah bertambah antara
bettindak balas Zn + H+
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [SPM18-01]. (a) Two sets of experiment are earned out to investigate one of the
factors that affects the rate of reaction between 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 nitric
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… acid and 2 g of Zinc.

Dua set eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat salah satu faktor yang Dengan merujuk Rajah 1.1, kenal pasti satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas antara 100 cm3 asid nitrik 0.5 mol dm-3 dengan tindak balas dalam eksperimen itu
2 g Zink. Saiz of reactant [kena sebut bahan, xde, salah]
Temperature
Diagram 1.1 shows the curves of the graph of volume of gas against time obtained Catalyst
from the two sets of experiment, Set I and Set II. Saiz bahan/ suhu/ mangkin
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan lengkung graf isi padu gas melawan masa yang diperoleh A; total surface area of reactant
daripada dua set eksperimen itu, Set I dan Set II.
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows two situations of grilling 500 g of meat.

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua situasi memanggang 500 g daging.
Set I serbuk
Set II -ketulan
(i) State the meaning of rate of reaction./ Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas.
In which situation will the meat cook faster? Explain.
Change in quantity of reactant or products per unit time
Dalam situasi manakah daging akan masak dengan lebih cepat? Terangkan.
Perubahan kuantiti bagi bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas per unit
Siatuasi A – sbb soalan tanya situasi
masa
Disebut perubahannya : kadar isi padu gas terbebas
Sebab/ reason
Smaller size// bigger total surface area
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
Saiz lebih kecil// jumlah luas permukaan lebih besar
(ii) State the name of the gas released in this experiment.
More heat energy is absorbed// lebih banyak tenaga haba diserap
Nyatakan nama gas yang terbebas dalam eksperimen ini.
R:habaàfire
Gas Hidrogen// Hydrogen gas
A: heat absorb faster
r: formula
R; more heat energy is used to cook meat
A; head absorb faster
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
(iii) State one observable change in this experiment that can be used to determine
Sate. - salah
the rate of reaction.
Saiz daging yang kecil
Nyatakan satu perubahan yang dapat diperhatikan dalam eksperimen ini yang
Menyerap haba dengan lebih cepat.
boleh digunakan untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas.
Masak dalam masa yang singkat
Change/ increase in volumeof gas released// change/ decrease in mass of Zn
Perubahan/ Pertambahan isi padu gas yang dibebaskan//
.............................................................................................................................
perubahan/pengurangan jisim Zn
A: volume of gas// mass of zinc
.............................................................................................................................
R: size of zinc/ saiz Zn – kita tak nampak perubahan ini
.............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... [1M]
..................................................................................................................... [3M]
(iv) By referring to Diagram 1.1, identify one factor that affects the rate of reaction
in the experiment.
(c) Classify the following reactions into fast reaction and slow reaction in the table
provided.
Kelaskan tindak balas berikut kepada tindak balas yang cepat dan tindak balas
yang perlahan dalam jadual yang disediakan
Photosynthesis Rusting Combustion

Fotosintesis Pengaratan Pembakaran
Double decomposition reaction

Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua
Fast reaction Slow reaction

Tindak balas cepat Tindak balas perlahan
(a) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
Combustion Photosynthesis
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
Pembakaran Fotosintesis
Zn + HCl à ZnCl2 + H2
Double decomposition reaction Rusting
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2M]
Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua Pengaratan
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1,
Based on Diagram 5.1,
[SPM14-06] Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan graf jisim zink melawan masa bagi tindak
(i) mengapakah lengkung bagi graf kekal mendatar selepas t1 saat?
balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik. Dalam eksperimen ini, 5.00 g zink
Why is the curve in the graph remains constant after t1 second?
ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 untuk mengkaji
Semua asid hidroklorik telah bertindak balas lengkap dengan Zn
kadar tindak balas pada suhu 30 °C.
All hydrochloric acid was reacted completely with Zn
Diagram 5.1 shows the graph of the mass of zinc against time for the reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid. In this experiment, 5.00 g of zinc is added to
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1M]
100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to study the rate of reaction at the
temperature of 30 °C.
(ii) tentukan jisim zink yang tidak bertindak balas dalam eksperimen itu.
determine the mass of unreacted zinc in the experiment.
Jisim zink (g)
1.75 g (daripada graf/ from the graph)
Mass of Zinc (g)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1M]
(c) Dalam eksperimen ini, kadar tindak balas boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur
isi padu gas hidrogen yang dihasilkan pada sela masa yang tetap. Lukis rajah
susunan radas untuk eksperimen ini.
In this experiment, the rate of reaction can also be determined by measuring the
volume of hydrogen gas produced at regular intervals of time. Draw the apparatus
set-up for the experiment.

Rajah 5.2 / Diagram 5.2 [1M]

(ii) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 6(d)(i), terangkan bagaimana suhu
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran.
Based on your answer in 6(d)(i), explain how temperature affects the rate of
reaction by using collision theory.
1. Suhu tinggi, menyebabkan kandungan tenaga kinetic zarah bertambah
[2M] 2. Bilangan perlanggaran di antara Zn dan ion H+ bertambah
3. Bilangan perlanggaran berkesan di antara Zn dan ion H+ bertambah
(d) Eksperimen diulangi pada suhu 40 °C dengan semua faktor lain kekal tidak 4. Kadar tindak balas lebih tinggi
berubah.
The experiment is repeated at the temperature of 40 °C with other factors remain 1. The higher temperature, the higher kinetic energy of particles
unchanged. 2. the frequency of collision between Zn and Hydrogen ion increases
3. The frequency of effective collision between Zn and Hydrogen ion increases
(i) Lakarkan lengkung yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen pada paksi yang sama 4. rate of reaction is higher
dalam
Sketch the curve obtained for this experiment on the same axis in Diagram 5.2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Jisim zink (g) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3M]

Mass of Zinc (g)
(e) Selain daripada suhu, nyatakan satu faktor lain yang juga boleh
mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.
Apart from temperature, state one other factor that will also affect the rate of
reaction in this experiment.
Saiz zink// kepekatan HCl // penambahan mangkin
Size of Zinc// concentration of HCl // Add catalyst (CuSO4)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1M]

[Kuantan, Pahang11] 3. Nisbah mol/ mol ratio

Dua eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas apabila zink bertindak balas
dengan asid hidroklorik. Jadual 11 menunjukkan keputusan Eksperimen I dan II. 2 mol HNO3 menghasilkan 1 mol H2
Two experiments are carried out to investigate the rate of reaction when zinc reacts with // 0.002 mol HNO3 menghasilkan 0.001 mol H2
hydrochloric acid. Table 11 shows the result of Experiment I and II.
Jumlah isipadu gas X 2 mol HNO3 produce 1 mol H2
yang dikumpulkan // 0.002 mol HNO3 produce 0.001 mol H2
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Suhu, °C
dalam 2 minit, cm3
Experiment Reactant Temperature, °C 4. Isipadu maksimum gas H2
Total volume of gas X
collected in 2 minutes, cm3 Maximum volume of H2 gas
Serbuk zink berlebihan + = 0.001 x 24 dm3////0.024dm3//24 cm3
20 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 asid …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
hidroklorik
I 30.0 22.0
Excess zinc powder +
3 -3
20 cm 0.1 mol dm
hydrochloric acid
Serbuk zink berlebihan +
20 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 asid
hidroklorik
II 40.0 37.0
Excess zinc powder + (c) (i) Eksperimen III dijalankan dengan menggunakan bahan tindak balas yang sama seperti
20 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 Eksperimen II tetapi dengan kadar tindak balas yang lebih tinggi. Cadangkan satu faktor yang
hydrochloric acid boleh digunakan dalam Eksperimen III dan beri justifikasi.
Jadual 11/ Table 11 Experiment III is done using the same reactants as in Experiment II but with higher rate of
(a) Nyatakan maksud kadar tindak balas. reaction. Suggest another factor that can be used in Experiment III and justify. [2M]
Seterusnya, hitungkan kadar tindak balas purata Eksperimen I bagi dua minit pertama dalam cm3 1. Mangkin/ Catalyst
s-1. 2. Mangkin memberi laluan alternatif yang merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan dan
State the meaning of the rate of reaction. meningkatkan kadar tindak balas
Next, calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I for the first two minutes in cm3 s-1. Catalyst provides an alternative path that lowers the activation energy and
[2 markah/ 2 marks] increase the rate of reaction
1. Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil tindak balas per unit masa
Change in quantity of reactants or products per unit time Atau
2. Kadar tindak balas purata = 22/ (2 x60) 1. Kepekatan asid hidroklorik

= 0.183 cm3 s-1 Concentration of hydrochloric acid
2. Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isipadu meningkat
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume increases
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Gas X yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen II dikumpulkan dalam buret. Namakan gas X dan
hitungkan isipadu maksimum gas yang dihasilkan dalam Eksperimen II.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
Gas X evolved in experiment II are collected in burette. Name gas X and calculate the maximum
(ii) Berdasarkan Eksperimen III yang anda cadangkan di (d)(i), lakar graf yang menunjukkan
volume of gas produced in Experiment II.
kadar tindak balas lengkap bagi eksperimen II dan III pada satu paksi yang sama.
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature] [4 markah/ 4 marks]
Based on factor suggested in (d)(i), sketch a graph that shows the rate of reaction for
Experiment II and III on the same axis.
1. Gas hidrogen// hydrogen gas
[2 markah/ 2 marks]
2. Bilangan mol HNO3 = 0.1 x 20 //0.002
Number of mol HNO3 1000
Sebagai seorang doktor pelatih, cadangkan satu kaedah untuk mengurangkan kadar
1. Paksi berlabel dengan unit yang betul metabolisme dan berikan sebab.
Labelled axes with correct unit As a housemanship doctor, suggest a method to decrease the rate of metabolism and give a
2. Lengkung yang betul dengan label reason.
Correct curve with label [2 markah/ 2 marks]
1. Merendahkan suhu bilik bedah
Lower the temperature of operation room
Faktor mangkin/Catalyst factor:
2. Aktiviti otak dan organ-organ lain dikurangkan.
Isipadu gas X, cm3 The activities of the brain and other organs are reduced
Volume of gasipadu gas X, cm3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
III
II …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Masa, s (e) Rajah 12 di bawah menunjukkan dua pek gula yang sering digunakan di rumah. Kadar
Time, s keterlarutan dalam air pada suhu bilik bagi kedua-dua jenis gula ini adalah berbeza.
Diagram 12 below shows two packs of sugar that are often used at home. The rate of solubility
ATAU/ OR in water at room temperature for these two types of sugars is different.
Faktor kepekatan/ Concentration factor:

Isipadu gas X, cm3
Volume of gasipadu gas X, cm3
III
II
Masa, s
Time, s
Rajah 12/ Diagram 12
Berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar keterlarutan gula dalam air yang dinyatakan di
atas, rancang satu kaedah di dalam makmal bagi menilai faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan kimia lain yang sesuai.
Based on the factors that affect the rate of solubility of sugar in water mentioned above, plan
(d) a method in the laboratory to evaluate the factors that affect the rate of the reaction by using
Kadar metabolisme pesakit dipengaruhi oleh suhu darah. Kadar metabolisme pada other suitable chemicals.
suhu darah normal menyebabkan gangguan terhadap aliran darah pesakit dan [8 markah/ 8 marks]
membawa kepada risiko kerosakan otak dan organ-organ lain semasa pembedahan
disebabkan oleh pengurangan bekalan oksigen. Hal ini boleh diselesaikan dengan Cadangan jawapan:
mengurangkan kadar metabolisme pesakit. Apabila kadar metabolisme 1. Masukkan 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 ke dalam kelalang kon.
dikurangkan, keperluan oksigen oleh otak dan organ-organ yang lain juga dapat 2. Penuhkan buret dengan air dan terlangkupkannya ke dalam sebuah besen
dikurangkan. yang berisi air. Apitkan buret secara menegak.
The patient's metabolic rate is influenced by blood temperature. Metabolic rates at 3. Timbang 2.0 g ketulan marmar / kalsium karbonat dan masukkan ke dalam
normal blood temperatures cause disruption to the patient’s blood flow and lead to
kelalang kon.
the risk of brain and other organs’ damage during surgery due to decrease of oxygen
4. Dengan serta merta, tutup kelalang kon dengan penyumbat getah dan dalam
supply. This can be solved by decreasing the patient's metabolic rate. When the
masa yang sama, mulakan jam randik.
metabolic rate is decreased, the need for oxygen by the brain and other organs can
5. Goyangkan kelalang kon secara perlahan sepanjang eksperimen.
also be decreased.
6. Catatkan bacaan buret pada setiap sela masa 30 saat sehingga buret dipenuhi

gas. 6. Record the time taken.

7. Ulang langkah 1-6 dengan menggunakan ketulan marmar/kalsium karbonat 7. Repeat steps 1-6 using larger lumps of sodium chloride.
bersaiz lebih kecil.
Conclusion:
Kesimpulan: 8. The solubility rate of sodium chloride powder in water is higher than that of
8. Kadar tindak balas bagi ketulan marmar yang kecil lebih tinggi berbanding sodium chloride lumps.
ketulan marmar yang lebih besar.
*Jawapan alternatif: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Masukkan 100 cm3 air suling ke dalam bikar.
2. Timbang 2.0 g serbuk natrium klorida dan masukkan ke dalam bikar. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Dengan serta merta mulakan jam randik.
4. Kacau campuran. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Hentikan jam randik apabila semua serbuk natrium klorida melarut dengan
lengkap …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Catatkan masa yang diambil.
7. Ulang langkah 1-6 dengan menggunakan ketulan natrium klorida yg bersaiz …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
lebih besar.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Kesimpulan:
8. Kadar keterlarutan serbuk natrium klorida dalam air lebih tinggi berbanding …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ketulan natrium klorida.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Suggested answers:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Put 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into a conical flask.
2. Fill the burette fully with water and invert it in a basin of water. Clamp the
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
burette vertically.
3. Weigh 2.0 g of marble / calcium carbonate pieces and place in a conical flask.
4. Immediately, close the conical flask with a rubber stopper and at the same time,
start the stopwatch.
5. Swirl the conical flask slowly throughout the experiment.
6. Record the burette reading at every 30 seconds interval until the burette is filled
with gas.
7. Repeat steps 1-6 using smaller pieces of marble/calcium carbonate.
Conclusion:
8. The reaction rate for smaller marble pieces is higher than for larger marble
pieces.
*Alternative answer:
1. Put 100 cm3 of distilled water into the beaker.
2. Weigh 2.0 g of sodium chloride powder and put in a beaker.
3. Immediately start the stopwatch.
4. Stir the mixture.
5. Stop the stopwatch when all the sodium chloride powder has completely
dissolved

Bab/Chap 8 (c) Plastik merupakan salah satu komponen dalam pembuatan bampar kereta. Gentian kaca
ditambah untuk memperkukuhkan struktur plastik tersebut.
[Kuantan, Pahang02] Nyatakan satu kelebihan sifat bahan komposit yang terhasil berbanding sifat asal plastik.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan proses pembuatan pasu daripada tanah liat seperti kaolin.
Plastic is one of the components in the manufacture of car bumpers. Glass fibers are
Diagram 2 shows process of making vase from clay such as kaolin. added to strengthen the plastic structure.
State an advantage properties of the resulting composite material compared to the
original properties of the plastic.
1. Kelebihan: Kekuatan regangan tinggi
2. Kelemahan sifat asal: Lemah// lembut// mudah terbakar// kekuatan
regangan rendah
1. Advantage: High stretching strength

2. Weaknesses of original properties: Weak//soft//easily burned// low
stretching strength
…................................................................................................................................
…................................................................................................................................
…................................................................................................................................
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
[2 markah/ 2 marks]
(a) Namakan dua sebatian oksida yang terdapat di dalam kaolin.
Name two oxide compounds found in kaolin. [SBP2021-08]
1. Silikon dioksida// silicon dioxide 8. (a) Aurum merupakan unsur utama dalam emas. Jadual 8 menunjukkan
2. Aluminium oksida // aluminium oxide maklumat berkaitan dua jenis kepingan emas yang terdapat di pasaran.
Aurum is the main element consists in gold. Table 8 shows information related to
…................................................................................................................................ the two types of gold bar available in the market.
[2 markah/ 2 marks]
Kepingan emas
(b) Bampar kereta diperbuat daripada sejenis bahan komposit. Apakah maksud bahan Gold bar
komposit?
Car bumpers is made from composite meterials. What is the meaning of composite
materials?
Bahan komposit merupakan bahan yang terdiri daripada gabungan dua atau lebih
bahan yang bukan homogen,iaitu bahan matriks dan bahan pengukuhan.
Composite materials are materials made from a combination of two or more
non-homogeneous substances, namely matrix substance and
strengthening substance A B
…................................................................................................................................
…................................................................................................................................
…................................................................................................................................
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

Susunan atom (b) Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan poster kempen berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan salah
Arrangement of atoms satu program Teknologi Hijau dalam komuniti.
Diagram 8.1 shows a campaign poster related to the implementation of one of the
Green Technology programmes in the community.
Amalkan Pembuangan Sisa Yang Betul

Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Anda dapat membantu mewujudkan impian yang bersih dan hijau,

You can help make the clean and green dream come true
(i) Nyatakan maksud aloi./ State the meaning of alloy.

Aloi ialah campuran dua atau lebih unsur yang mana unsur yang utama ialah
logam
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements where the main element is a metal.
.....................................................................................................................
Lakukan bahagian anda hari ini./ Do your part today.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
Pada pendapat anda. adakah kita perlu menyokong kempen yang ditunjukkan
(ii) Emas manakah yang lebih sesuai untuk dijadikan barang kemas? dalam Rajah 8.1? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Which gold bar is more suitable to make jewellery? In your opinion. do we need to support the campaign shown in Diagram 8.1?
Emas A// Gold A Explain your answer.
1. Perlu// Yes.
............................................................................................................. [2M] 2. Untuk memastikan keberkesanan pengurusan sampah// To make sure the
effectiveness of waste management
(iii) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 8(a)(ii), bandingkan kedua-dua jenis emas itu 3. Untuk meningkatkan kualiti alam sekitar// To improve quality of the
dari segi susunan atom bagi menerangkan pilihan anda. environment (sebarang javvapan yang sesuai)
Based on your answer in 8(a)(ii), compare the two types of gold in terms of the
arrangement of atoms to explain your choice. Atau
1. Emas A mempunyai saiz atom berbeza manakala emas B mempunyai saiz 1. Tidak perlu// No
atom yang sama// Susunan atom emas A tidak teratur manakala emas B teratur 2. Kos yang tinggi// Costly
Gold A has different size of atoms while gold B has same size of atoms// The 3. Tidak berbaloi// Mengambil masa yang lama// Not worthy// Time consuming
atoms are not orderly arranged in gold A while the atoms are orderly arranged in (sebarang javvapan yang sesuai)
gold B
.....................................................................................................................
2. Lapisan atom dalam emas A lebih susah untuk menggelongsor antara satu
sama lain apabila daya dikenakan// .....................................................................................................................
Layers of atoms in gold A are more difficult to slide over each other when force is
applied ............................................................................................................. [3M]
..................................................................................................................... (c) Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan keratan akhbar berkaitan pembuangan sampah di
Malaysia
..................................................................................................................... Diagram 8.2 shows newspaper clipping relating to rubbish disposal in Malaysia.
14 juta tan sampah pada 2022
..................................................................................................................... Kuala Lumpur: Dianggarkan 14 juta tan sampah setahun akan dikutip
menjelang 2022.
............................................................................................................. [2M] Itu anggaran yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan kepada trend pungutan
sampah setiap hari di seluruh negara yang merekodkan peningkatan sejak
2012 sehingga tahun lalu.
Pengarah Institut Lautan dan Sains Bumi. Universiti Malaya (UM) Prof Dr
Sumiani Yusoff berkata, anggaran penjanaan sisa pepejal di negara ini (Boleh memberikan kelebihan bagi salah satu kaedah yang dicadangkan dengan
pada tahun lalu adalah 38,081 tan sĕhari dan angka itu terus meningkat betul)
pada tahun ini iaitu kutipan 38.699 tan sehari.
"Maka kos penghantaran sisa pepejal ke tapak pelupusan bandar akan Sampel jawapan:
meningkat, begitu juga dengan pelepasan gas rumah hijau serta 1. Menjimatkan kos// Reduce cost
penggunaan tenaga yang banyak untuk penghantaran sisa pepejal dari
kawasan bandar ke tapak pelupusan," katanya. 2. Mengurangkan sisa pepejal// Reduce solid waste
"Tanpa kaedah atau teknologi pengurusan sisa pepejal lain, keperluan
terhadap pembinaan tapak pelupusan sisa pepejal akan terus meningkat 3. Menjana tenaga biojisim// Generate biomass energy
dengan peningkatan jumlah kutipan sampah di seluruh Malaysia,"
katanya. 4. Mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar// Reduce environmental pollution
(mana-mana satu jawapan yang berkaitan dengan kaedah yang dinyatakan di
14 million tonnes of garbage by 2022 atas)
Kuala Lumpur: An estimated 14 million tonnes of rubbish a year will be
collected by 2022. .....................................................................................................................
That's an estimate that can be made based on a trend of daily garbage
collection across the country that recorded an increase from 2012 until last .....................................................................................................................
year.
Director of the Institute of Oceans and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya .....................................................................................................................
(UM) Prof Dr Sumiani Yusoff said the estimated generation of solid waste in
the country last year was 38,081 tonnes per day and the figure continues .....................................................................................................................
to increase this year at 38,699 tonnes per day.
"The cost of delivering solid waste to urban landfills will increase, as well as ............................................................................................................. [3M]
greenhouse gas emissions and a lot of energy consumption for the delivery
of solid waste from urban areas to landfills," she said.
"Without other methods or technology in solid waste management, the need
for the construction of solid waste landfills will continue to increase with
the increasing amount of garbage collection throughout Malaysia'' she said.
Sumber/ Source: hmetro.com, 2021
Berdasarkan keratan akhbar dalam Rajah 8.2, cadangkan dua kaedah yang
melibatkan aplikasi Teknologi Hijau bagi mengatasi masalah yang diutarakan.
Berikan kelebihan bagi salah satu kaedah yang dicadangkan.
Based on the newspaper clipping in Diagram 8.2, suggest two methods involving
the application of Green Technology to solve the problem highlighted.
Give one advantage for one of the methods suggested.
(Boleh mencadangkan dua kaedah yang melibatkan aplikasi Teknologi Hijau
bagi mengatasi masalah yang diutarakan dengan betul|
Sampel jawapan:
1. Pengkomposan sisa pepejal organik// Composting organic solid waste
2. Kitar semula// Recycle
3. Penunuan// Incineration
4. Pengumpulan gas metana//

Methane gas recovery
(mana-mana dua jawapan di atas)

Bab/Chap 9 – 1F5. Warna larutan kuprum(II)/ Colour of Copper(II) solution

Biru tidak berubah Biru menjadi tidak berwarna
Sel Elektrolitik/ Electrolytic Cell Blue unchanged Blue turn to colourless
Tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia/ Electrical energy to chemical energy Faktor : Elektrod Faktor : Kedudukan atau kepekatan
Factor : Electrode Factor : Position or Concentration
Faktor dan pemerhatian pada elektrod/ Factor and Observation at electrode 1. Kadar penghasilan ion kuprum(II) pada 1. Ion kuprum(II) dipilih untuk dinyahcas
Jenis Elektrod Anod/ Anode Katod/ Cathode anod sama dengan kadar ion kuprum(II) membentuk logam kuprum
Electrode Type Ion di pilih berdasarkan kedudukan nyahcas pada katod Cu2+ ions was selected to discharge to form
(Selain dari Choose the ion based on position Rate produce Cu2+ ions at anode is equal Copper metal
karbon atau to rate discharge Cu2+ ions at cathode
H+: Gelembung-gelembung gas tak 2. Kepekatan ion kuprum(II) berkurangan.
platinum) Menjadi nipis berwarna terbebas 2. Kepekatan ion kuprum(II) sama atau tidak The concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases.
(other than Became thinner Bubbles gas released berubah.
carbon or The concentration of Cu2+ ions is same/
platinum) Cu2+: menjadi tebal
Ag+ : became thicker unchanged
Anod/ Anode Katod/ Cathode

HALOGEN
Cl- : Gas kuning kehijauan Ujian pengesahan untuk gas/ Confirmatory/ Chemical test for gas of:
terbebas Oksigen/ Oxygen Hidrogen/ Hydrogen Klorin/ Chorine
Greenish Yellow gas released Mengikut kedudukan 1. Masukkan kayu uji 1. Dekatkan kayu uji 1. Masukkan kertas litmus
Br- : larutan perang terhasil Follow the position berbara ke dalam tabung menyala di mulut tabung biru lembap ke dalam
Brown solution produce uji mengandungi gas uji yang mengandungi tabung uji mengandungi
Put the glowing splinter gas. gas.
Kepekatan I- : larutan perang terhasil Place the burning splinter Put wet blue litmus paper
into the test tube contain
Concentration Brown solution produce the gas. near the mouth of test tube into test tube contain the
Lain/Else Lain/ Else contain the gas. gas.
2. Kayu uji berbara akan
OH- : gelembung gas terbebas H+: gelembung gas terbebas
menyala. 2. Bunyi ‘Pop’ terhasil. 2. Biru bertukar menjadi
Bubbles gas released Bubbles gas released
Glowing splinter will ignite. Pop sound heard. merah dan kemudiannya
4OH- à 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu2+: menjadi tebal di lunturkan.
4 Org hutan minum 2 air Ag+ : became thicker Blue change to red then
bersama oren 2 dan 4 epal bleach.
Anod/ Anode Katod/ Cathode
Pilih ion berdasarkan kedudukan
Choose the ion based on position
OH- : gelembung gas terbebas H+: gelembung gas terbebas
E°
Bubbles gas released Bubbles gas released
Cu2+: menjadi tebal
Ag+ : became thicker
Nota/ Note
Jika kuprum digunakan sebagai katod, jawapan terbaik ialah TEBAL
If Copper used as cathode, the best answer is THICKER
Jika sudu besi digunakan untuk penyaduran. Jawapan terbaik ialah SUDU BESI
DI SELIPUTI DENGAN WARNA PERANG
If iron spoon used for plating, the best answer is IRON SPOON COATED WITH
BROWN

[SPM14-04] Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show the apparatus set-up for two ………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M]
electrolytic cells with different electrolytes.
Rajah 4.1 dan Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua sel elektrolisis Based on Diagram 4.2, / Berdasarkan Rajah 4.2,
dengan elektrolit yang berlainan.
(i) State which electrode is anode. / nyatakan elektrod manakah adalah anod
Karbon elektrod X/ Carbon electrode X
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M]
(ii) State the observation at the anode. / nyatakan pemerhatian pada anod.
Bubbles [formed]// colourless gas [release]
gelembong terbentuk
r; water level decreases
Colourless Bubbles gas released Sebab factor kedudukan dan ion OH- yang
terpilih
Diagram 4.1 Rajah 4.1 Diagram 4.2/Rajah 4.2 Gelembung gas tak berwarna terbebas
(a) State the meaning of electrolyte. / Nyatakan maksud elektrolit. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M]
substance that can conducts electricity in molten or aqueous solution
Bahan yang boleh mengalirkan arus electrik dalam keadan leburan dan larutan (iii) Write the half equation at the anode. / tulis setengah persamaan pada anod.
akueus 4OH- à 2H2O + O2 + 4e
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M] ………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M]

(b) Based on Diagram 4.1, / Berdasarkan Rajah 4.1,
(d) In Diagram 4.2, carbon anode is replaced with copper and electrolysis is
(i) Why does the bulb light up when molten lead(II) bromide is used as electrolyte? carried out for 20 minutes. State the observation at the anode. Give a reason.
mengapakah mentol itu menyala apabila leburan plumbum(ll) bromida digunakan Dalam Rajah 4.2, anod karbon digantikan dengan kuprum dan elektrolisis
sebagai elektrolit? dijalankan selama 20 minit. Nyatakan pemerhatian di anod. Beri satu sebab.
The ion free to move 1. Copper/ anode thinner
Ion bebas bergerak [sbb pepejal, ion juga. Cuma tak bebas bergerak] Kuprum/ anod menipis
Contains free moving ion 2. copper ionizes// Cu à Cu2+ + 2e

Mengandungi ion-ion yang bebas bergerak Kuprum mengion
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M] Copper is oxidises// copper/cu [atom] changes to copper(II) ion

Copper [atom] release electron
(ii) Write all the formulae for the ions present in lead(II) bromide. R; copper corrode
Tulis semua formula bagi ion-ion yang hadir dalam plumbum(II) bromida.
Pb2+ and Br- Sebab molten
Copper electrode became thinner.// Cu elektrod menjadi nipis
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M] Copper electrode dissolves// Copper electrode ionise produce copper(II) ion
Elektrod kuprum melarut// Elektrod Cu mengion menghasilkan ion kuprum(II)
(iii)state the observation at cathode. / nyatakan pemerhatian pada katod
Thicker/ Grey solid deposited Sebab logam Pb yang terhasil …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Tebal/ Enapan kelabu terbentuk
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [2M]
………………………………………………………………………………..………………... [1M]
(iv) write the half equation at cathode. / tulis setengah persamaan pada katod.
Pb2+ + 2e à Pb

[SPM18-04]. A student has carried out an experiment of electrolysis for two (b) Suggest the names of the acids used in Diagram 4.
different acids. The concentration for both of the acids is 1.0 mol dm-3. Diagram 4 Cadangkan nama asid yang digunakan dalam Rajah 4.
shows the apparatus set-up for two sets of experiment.
Seorang pelajar menjalankan eksperimen bagi elektrolisis dua asid yang berbeza. Acid A/ Asid A : ...............................................................................................
Kepekatan bagi kedua-dua asid adalah 1.0 mol dm-3. Rajah 4 menunjukkan
susunan radas bagi dua set eksperimen itu Acid B/ Asid B : ...............................................................................................
Acid A : asid sulfurik// Asid nitrik
Asid A: sulphuric acid/ nitric asid
R; Asid hidroklorik cair – rasanya sbb soalan nak nama asid.
Any asid
Acid B : Asid hidroklorik

Asid B
hydrochloric acid
[2M]
(c) State the name of the gas produced at electrode P in Set I.
Nyatakan nama bagi gas yang terhasil di elektrod P pada Set I.
Gas Oksigen [p anod]
Oxygen gas
Diagram 4/ Rajah 4 R; formula
The observation for Set 1 and Set II is shown in Table 1. ..................................................................................................................... [1M]
Pemerhatian bagi Set 1 dan Set II ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1
(d) Write the half equation at electrodes:/ Tulis setengah persamaan di elektrod:
Observation/ Pemerhatian Q : 2H+ + 2e à H2
Anode/ Anod Cathode/ Katod Ni P: 4OH- à 2H2O + O2 + 4e
Colourless gas is released Colourless gas is released
Set I
Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan R : 2Cl- à Cl2 + 2e
Greenish yellow gas is released
Colourless gas is released
Set II Gas kuning kehijauan Q : ................................................................................................................
Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan
dibebaskan
Table 1/ Jadual 1 R : ................................................................................................................
(a) What is the meaning of electrolysis? (e)(i) What should be done in the experiment if a student wishes to collect the
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolisis? colourless gas at the anode in Set II, without changing the type of acid used?
A process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous are broken down into their Give one reason for the formation of colourless gas.
constituent elements by passing electricity through them Apakah yang perlu dilakukan dalam eksperimen itu jika seorang murid, ingin
Proses di mana sebatian dalam keadaan leburan atau akues diuraikan kepada mengumpul gas tidak berwarna di anod dalam Set II, tanpa mengubah jenis asid
unsur juzuknya apabila arus elektrik mengalir melaluinya yang digunakan ? Berikan satu sebab bagi pembentukan gas tanpa warna
A; electrolyte ganti molten or aq 1. Gunakan asid cair/ use dilute acid
Al decomposed/ diurai 2. OH- ion is selected to discharge (to form oxygen gas)//
R; pengasingan/ pembahagian Ion OH- dipilih untuk dinyahcas untuk menghasilkan gas oksigen
A; elements w/out constituent A; OH- ion release electron/oxidize to form oxygen gas
Proses menguraikan elektrolit kepada juzuk-juzuk asalnya dengan Tambahkan air untuk mencairkan Asid hidroklorik pekat.
menggunakan arus elektrik Ion hidroksida akan dipilih dan dinyahcas untuk membentuk gas oksigen
..................................................................................................................... [1M] .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... [2M]

(c) After twenty minutes, / Selepas dua puluh minit,

(ii) Write the half equation of reaction occured at the anode in 4(e)(i).
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada anod di 4(e)(i). (i) state the observation at magnesium electrode in cell I.
4OH- à 2H2O + O2 + 4e nyatakan pemerhatian pada elektrod magnesium di sel I.
Magnesium became thinner/dissolve
..................................................................................................................... [1M] Magnesium semakin menipis/larut
R; mass decreases/ corrode
R; become shorter. Shrink
[SPM12-06] Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up for the combination of cell I
and cell II. Cell I supplies electrical energy for cell II. …………………………………………………………………………..……………………… [1M]
Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi gabungan sel I dan sel II. Sel I
membekal tenaga elektrik kepada sel II. (ii) write half equations for the reaction occurred at the magnesium and copper
electrodes in cell I.
tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod magnesium
dan elektrod kuprum dalam sel I.
Magnesium electrode : …………………………………………………………………….

Elektrod magnesium
Copper electrode : …………………………………………………………………….

Elektrod kuprum [2M]
Magnesium electrode : Mg à Mg2+ + 2e

Copper electrode : Cu2+ + 2e à Cu
(d) State the change in colour of copper(II) sulphate solution in cell I and cell II.
Nyatakan perubahan warna bagi larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam sel I dan sel II.
Cell I : …………………………………………………………………………………………
Sell
Cell II : …………………………………………………………………………………………
(a) State all the ions present in the copper(II) sulphate solution.
Sel II [2M]
Nyatakan semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
Cu2+ , SO42-, H+ , OH- Cell I : keamatan warna biru larutan berkurang
Intensity of the blue colour solution decrease
State - Boleh bagi nama atau formula
Cell II : keamatan warna biru larutan tidak berubah
…………………………………………………………………………..……………………… [1M]
Intensity of the blue colour solution remain the same
(b) State the negative terminal in cell I.
Nyatakan terminal negatif bagi sel I.
Magnesium/Mg (e) A metal Z is found containing some impurities. Z is located below copper in the
electrochemical series.
Sebab – Mg higher than Cu in ECS
Suatu logam Z didapati mengandungi sedikit bendasing. Z terletak di bawah
…………………………………………………………………………..……………………… [1M] kuprum dalam siri elektrokimia.
(i) State the method used to purify the metal Z.

Nyatakan kaedah yang digunakan untuk menulenkan logam Z itu.
Elektrolisis
Electrolysis
R; purification
A; purification through electrolysis

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………… [1M] Diberi nilai E°bagi dua sel setengah ialah:

Given the E° values for two half-cells are:
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram for the apparatus set-up for 6(e)(i). Fe2+ + 2e ↔ Fe E° = - 0.44 V
Lukis rajah berlabel untuk susunan radas bagi 6(e)(i). Ag+ + e ↔ Ag E° = + 0.34 V
(a) Nyatakan semua anion yang hadir dalam larutan ferum(II) nitrat.
Radas berfungsi/ functional apparatus State all anions present in iron(II) nitrate solution.
Label betul/ correct label Ion nitrat dan ion hidroksida // NO3- dan OH-
Nitrate ions and hydroxide ions// NO3- and OH-
Cathode: pure metal Z ………..............................................................................................................................[1M]
Katod: logam tulen Z (b) Selepas 20 minit,
After 20 minutes,
Anode: impure metal Z
Anod: logam tak tulen Z
(i) Nyatakan pemerhatian pada anode.
State the observation at anode.
Elektrod ferum semakin menipis/kecil// jisim elektrod ferum berkurang
The iron electrode is getting thinner/smaller // the mass of the iron
electrode decreases
…................................................................................................................................ [1M]
(ii) Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
Write the half equation for the reaction occurred at anode.
Fe à Fe2+ + 2e
Lukis dan berfungsi – 1 Markah …................................................................................................................................[1M]
Label - 1 Markah
(iii) Nyatakan perubahan warna bagi larutan ferum(II) nitrat. Berikan sebab.
State the colour change of the iron(II) nitrate solution. Give a reason.
1. Keamatan warna hijau larutan semakin meningkat/ Warna hijau larutan
menjadi semakin gelap.
2. Kepekatan ion ferum(II) bertambah.
[3M]
1. The intensity of the green colour of the solution increases/ The green colour of
the solution becomes darker.
[Kuantan, Pahang05]
2. The concentration of iron(II) ions increases.
Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu sel kimia.
…................................................................................................................................ [2M]
Diagram 5.1 shows the apparatus set-up for a chemical cell.
.
(c) Tuliskan notasi sel bagi sel kimia itu.
Write the cell notation for that chemical cell.
Fe(p) | Fe2+ (ak) || Ag+(ak) | Ag (p)
Elektrod Argentum Elektrod Ferum Fe(s) | Fe2+ (aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag (s)
Silver elektrode Iron elektrode …......................................................................................................................................[1M]
Larutan argentum nitrat Larutan ferum(II) nitrat

Silver nitrate solution Iron(II) nitrate solution
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
(d) Muhammad menggunakan susunan radas pada Rajah 5.2 untuk menyadur kunci besi dengan Bab/Chap 10-2F5
argentum.
Muhammad used the arrangement of the apparatus in Diagram 5.2 to plate an iron key with A. Siri Homolog, Formula umum dan Kumpulan berfungsi bagi
silver. Homologous series, General formula dan The functional group for
Kumpulan Berfungsi
Siri Homolog
Bil Formula Umum Functional Group
Homologous
No General Formula Formula Nama
Series
Formula Name
Alkana CnH2n+2
1. C-C
Alkane
Kepingan argentum Alkena CnH2n+2
Silver strip 2. C=C
Alkene
Alkuna CnH2n-2
3. CºC
Kunci besi Alkune
Iron key Alkohol CnH2n+1OH Hidroksil
4. -OH
Alcohol hydroxyl
Elektolit Y
Asid karboksilik CnH2n+1COOH Karboksil
Rajah 5.2/ Diagram 5.2 Electrolyte Y 5.
Carboxylic Acid
-COOH
carboxyl
Ester CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 Karboksilat
6. -COO-
(i) Cadangkan elektrolit Y yang sesuai. Ester carboxylate
Suggest a suitable electrolyte Y.
Larutan argentum nitrat/ AgNO3 B. Sifat Kimia bagi/ Chemical Properties for:
Argentum nitrate solution/ AgNO3
....................................................................................................................................[1M] Siri Homolog
Bil Sifat Kimia
Homologous
No Chemical Properties
Series
(ii) Selepas 30 minit eksperimen dijalankan, Muhammad mendapati kunci besi masih tidak
a. Tindak balas pembakaran/ Combustion reactions
disadur dengan argentum. Alkana
Apakah yang patut dilakukan oleh Muhammad supaya kunci besi tersebut dapat disadur 1
Alkane b. Tindak balas penggantian (dengan kehadiran Ultra violet)
dengan argentum? Substitution reactions (with presence of Ultraviolet)
After 30 minutes of the experiment was carried out, Muhammad found that the iron key a. Tindak Balas Pembakaran/ Combustion Reaction
still does not plated with silver.
b. Tindak Balas Penambahan/Addition Reaction
What should Muhammad do that the iron key can be plated with silver?
(i) Penambahan dengan Hidrogen | Addition witth Hydrogen
Kunci besi di sambung kepada terminal negatif bateri dan kepingan argentum
disambung kepada terminal positif bateri (ii) Penambahan dengan Halogen |Addition of halogens
The iron key is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the (iii) Penambahan dengan Hidrogen Halida |Addition of
argentum strip is connected to the positive terminal of the battery Alkena
2 Hydrogen Halide
.................................................................................................................................... Alkene
(iv) Penambahan dengan Air | Addition of water
..................................................................................................................................... [1M] (v) Penambahan dengan Larutan Kalium Manganat(VII)
Berasid
Addition of Acidified Potassium Manganate (VII), KMnO4
Solution
c. Tindak Balas Pempolimeran/ Polymerisation Reaction
a. Pembakaran/ Combustion
Alkohol
3. b. Pengoksidaan/ Oxidation
Alcohol
c. Pengdehidratan/ Dehydration
a. Bes/ base
b. logam berkarbonat/ metal carbonate
Asid karboksilik
4. c. Logam/ metal
Carboxylic Acid
d. alkohol/ alcohol

TIP

[SPM18-06] (a) Diagram 6.1 shows a flow chart for the formation of ethanoic acid
starting from glucose. (ii) Describe briefly the preparation of ester Q in a laboratory.
Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan satu carta alir bagi pembentukan as id etanoik bermulci Huraikan secara ringkas penyediaan ester Q dalam makmal
daripada glukosa. Asid etanoik glasial ditambahkan ke dalam butanol.
Tambahkan asid sulfurik pekat/ porselin
Panas. Sehingga dapat bau wangi
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(i) State the process to produce compound P.
Nyatakan proses untuk menghasilkan sebatian P. .…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [3M]
Penapaian/ Fementation
[SPM17-03]. Diagram 2.1 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the products
.…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [1M] formed from the combustion of alcohol Q. Alcohol Q contains 3 carbon atoms per
unit molecule.
(ii) State the name of compound P. Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat hasil yang terbentuk
Nyatakan nama bagi sebatian P. daripada pembakaran alkohol Q. Alkohol Q mengandungi 3 atom karbon per unit
etanol molekul.
.…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [1M]
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the formation of compound P from glucose.
Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi pembentukan sebatian P daripada glukosa.
C6H12O6 à 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
.…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [2M]
(b) Reaction between ethanoic acid and butanol produces ester Q.

Tindak balas antara asid etanoik dengan butanol menghasilkan ester Q.
(i) Draw the structural formula of ester Q in the space provided below.
Lukis formula struktur bagi ester Q dalam ruang yang disediakan di bawah
Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1
(a) (i) State the general formula of alcohol.

Nyatakan formula am bagi alkohol.
CnH2n+1OH
………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M]
(ii) State the molecular formula of alcohol Q used in Diagram 2.1.

Nyatakan formula molekul bagi alkohol Q yang digunakan dalam Rajah 2.1.
C3H7OH
Terima/ Accept: C3H8O
Terima/ Accept: CH3CH2OH
………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M]
(iii) Alcohol Q is an isomer. Draw two isomers of alcohol Q. (c) A candy factory wants to manufacture a new pear-flavoured candy. A chemist
Alkohol Q adalah suatu isomer. Lukis dua isomer bagi alkohol Q. in the factory is instructed to prepare a sample of ester with pear flavour through
the esterification reaction between alcohol Q and compound R. Diagram 2.2
shows the steps of preparation for sample of the ester in the laboratory.
Sebuah kilang gula-gula ingin mengeluarkan gula-gula baharu yang berperisa
pir. Seorang ahli kimia di kilang tersebut diarahkan untuk menyediakan satu
sampel ester dengan perisa pir melalui tindak balas pengesteran antara alkohol
Q dan sebatian R. Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan langkah penyediaan sampel ester
tersebut dalam makmal.
[2M]
Based on Diagram 2.1, / Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1,
(b) (i) Liquid X produced in test tube A changes the colour of anhydrous cobalt
chloride paper from blue to pink. Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2
Cecair X yang terhasil dalam tabung uji A menukarkan warna kertas kobalt
klorida kontang daripada biru kepada merah jambu. Based on Diagram 2.2, / Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2,
State the name of liquid X produced. (i) By referring to the structural formula of ester given, identify compound R.
Nyatakan nama bagi cecair X yang terhasil. Dengan merujuk kepada formula struktur ester yang diberi, kenal pasti sebatian
Water// air R. Write one chemical equation for the esterification reaction between alcohol Q
Tolak/ reject; formula and compound R.
Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas pengesteran antara alkohol Q dan
………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M] sebatian R.
asid etanoik// Ethanoic acid// CH3COOH// C2H4O4
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas produced should turn the lime water cloudy but no change
is observed. Identify the mistake in the apparatus set-up. ………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M]
Gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil sepatutnya mengeruhkan air kapur tetapi tiada (ii) Write one chemical equation for the esterification reaction between alcohol Q
perubahan diperhatikan. Kenal pasti kesilapan dalam susunan radas tersebut. and compound R.
Salur penghantar tidak dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas pengesteran antara alkohol Q dan
Delivery (tube) is not dipped into the lime water sebatian R.
A: terima wp x ada tube C3H7OH + CH3COOH à CH3COOC3H7 + H2O
A: if show in a diiagram// jika ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas
A: salur penghantar perlu dicelup atau disentuh dalam air kapur ………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [2M]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M]

(iii) The ester produced floats on top of the cold water to form two layers of Molecular formula = C2H4
colourless liquid. Explain why.
Ester yang terhasil terapung di atas permukaan air sejuk untuk membentuk dua CnH2n = 42
lapisan cecair tak berwarna. Terangkan mengapa. N=3
Ester tidak larut dalam air C3H6

Ester is insoluble in water
CnH2n = 56
Terima: Ester kurang tumpat daripada air N=4
Accept: ester is less denser than water
C4H8
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………..………………………………………………………………………………………… [1M]
[SPM13-09] Rajah 9 menunjukkan penukaran sebatian organik daripada satu

siri homolog kepada yang lain.
Diagram 9 shows the conversion of an organic compound from one homologous
series to another.
Etena
ethene
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 9 dan jawapan yang diperoleh dari 9(a), lukiskan formula
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9 struktur dan nyatakan nama sebatian W dan sebatian X. Tuliskan persamaan
kimia untuk menunjukkan penukaran sebatian W kepada sebatian X.
(a) Jisim molekul relatif yang mungkin bagi alkena Q adalah 28, 42 atau 56. Based on Diagram 9 and answer that obtained from 9(a), draw the structural
Dengan memilih salah satu daripada jisim molekul relatif itu, tentukan formula formulae and state the names of compound W and compound X. write the chemical
molekul bagi alkena itu lukiskan formula struktur dan nyatakan nama bagi equation to show the conversion of compound W to compound X. [6M]
alkena itu. [Jisim atom relatif: H=1; C=12]
The possible relative molecular masses of alkene Q are 28, 42 or 56. By choosing
any one of the relative molecular masses, determine the molecular formula for the
alkene draw the structural formula and state the name of the alkene.
[Relative atomic mass: H=1; C=12] [4M]
Pengiraan/ calculation
CnH2n = 28
2(12)+2n(1) = 28
12n+2n= 28
N= 28/14
N=2

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Dengan menggunakan sebatian W dan sebatian X yang diperoleh di 9(b),

huraikan bagaimana ester A boleh disediakan di makmal. Dalam huraian anda,
sertakan:
By using compound W and compound X that obtained in 9(b), describe how ester A
can be prepared in the laboratory. In your description, include:
• Senarai bahan dan radas/ List of materials and apparatus/

• Prosedur/ Procedure
• Pemerhatian/ Observations
• Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation
• Nama bagi ester A / Name of ester A
[10M]
List of apparatus and materials
Etanol/ ethanol Procedure
Chemical equation
Asid etanoik/ ethanoic acid Name of ester
1. etanol, asid etanoik, asid sulfurik, air, tabung didih, kelalang dasar bulat,
bikar[bekas yang sesuai]
Ethanol, ethanoic acid, sulphuric acid, water, boiling tube, round bottom flask,
beaker [suitable container
2. sukat [ 2- 50] cm3 etanol tulen

Measure [2 – 50] cm3 absolute/ pure ethanol
3. tuang etanol ke dalam tabung didih/kelalang dasar bulat

Pour ethanol into a boiling tube/ round bottom flask
4. sukat [2-50]cm3 asid etanoik glasial

Measure [2-50] cm3 glacial ethanoic acid
5. tambah asid etanoik kepada etanol

Add ethanoic acid to ethanol
6. tambah asid sulfurik pekat

Persamaan/ equation Add concentrated sulphuric acid
C2H5OH + 2[O] à CH3COOH + H2O 7. panaskan perlahan-lahan/ refluk campuran

Heat slowly/ reflux the mixture
8. tuang campuran ke dalam bikar berisi air, bau harum terhasil

Pour the mixture into a beaker of water, sweet smell produce
Penerangan Suhu (ºC)

9,10 - C2H5OH + CH3COOH à CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Description Temperature (ºC)
Suhu awal asid hidroklorik
29.0
11 Etil etanoik Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
Ethyl ethanoate Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida
29.0
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran
35.5
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The highest temperature of the mixture
Jadual 6/ Table 6
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(a) Apakah maksud haba peneutralan bagi eksperimen ini?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is the meaning of heat of neutralisation for this experiment?
Perubahan haba/Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air dihasilkan daripada tindak
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… balas antara asid hidroklorik dan larutan natrium hidroksida
Heat change/ Heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution
…......................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…...................................................................................................................................... [1M]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?
Why polystyrene cup is used in this experiment?
Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran
To reduce heat lost to the surroundings
…...................................................................................................................................... [1M]
Bab/Chap 11-3F5
(c) Berdasarkan kepada eksperimen dalam Rajah 6,
[Kuantan, Pahang06] Based on the experiment in Diagram 6,
Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
peneutralan antara larutan natrium hidroksida dan asid hidroklorik.
Diagram 6.1 shows the apparatus set-up that is used in the experiment to determine the heat of
neutralisation between sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid. (ii) hitungkan perubahan haba dalam tindak balas itu
[Muatan haba tentu = 4.2 J g-1 ºC-1]
calculate the heat change in the reaction.
[Specific heat capacity = 4.2 J g-1 ºC-1]
50 cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-3 Perubahan haba/ Heat change
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 = (50 +50) x 4.2 x (35.5 – 29.0) J// 2730 J //2.73 kJ
sodium hydroxide (r: tanpa unit/ without unit)
solution
Cawan polisterina [1 markah/ 1 mark]

Polysterene cup 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik (ii) hitung haba peneutralan bagi eksperimen itu.
1.0 mol dm-3 calculate the heat of neutralisation for the experiment.
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid Bilangan mol HCl / H+ = 1.0 x 50 // 0.05 mol
Keputusan eksperimen adalah seperti dalam Jadual 6 di bawah. Number of mole of HCl / H+ 1000
The result of the experiment is shown in Table 6 below.
ATAU/OR
Bilangan mol NaOH / OH- = 1.0 x 50 // 0.05 mol
Number of mole of NaOH / OH- 1000
Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H Berdasarkan Rajah 6.2, bandingkan dan deduksikan maklumat yang boleh didapati
'#!( '.#! daripada rajah aras tenaga dalam tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
= - (.(" J mol-1 // - (.(" kJ/mol-1 // - 54 600 J mol-1 // - 54.6 kJ
Based on Diagram 6.2, compare and deduce the information that can be obtained from the
mol-1
energy level diagrams in reaction I and reaction II.
1. ∆H dalam set I bernilai positif manakala ∆H dalam set II bernilai negatif.
2. Set I ialah tindak balas endotermik manakala set II ialah tindak balas
[2 markah/ 2 marks]
eksotermik//Tindak balas set I menyerap haba daripada persekitaran
(d) Eksperimen itu diulang dengan menggunakan 50 cm asid etanoik 1.0 mol dm-3 untuk 3 manakala tindak balas set II mebebaskan haba ke persekitaran.
menggantikan asid hidroklorik. Didapati nilai haba peneutralannya lebih rendah berbanding 3. Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi daripada
haba peneutralan di (c)(ii). Terangkan. jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas dalam dalam set I manakala
The experiment is repeated by using 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid to replace the jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas lebih rendah daripada
hydrochloric acid. It is found that the value of the heat of neutralisation is lower than the jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas dalam set II.
heat of neutralisation in (c)(ii). Explain. 4. Jumlah tenaga haba yang diserap bagi pemutusan ikatan dalam bahan tindak
Kurang daripada 54.6 kJ mol-1 balas lebih tinggi berbanding jumlah tenaga haba yang dibebaskan semasa
Less than 54.6 kJ mol-1 pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas dalam set I manakala jumlah
tenaga haba yang diserap bagi pemutusan ikatan dalam bahan tindak balas
1. Asid etanoik ialah asid lemah // mengion separa dalam air untuk lebih rendah berbanding jumlah tenaga haba yang dibebaskan semasa
menghasilkan ion hidrogen yang berkepekatan rendah. pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak balas dalam set II.
2. Sebahagian daripada haba dibebaskan diserap semula untuk mengionkan *Mana-mana dua jawapan.
molekul asid etanoik sepenuhnya.
1. ∆H in set I has a positive value while ∆H in set II has a negative value.
2. Set I is an endothermic reaction while set II is an exothermic reaction // Set I
1. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid // ionise partially in water to produce low reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings while a set II reaction releases heat
concentration of hydrogen ion. to the surroundings.
3. The total energy content of the reactants is higher than the total energy content
Some of the heat release is reabsorbed to ionise ethanoic acid molecules completely of the products in set I while the total energy content of the reactants is lower
.......................................................................................................................................... than the total energy content of the products in set II.
4. The total heat energy absorbed for bond breaking in the reactants is higher than
..........................................................................................................................................
the total heat energy released during bond formation in the products in set I
while the total heat energy absorbed for bond breaking in the reactants is lower
..........................................................................................................................................[2M]
than the total energy heat released during bond formation in the products in set
II.
(e) Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan dua gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi dua tindak balas kimia yang
*Any two answers.
berbeza.
Diagram 6.2 shows two energy level diagrams for two different chemical reactions.
..........................................................................................................................................
Set I Set II
..........................................................................................................................................
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy .......................................................................................................................................... [2M]
NaNO3 + H2O + CO2 HNO3 + NaOH
∆H = +28 kJ mol-1 ∆H = -57 kJ mol-1
HCl + NaHCO3 NaNO3 + H2O

[MRSM18-10] Diagram 10.1 shows the information about complete combustion P3. Energy change, ΔH = Ex - Ey
of methane. = 2734 – 3462
Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan maklumat berkenaan pembakaran lengkap metana. = - 728 kJ mol-1
ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM/ RAJAH PROFIL TENAGA: P4. Exothermic reaction
(b) Diagram 10.2 shows the cross section of apparatus set-up for two sets of
experiment to determine the heat of reaction.
Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan keratan rentas susunan radas bagi dua set eksperimen
untuk menentukan haba tindak balas.
Set I Set II
THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION/ PERSAMAAN TERMOKIMIA: Diagram 10.2/ Rajah 10.2
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) à CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) ; ΔH = -728 kJ mol-1 (i) Based on Diagram 10.2, compare Set I and Set II in terms of:
Berdasarkan Rajah 10.2, bandingkan antara Set I dan Set II dari segi:
TABLE OF BOND ENERGY/ JADUAL TENAGA IKATAN:
• Heat change in the reaction
Perubahan tenaga haba dalam tindak balas
Bond Bond energy/ kJ mol-1Total energy release or absorb/ kJ
Ikatan Tenaga ikatan/ kJ mol-1 Jumlah tenaga dibebas atau diserap/ kJ
• Change in total energy content of reactants and total energy content
C-H 435 1740
of products
O=O 497 994
Perubahan jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas dan
C=O 803 1606
hasil tindak balas.
O-H 464 1856 [2M]
Set I Set II
Heat change in the reaction Heat release Heat absorb
(a) Based on Diagram 10.1, verify the heat of combustion of methane by using the
The change in total energy of Total energy content of Total energy content of
following formula, Energy change, ΔH = Ex - Ey and identify the type of reaction.
reactants and products reactants is higher than total reactant is lower than total
Berdasarkan Rajah 10.1, tentusahkan haba pembakaran metana menggunakan energy content of products energy content of product
formula, Perubahan tenaga, ΔH = Ex - Ey dan kenal pasti jenis tindak balas
tersebut.
[4M]
P1. Total energy absorbed, Ex
1740 + 994 = 2734 kJ
P2. Total energy released, Ey

1606 + 1856 = 3462 kJ of energy

(ii) Hydrochloric acid in Set I is replaced with 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of P1. Soluble salt 1: suitable carbonate salt solutions to produce precipitate/
copper(II) sulphate solution. The initial temperature of solution recorded is 28.0°C insoluble salt
and the highest temperature of the mixture is 40.0°C. Calculate the heat of
reaction in this experiment. Sample Answer:
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1] Sodium carbonate solution/ ammonium carbonate solution/potassium carbonate
Asid hidroklorik di dalam Set I digantikan dengan 100 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) solution.
sulfat 1.0 mol dm-3. Suhu awal larutan direkodkan adalah 28.0 °C dan suhu
tertinggi campuran adalah 40.0 °C. Hitung haba tindak balas bagi eksperimen ini. P2. Soluble salt 2: suitable zinc salt solutions to produce precipitate/ insoluble
[Muatan haba tentu bagi air, c = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1] salt
[4M]
Sample answer:
P1. Number of mole CuSO4 = 100 $ 1.0 Zinc nitrate solution/zinc sulphate solution/zinc chloride solution
1000
= 0.1 mol Procedure:
P3. Measure [25-200] cm3 of [0.1-2.0] moldm-3 zinc nitrate solution.
P2. Heat released = 100 x 4.2 x 12 = 5040 J P4. Pour into a polystyrene cup.
P5. Measure [25-200] cm3 of [0.1-2.0] moldm-3 sodium carbonate solution.
P3. [Displacement] of 0.1 mol Cu → 5040 J heat released P6. Pour into a different polystyrene cup.
[Displacement] of 1 mol Cu → P7. Measure the initial temperature of both solutions.
5040 $ 1 P8. Pour sodium carbonate solution quickly into zinc nitrate solution.[a: vice
0.1 versa]
= 50400 J P9. Stir the mixture.
P10. Record the highest/maximum temperature.[r: final temperature]
P4. ΔH = - 50.4 kJ mol-1
P11. Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
(c) A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation

of zinc carbonate.
Describe an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of zinc carbonate. [SPM16-10]. (a) Diagram 10.1
Your answer should include the following: shows how stock solution of
Seorang pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba sodium hydroxide is prepared
pemendakan zink karbonat. by a lab assistant.
Huraikan eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan zink karbonat. Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan
Jawapan anda perlu mengandungi perkara berikut: bagaimana larutan stok
natrium hidroksida disediakan
• Suggest the suitable reactants required oleh pembantu makmal.
Cadangkan bahan tindak balas yang sesuai
• Procedure
Prosedur Explain why the lab assistant uses ice to aid her preparation of sodium hydroxide
solution. When 1 mol of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it produces
• Chemical equation 44.51 kJ of heat. Calculate the temperature change if 0.5 mol of solid sodium
Persamaan kimia [10M] hydroxide is dissolved in 800 cm3 of distilled water.
Terangkan mengapa pembantu makmal menggunakan ais untuk membantunya
menyediakan larutan natrium hidroksida. Apabila 1 mol pepejal natrium
hidroksida larut dalam air, ia menghasilkan 44.51 kJ haba. Hitung perubahan
suhu jika 0.5 mol pepejal natrium hidroksida dilarutkan dalam 800 cm3 air suling.

[4M] Berdasarkan Jadual 10, banding Tindak balas I dengan Tindak balas II dari segi:
• Type of reaction/ Jenis tindak balas
1. Tindak balas adalah terlalu eksotermik/ menghasilkan tenaga haba yang • Temperature change/ Perubahan suhu
sangat banyak • Change in the total energy content of reactants and the total energy content of
The reaction very exothermic/ releases a lot of heat products
Perubahan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dan jumlah
2. ais menyerap haba yang terbebas kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas
Ice absorbs the heat released
• Formation and breaking of bond/ Pembentukan dan pemecahan ikatan
Pengiraan/ Calculation
1. Perubahan haba/ Heat change Give another example for Reaction I and Reaction II.
2. perubahan suhu dengan unit/ Temperature change with unit Berikan satu contoh lain bagi Tindak balas I dan Tindak balas II.
[6M]
Q= 44.51 x 0.5 x 1000 J = 22 255 J Tindak balas I II
q = 22 255 / (800 x 4.2) = 6.62 °C Reaction
A; 6.6 °C Jenis tindak balas Eksotermik Endotermik
Type of reaction exothermic endothermic
R; 6 °C
Perubahan suhu Suhu menaik/ Suhu menurun/
R; 7 °C
Temperature change bertambah berkurangan
Temperature rises/ Temperature drops/
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
increases decreases
Perubahan jumlah Jumlah kandungan Jumlah kandungan
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
kandungan tenaga tenaga bahan tindak tenaga bahan tindak
Change in total energy balas lebih daripada balas kurang daripada
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
content kandungan tenaga hasil kandungan tenaga hasil
tindak balas tindak balas
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Total energy content of Total energy content of
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… reactant is greater than reactant is less than total
total energy content of energy content of product
product
(b) Table 10 shows the heat of reaction for the reaction between hydrochloric acid,
HCl with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 and sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 Pembentukan ikatan dan Haba yang bebaskan Haba yang bebaskan
Jadual 10 menunjukkan haba tindak balas bagi tindak balas antara asid pemecahan ikatan semasa pembentukan semasa pembentukan
hidroklorik, HC1 dengan natrium karbonat, Na2CO3 dan natrium hidrogen Bond formation and bond ikatan adalah lebih ikatan adalah lebih kecil
karbonat, NaHCO3. breaking besar daripada haba daripada haba yang
yang diserap semasa diserap semasa
pemecahan ikatan pemecahan ikatan
Reaction
I II Heat released during Heat released during
Tindak balas
bond fomation is greater bond fomation is smaller
than heat absorbed than heat absorbed
during bond breaking during bond breaking
Reactant
Bahan tindak Contoh lain
balas Another example for reaction I dan II
Tindak balas I: peneutralan// pembakaran// penyesaran logam [mana-mana

Heat of reaction tindak balas eksotermik yang sesuai]
Haba tindak -X kJ mol-1 - Y kJ mol-1 Reaction I: neutralism// combustion// displacement of metal// [any suitable
balas exothermic reaction]
Table 10/ Jadual 10
Based on Table 10, compare Reaction I and Reaction II in terms of:

Tindak balas II: garam ammonium larut dalam air// fotosintesis// [mana-mana eksperimen untuk membandingkan haba pembakaran antara gasolin dengan
tindak balas eksotermik yang sesuai] diesel. Huraian anda haruslah mengandungi prosedur dan langkah pengiraan.
Reaction II: ammonium salt dissolve in water// photosynthesis// [any suitable [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12; [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1]
exothermic reaction] [10M]
Prosedur/ procedure
1. sukat [50 – 250] cm3 air dan tuangkan ke dalam tin kuprum// tin aluminium
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Measure [50 – 250] cm3 of water and pour it into copper can// aluminium can
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. rekod/ sukat suhu awal air

Record/ measure the initial temperature of water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. timbang dan rekod jisim awal pelita dan gasolin
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Weigh and record the initial mass of lamp and gasoline
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. letakkan pelita di bawah tin kuprum dan nyalakan sumbu

Place the lamp under the copper can and light the wick// heat the water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. kacau air itu
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Stir the water
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. apabila suhu meningkat kira-kira 30°C. Padamkan nyalaan dan rekod bacaan
suhu tertinggi air
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… When temperature rises about 30°C, put out the flame and record the highest
temperature of water.
(c) Diagram 10.2 shows two different
fuels that can be easily obtained in 7. Timbang pelita secepat mungkin dan rekod jisim akhir
petrol station. Weigh the lamp as quickly as possible and record the final mass
Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan dua bahan
api berlainan yang boleh diperoleh 8. Ulang langkah 1 hingga 7 dengan diesel
dengan mudah di stesen petrol. Repeat step 1 to 7 with diesel
The following chemical equation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

shows the complete combustion of
gasoline, C8H18 and diesel, C12H23. Diagram 10.2 /Rajah 10.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Persamaan kimia berikut
menunjukkan pembakaran lengkap …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
gasolin, C8H18 dan diesel, C12H23.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Gasoline/ gasolin : 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 à 16 CO2+ 18 H2O
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Diesel Diesel : 2 C12H23 + 71/2 O2 à 24 CO2+ 23 H2O
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The heat of combustion for diesel is greater than gasoline due to the higher …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
number of carbon atom per molecule in diesel. Describe an experiment to
compare the combustion heat between gasoline and diesel. Your description …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
should include procedure and steps of calculation.
[Relative atomic mass:H=1; C=12, Specific heat capacity of solution= 4.2 Jg-1°C-1] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Haba pembakaran bagi diesel adalah lebih besar daripada gasolin disebabkan
bilangan atom karbon per molekul di dalam diesel lebih tinggi. Huraikan satu …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) State the name of the basic unit that forms polymer X.
Nyatakan nama bagi unit asas yang membentuk polimer X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Kloroetena/ vinil klorida
Chloroethene/ vinyl chloride
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… A: chloroethylene//mono chloroethene// monochloroethylene
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [1M]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Chlorine, Cl in polymer X as shown in Diagram 2.1 is replaced with methyl,
CH3 to form polymer Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Klorin, Cl dalam polimer X seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.1 digantikan
dengan metil, CH3 untuk membentuk polimer Y.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(i) Draw the structural formula for the basic unit of polymer Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Lukis formula struktur bagi unit asas polimer Y.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Bab/Chap 12 - 4F5
[SPM16-02] (a) Sofa is covered by a material that contains polymer X which

consist of basic units. The structural formula for polymer X is shown in Diagram
2.1.
Sofa dibalut dengan bahan yang mengandungi polimer X yang terdiri daripada
unit asas. Formula struktur bagi polimer X ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.1.
[1M]
(ii)State the name of polymer Y. / Nyatakan nama bagi polimer Y.
Poliprepena//polypropene
.…………………..………………………………………………..…………………………… [1M]
(iii) State one similarity and one difference between the structural formulae of
polymer Y and its basic unit in 2(b)(i).
Nyatakan satu persamaan dan satu perbezaan antara formula struktur bagi
polimer Y dan unit asasnya di 2(b)(i).
polimer Unit asa dalam 2(b)(i)
Polymer Basic unit in 2(b)(i)
Mengandungi C dan H Mengandungi C dan H
Contain of C and H Contain of C and H
Formula empirik, CH2 Formula empirik, CH2
Empirical formula Empirical formula
Formula molekul, (C3H6)n Formula molekul, C3H6
(i) What is the meaning of polymer?
Molecular formula Molecular formula
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?
Molekul besar yang dibina oleh [ulangan banyak] unit asas/monomer Mengandungi ikatan tunggal antara Mengandungi ikatan ganda dua
A large molecule that is made up of many identical repeating sub-units/ atom karbon antara atom karbon
monomers Contain single bond between carbon Contain double bond between carbon
atom atom
.…………………..………………………………..…………………………………………… [1M]
A: C-C | C=C
R: same number of C and H

.............................................................................................................................
.…………………..…………………………………………………………………………..… [2M]
(c)
[Johor2021-04]
4. Rajah 4 menunjukkan monomer-monomer bagi terilena.
Diagram 4 shows the monomers of terylene.
(a) Apakah jenis pempolimeran bagi terilena?

What type of polymerisation for terylene?
[boleh menyatakan jenis pempolimeran dengan betul ]
[able to state the type of polymerisation correctly]
Jawapan: Answer.
Pempolimeran kondensasi / Condensation polymerisation
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) (i) Lukiskan formula struktur bagi polimer yang terbentuk dari monomer-
One of the uses of polymer is to make plastic bottle. Improper disposal of plastic
monomer tersebut.
bottles can cause pollution. Based on Diagram 2.2 and the pollution issue, faced
Draw the structural formula of the polymer that is formed by these two
by our nation, justify the use of polymer.
monomers.
Salah satu penggunaan polimer adalah membuat botol plastik. Pelupusan botol
[boleh melukis formula struktur polimer dengan betul]
plastik yang tidak terurus boleh menyebabkan pencemaran. Berdasarkan Rajah
[able to draw the structural formula of the polymer correctly]
2.2 dan isu pencemaran, yang dihadapi oleh negara kita, wajarkan penggunaan
1. formula struktur
polimer.
2. menulis [ ] n
1a sesuai digunakan/ suitable to be used/ make our life easier
Jawapan: Answer:
2a cheaper/ lebih murah// menjimatkan kos
Lebih Ringan/ lighter// less dense than water // (any suitable reason)
3a Reuse// guna semua// boleh di buat bot
Can be inovated various useful item// boleh dibuat inovasi kepada pelbagai
bahan berguna
2. 1b not suitable to be used// should be reduced// tidak sesuai digunakan

2b improper dispose off// pelupusan yang tidak betul// non-biodegraable/
cannot dicompose
3b can cause pollution// boleh menyebabkan pencemaran
Eq poisonous gas/ floating
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................[3M]
[2M]

(ii) Terangkan mengapa polimer yang terbentuk di (b)(i) juga dinamakan

polyester. .....................................................................................................................
Explain why polymer formed in (b)(i) also named as polyester.
[boleh menyatakan sebab polimer terbentuk itu poliester dengan betul] .....................................................................................................................
[able to state the reason polymer formed as polyester correctly]
............................................................................................................. [2M]
Contoh Jawapan: Sample answer:
Mengandungi rangkaian ester/ kumpulan karboksilat// [Kelantan2021-05]
contains ester linkage/ carboxylate group 5. (a) Paip dan baju hujan diperbuat daripada polimer X. Formula struktur bagi
polimer X ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.1
..................................................................................................................... Pipes and raincoats are made from polymer X. The structural formula of polymer
X is shown in the Diagram 5.1
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Terilena digunakan secara meluas dalam industri tekstil. Namun pencemaran
sumber air telah beriaku disebabkan pembuangan air sisa.
Terylene is widely used in the textile industry. However, water pollution has
occurred due to wastewater disposal.
(i) Terangkan impak terhadap alam sekitar sekiranya air sisa tidak diuruskan
dengan baik.
Explain the impact on the environment if wastewater is not well managed.
[boleh menyatakan impak terhadap alam sekitar dengan betul]
[able to state the impact on the environment correctly] (i) Apakah maksud polimer?/ What is the meaning of polymer?
Molekul berantai panjang yang terdiri daripada gabungan unit-unit kecil yang
Contoh jawapan: Sample answer: dipanggil monomer.
Menyebabkan hidupan akuatik mati kerana terdedah kepada bahan kimia yang
bahaya dalam air sisa Pembebasan gas bertoksik/berbahaya daripada gabungan .....................................................................................................................
bahan kimia dalam air sisa boleh memudaratkan kesihatan manusia apabila
terhidu gas tersebut ............................................................................................................. [1M]
causes aquatic lives to die due to exposure harmful materials//release of
toxic/harmful gasses from the combination of chemicals in wastewater may harm (ii) Nyatakan nama bagi monomer yang membentuk polimer X.
the human health when inhaled the gases. State the name of the monomer that makes up polymer X.
Polikloroetena atau Polivinil klorida
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
............................................................................................................. [1M] (b) Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan lateks yang diperolehi daripada pokok getah boleh
(ii) Penggunaan pewarna dalam industri batik telah menyebabkan pencemaran disimpan dalam bentuk cecair dan juga pepejal.
air sungai. Bagaimanakah masalah itu dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan Diagram 5.2 shows that latex obtained from rubber trees can be stored in liquid
konsep teknologi hijau? as well as solid form.
The use of dyes in batik industry in has caused the river pollution. How to solve
the problem by using the green technology concept?
[boleh menyatakan cara mengatasi masalah dengan menggunakan konsep
teknologi hijau dengan betul]
Able to steta the way to solve the problem by using concept green technology
correctly]
1. Dengan menggunakan proses elektro-pengumpulan

By using electrocoagulation proses
2. Elektrod karbon atau kuprum akan digunakan manakala air sisa

Bahan pencemar akan membentuk gumpalan(flok) dan dapat

Bandingkan perbezaan antara dua jenis getah ini.

Compare the differences between these two types of rubber.
- Sarung tangan getah diperbuat daripada getah asli yang mempunyai sifat
kurang kenyal, tidak tahan haba dan kurang kuat,
- Tayar kereta adalah getah asli yang telah mengalami proses pemvulkanan yang
(i) Terangkan bagaimana lateks yang diperolehi daripada pokok getah boleh mana sifatnya lebih kenyal, tahan haba dan lebih kuat.
dikekalkan sifat cecairnya.
Explain how latex obtained from rubber trees can retain its liquid properties. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Sifat cecair getah dikekalkan dengan menambahkan larutan ammonia.
- Larutan ini mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion hidroksida,OH-. ............................................................................................................. [2M]
- Ion hidroksida meneutralkan asid laktik yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria.
- Disebabkan zarah getah diselaputi oleh membrane protein yang bercas
negative, maka lateks kekal dalam keadaan cecair
Bab/Chap 13-5F5
.....................................................................................................................
[Kedah2021-Set01-02]
..................................................................................................................... 2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa contoh bahan kosmetik.
Diagram 2 below shows a few sample of cosmetics.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Rajah 5.3 menunjukkan beberapa produk boleh dihasilkan daripada getah,
antaranya ialah sarung tangan getah dan tayar kereta.
Diagram 5.3 shows that some products can be made from rubber, among of them
are rubber gloves and car tires.
(a) (i) Nyatakan maksud kosmetik.

State the meaning of cosmetics.
Kosmetik ialah bahan atau produk yang digunakan secara luaran untuk
membersih, melindungi atau mencantikkan penampilan seseorang
Cosmetics are materials or products that are used externally to cleanse, protect
or enhance one’s appearances.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
Agen pencuci Formula struktur

(ii) Nyatakan dua bahan asas dalam pembuatan kosmetik. Cleaning agent Structural formula
State two basic ingredients of cosmetic production.
Pewarna/air/pengawet/pelembab/pewangi/pengemulsi/pemekat
(pilih mana-mana dua) Sabun
Dyes/water/preservatives/moisturisers/fragrances/emulsifiers/ thickeners Soap
(choose any two)
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(b) Botol-botol plastik dan tali nilon adalah contoh barangan yang dihasilkan Detergen
daripada polimer. Nyatakan dua jenis polimer. Detergent
Plastics bottles and nylon are example of products made from polymer.
State two types of polymer.
Polimer semula jadi dan polimer sintetik
Natural polymers and synthetic polymers
Jadual 10.1/ Table 10.1
...................................................................................................................
Sabun merupakan agen pencuci yang kurang berkesan berbanding detergen dalam air liat
............................................................................................................. [2M]
kerana sabun membentuk kekat apabila bertindak balas dengan air liat.
[Kuantan, Pahang10] Walaubagaimanapun, sabun lebih mesra alam berbanding detergen. Detergen
(a) Persamaan tindak balas bagi penyediaan sabun adalah seperti berikut: mempunyai banyak bahan tambah yang boleh mencemarkan alam sekitar apabila
The reaction equation for the preparation of soap is as follows: dibuang ke dalam sistem saliran.
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan kekat oleh sabun.
Minyak sawit + Alkali pekat → Sabun + Gliserol Terangkan kesan-kesan pencemaran alam sekitar yang disebabkan oleh detergen.
Palm oil + Concentrated alkali → Soap + Glycerol Soap is a less effective cleaning agent than detergents in hard water because soap forms
Berdasarkan persamaan itu,/ Based on the equation, a scum when it reacts with hard water. However, soap is more eco-friendly than
detergent. Detergent has many additives that can pollute the environment when dumped
(i) Namakan tindak balas penyediaan sabun. into a drainage system.
Name the reaction of soap preparation. [1 markah/ 1 mark] Write the ionic equation for the formation of scum by soap.
Explain the effects of environmental pollution caused by detergent. [5 markah/ 5 marks]
Saponifikasi
Saponification 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak balas betul
Correct reactants and products chemical formula
............................................................................................................................. 2. Persamaan kimia seimbang
(ii) Jika nama sabun yang dihasilkan ialah kalium palmitat, nyatakan nama alkali yang Balance chemical equation
sesuai untuk digunakan dalam tindak balas tersebut.
The soap produced is potassium palmitate, state the name of suitable alkali to be Mg2+ + 2RCOO- → (RCOO)2Mg //
used in the reaction. [1 markah/ 1 mark] Ca2+ + 2RCOO- → (RCOO)2Ca
Kalium hidroksida
Potassium hydroxide Kesan-kesan pencemaran alam sekitar yang disebabkan oleh detergen:
The effects of environmental pollution caused by detergents
.............................................................................................................................
1. Apabila dibuang ke dalam sistem saliran, detergen boleh menyebabkan
pertumbuhan alga
(b) (i) Jadual 10.1 menunjukkan formula stuktur bagi sabun dan detergen.
when dumped into a drainage system, detergent can cause the growth of
Table 10.1 shows the structural formulae for soap and detergent. algae

2. Ini menghalang cahaya matahari menembusi air .............................................................................................................................

This will prevent the sunlight from penetrating the water
3. Menyebabkan nilai BOD meningkat / kandungan oksigen dalam air .............................................................................................................................
berkurang // kematian hidupan akuatik
Cause the increase in BOD value/ decrease of oxygen content in water// .............................................................................................................................
death of aquatic lives
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(c) Jadual 10.2 menunjukkan gejala yang dikesan pada tiga orang pesakit iaitu Khatijah, Midi
............................................................................................................................. dan Nazir
Table 10.2 shows the symptoms detected from three patients which are Khatijah, Midi and
............................................................................................................................. Nazir.
............................................................................................................................. Pesakit Gejala
Patient Symptoms
.............................................................................................................................
• Suhu badan 38.5 oC
(ii) Rajah 10 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada tindakan pencucian detergen ke atas Body temperature of 38.5 oC
kotoran bergris pada kain. Khatijah • Sakit otot dan badan
Diagram 10 shows part of the cleaning action of detergent on greasy stains on cloth. Muscle and body pain
Air • Berhalusinasi
Water Hallucinations
Midi • Kemurungan dan gelisah
Jadual 10.2/ Depression and anxiety Table
à à
10.2
• Sakit dada apabila batuk
Chest pain when coughing
Nazir • Hilang selera makan
Kain Gris
Cloth Grease Loss of appetite
Rajah 10/ Diagram 101 Berdasarkan Jadual 10.2,/ Based on Table 10.2,
Berdasarkan Rajah 10, terangkan tindakan pencucian oleh detergen ke atas kotoran (i) Nyatakan jenis dan fungsi ubat yang perlu diambil Khatijah, Midi dan Nazir.
bergris pada kain. State the type and function of medicine that should be taken by Khatijah, Midi and
Based on Diagram 10, explain the cleaning action of detergent on greasy stains on Nazir. [6 markah/ 6 marks]
cloth.
[3 markah/ 3 marks] Pesakit Jenis ubat Fungsi ubat
1. Bahagian hidrofilik anion agen pencuci B/ detergen larut dalam air dan Patient Type of Function of medicine
bahagian hidrofobik anion agen pencuci B/ larut dalam gris/kotoran medicine
2. Semasa proses gosokan dan pengocakan, gris tertanggal daripada permukaan Khatijah Analgesik Melegakan sakit dalam
kain membentuk emulsi/titisan kecil dalam air Analgesic keadaan sedar
3. Apabila dibilas, kain menjadi bersih. Relief pain in concious
state
1. Hydrophilic part of the cleaning agent B/ detergent anion dissolve in water while Midi Psikotik Merawat psikosis/
hydrophobic part of the cleaning agent B/ detergent dissolve in grease Psychotic penyakit mental
2. During agitation and scrubbing, the grease pulled away from the cloth and form Treatment of psychosis/
emulsion/ small droplets in the water mental illness
3. When rinsed, the cloth is cleaned Nazir Antimikrob Membunuh/merencatkan
Antimicrobials pertumbuhan bakteria

Bengkel Kimia Cg Adura Azlin Ishak - SPM 2021
(ii) Pesakit mestilah mengambil ubat berdasarkan preskripsi oleh doktor. Jika tidak
mengikut preskripsi oleh doktor, ubat tersebut boleh memberi kesan sampingan
kepada pesakit.
Nazir tidak menghabiskan ubat yang telah dipreskripsikan oleh doktor manakala Midi
pula mengambil ubat secara berlebihan.
Berikan satu contoh nama ubat yang sesuai untuk Nazir dan Midi serta nyatakan kesan
sampingan kepada Nazir dan Midi akibat tidak mengikut preskripsi doktor.
The patient must take the medicine based on the doctor's prescription. If the doctor's
prescription is not followed, the medicine can cause side effects to patients.
Nazir did not finish the medicine prescribed by the doctor while Midi took the medicine
in excess.
Give an example of a suitable medicine name for Nazir and Midi and state the side
effects for Nazir and Midi as a result of not following the doctor's prescription.
[4 markah/ 4 marks]
Pesakit Contoh ubat Kesan
Patient Example of Effects
medicine
Midi Haloperidol// Mengakibatkan
Klorpromazin// pergerakan muka dan
Klozapin badan yang tidak
Haloperidol// normal//
Chlorpromazine// Mengakibatkan
Chlozapine kejang dan
menggeletar.
Can cause abnormal
involuntary facial and
body movements//
Can cause stiffness
and shakes.
Nazir penisiin// Bakteria menjadi
streptomisin imun kepada
Penicillin// antibiotik dan
Streptomycin penyakit akan
berulang semula
The bacteria will
become immune to the
antibiotics and the
disease will recur
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
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Bengkel Kimia Cg Adura Azlin Ishak - SPM 2021 Bengkel Kimia Cg Adura Azlin Ishak - SPM 2021

FORMAT PENTAKSIRAN KIMIA KSSM MULAI SPM 2021 Bab/Chap 2

KERTAS 1 (4541/1) 1 Jam 15 Minit [Kuantan-Pahang03]

11 Mengingat, Memahami, Mengaplikasi, Menganalisis, Menilai / 20

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Diagram 7.3/ Rajah 7.3

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(iii) The chemical equation for photosynthesis is as below.

X : ...4...... Y : .3... Z: ...2..... [3M]

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......................................................................................................................[1M] (d) In an experiment, X reacts, with chlorine to produce a compound, XCl2.

(ii) Interpret the chemical equation in 3(d)(i) in quantitative terms.

..................................................................................................................... [1M] 1 mol X bertindak balas dengan 1 mol Cl2

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(b) Apakah logam X? .................................................................................... [1M]

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[2 markah/ 2 marks] [Kuantan, Pahang01]

2. JARAK ANTARA elektron valens 2. TETAPI Bilangan Proton Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Kumpulan 17/ Group 17– Halogen

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Ion klorida: atom klorin menerima 1 electron membentuk ion klorida

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(c) Compound X is known as a clean fuel. The combustion of compound X

(d) Compound X is also used as a main substance in the production of acetone.

Diagram 4.1/Rajah 4.1

(a) State the type of bond in compound X.

(b)(i) Is compound X able to conduct electricity? Diagram 4.2/ Rajah 4.2

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Z State at 25°C: Gas ▪ Z is the 17th element in the Periodic

(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atoms X, Y and Z.

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1) Place half spatula of compound T and pour compound V in evaporating dish

Compound T Compound V …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe an experiment to differentiate the compounds based on: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

In your description include: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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+ Tambahkan 2 larutan/ Add 2 solution

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Garam klorida tak terlarutkan: coPbAgMer

Bab/Chap 6 Pemanasan Garam / Heating of salt

Test Anion / Anion Test

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ZnCl2 + Na2CO3 à ZnCO3 + 2NaCl

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asid W: HCl//hidroklorik// HNO3// nitrik// H2SO4// Sulfurik …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Persamaan kimia: ZnCO3 + 2HCl à ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O Bab/Chap 7

Collision 1. Size 1. Present of Catalyst 1. Temperature 1. Concentration

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(b) Diagram 1.2 shows two situations of grilling 500 g of meat.

Photosynthesis Rusting Combustion

Double decomposition reaction

Fast reaction Slow reaction

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Rajah 5.2 / Diagram 5.2 [1M]

Jisim zink (g) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3M]

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[Kuantan, Pahang11] 3. Nisbah mol/ mol ratio

2. Kadar tindak balas purata = 22/ (2 x60) 1. Kepekatan asid hidroklorik

Faktor kepekatan/ Concentration factor:

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gas. 6. Record the time taken.

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