MODULE

IN

SSP113
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD

JAY-R C. VARONA
Compiler

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 COURSE OUTLINE

SSP113 – CONTEMPORARY WORLD

DURATION TOPICS /
ACTIVITIES
 SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Week 1-3  ACTIVITY NO.2
 Work project no.1
 FIXING COMMON ISSUES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Week 4-5  ACTIVTY NO.2

 POPULATION PROBLEMS
Week 6-7  ACTIVITY NO.3

 JUVENILE DELINGQUENCY
 AND CRIME
Week 8-10
 ACTIVITY NO.4

UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT

PROSTITUTION
Week 11-13
VENEREAL DISEASE

ACTIVITY NO.5
 AIDS
 HOMOSEXUALITY
Week 14-15
 UNWED MOTHERS
 ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN
 ACTIVITY NO.6
 DRUG ABUSE
 ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM
Week 16-18
 ACTIVITY NO.7

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 Table of Contents

Topics Pg

Social problems and social policy 5

Social Problems I : A World in Crisis

Social issues
8

Poverty

climate change
Overpopulation

Immigration rights
Civil Rights and Racial Discrimination 9

Childhood obesity
Health care

Fixing common issues 13

Population problems 17

Juvenile Delinquents 24

Juvenile Delinquency Statistics 28

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underemployment and unemployment 37

Prostitution 44

Vienereal disease 48

HIV /AIDS 56

DRUG ABUSE 83

ACOHOLIM 99

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WEEK 1-3
DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To be able to understand
what social problems is
 To be able
to identify the kinds
of social problems
Social problems and social policy
Whether social problems emerge as
issues of social justice or social order,
they are usually associated with the idea
that ‘something must be done’.
Social problems represent conditions
that should not be allowed to continue
because they are perceived to be
problems for society, requiring society to
react to them and find remedies. Where
private troubles are matters for the
individuals involved to resolve, public
issues or social problems demand a
public response. The range of possible
not always, associated with the view
that social problems are a challenge or
threat to social order. The point about
‘not always’ is important, since
sometimes these types of intervention
are presented not in terms of protecting
society or social order, but as being in
‘the best interests’ of the person being
punished or ‘treated’: they need a ‘bit of
discipline’, they respect ‘toughness’, and
so on.
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public responses is, of course, very wide.
At one extreme we might point to
interventions that are intended to
suppress or control social problems:
locking people up, inflicting physical
punishments or deprivations on them,
even – in the most severe form – killing
them. Such interventions are intended to
stop social problems by means of
controlling the people who are seen as
problems (juvenile delinquents, drug
takers, thieves, terrorists). Those who
seek the suppression and control of
social problems are usually, but
However, other interventions are
intended to remedy or improve the
circumstances or social conditions that
cause problems – bringing about greater
social justice, enhancing social welfare,
or providing a degree of social
protection. Thus, the development of
welfare states in most advanced
industrial societies during the twentieth
century was associated with attempts to
remedy social problems or to provide
citizens with some collective protection
from dangers to their economic and
social well-being. In the process, a
whole range of issues moved from being
private troubles to becoming matters of
public concern and intervention.
Between the late nineteenth and the
mid-twentieth centuries, these societies
redefined the distinction between private
and public matters. Sending children to
school became a matter of public
compulsion rather than the private
parental choice that it had been until the
middle of the nineteenth century. Health
became a focus of public finance,
provision and intervention rather than
being left to private arrangements. For
most of the nineteenth century
unemployment was seen as something
that people chose (by refusing to take
work), while for most of the twentieth
century it has been seen as something
against which collective action and
defense by the state was necessary.
Unemployment was not a social
problem in the UK for most of the
nineteenth century, although the
unemployed themselves were certainly
seen as a threat to social order (being
beggars, thieves and a bad example to
other workers).
In the process, citizens in advanced
industrial societies came to associate
social problems with social interventions
– often involving action by the state –
that were intended to reform or
ameliorate the conditions that created
problems. Social welfare and the
welfare state in particular, were
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intimately linked to social problems. The
attempts to remedy social problems –
combating illness, poverty or
homelessness – drove the growth of the
welfare state during the twentieth
century. But the questions of whether
these issues really are social problems
and whether state welfare is the best
remedy have reappeared towards the
end of the twentieth century (see, for
example, Hughes and Lewis, 1998).
There are now echoes of the
nineteenth-century arguments that many
social problems are ‘really’ private
troubles and not public issues, and
therefore should not need social
intervention by public agencies. The
revival of such arguments is an
important reminder that one central
aspect of what is ‘social’ about social
problems is the way in which these
problems are socially perceived, defined
and comprehended.
Different private troubles become
defined as social problems in particular
societies and in specific periods through
a complex process of social construction.
Social construction implies an active
process of definition and redefinition in
which some issues are widely
understood to be social problems, while
others are not. Just because
unemployment was identified as a social
problem – or public trouble – in the
middle of the twentieth century, that
does not mean that it will always be
defined in this way. Even if
unemployment remains defined as a
social problem, it is not necessarily the
case that the nature of the problem will
always be understood in the same way.
A move from the notion that
unemployed people have problems to
the idea that unemployed people are
problems has major implications for the
direction of public policy.
unemployment is understood as a
problem created by a wider economic
failure, then an appropriate policy
response might be both to attempt to
revitalize the economy in order to create
jobs and to provide financial support in
the meantime. If, however,
unemployment is perceived to arise
from either a failure of the unemployed
to seek employment or the lack of
necessary skills among unemployed
people, then an appropriate policy
response might be to discourage people
from relying on state-provided income
support (for example by reducing levels
of benefit and introducing stricter rules
on entitlement) and to encourage them
to participate in relevant skills training.
Since the mid-1980s in the UK there has
been a marked shift in emphasis from
the first to the second approach.
outside each day? Social Problems I: A
World in Crisis will explore some of the
biggest challenges facing our world
today and prepare you to tackle them
head-on. You’ll learn what led to these
social problems, what effects they have
on our lives and societies, and what
possible solutions exist for solving them.
If Whether you want to save the world
from the next pandemic or better
understand the effects of the media on
society, this course will help you
develop a plan of action!
Social Issues
If you're writing a research paper or
essay, it can help to have some
examples of social issues to inspire your
work. It's also great to have some
examples to illustrate the concept in the
classroom or simply to satisfy your own
curiosity. All of these issues are
problems that affect many people in a
society, rather than problems that affect
only a few.

Poverty and Homelessness

Social Problems I : A World in Crisis

Poverty and homelessness are

worldwide problems. According
War, crime, poverty, global warming our
to Habitat for Humanity, one-quarter of
world often seems full of dire warnings
the world's population lives in conditions
and predictions. How can we make
that harm their health and safety. Many
sense of it all and still dare to step
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do not have shelter, a basic human
need for survival.
This social issue also goes beyond the
25% of the population directly affected.
Because of the lack of shelter for this
vulnerable population, there is greater
stress on government and social
programs, including schools and
healthcare systems.
Climate Change
A warmer, changing climate is a threat
to the entire world. Climate change
affects the entire world population, and
the Union of Concerned Scientists calls
this social issue "one of the most
devastating problems humanity has ever
faced."
The 800 million people already living in
extreme poverty will be impacted most
severely. Around the world, people are
already noticing warmer winters, more
severe storms and rainfall events, and
more frequent wildfires. These issues
already put stress on governments and
systems in many countries.
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Overpopulation
As the population of the world grows,
resources become scarcer. The United
Nations reports that the current
population of 7.7 billion people is
expected to grow in coming decades,
with a projection of 8.5 billion people by
2030.
The fastest growing areas of the world,
such as sub-Saharan Africa, often face
already scarce resources like land for
farming. As the population becomes
more than the country can sustain,
people will need to move elsewhere to
avoid starvation and homelessness.
Immigration Stresses
People move from one country to
another, and in itself, this isn't a social
problem. However, immigration can
place stress on government programs
and social systems within a country, and
it can be a divisive topic in a society.
These immigration-related stresses
affect many people.
For instance, the Pew Research
Center reports that the United States
has more immigrants than any other
country; 13.6% of the U.S. population
identifies as an immigrant. This is a
divisive issue in the U.S. population,
with some groups calling for stricter
immigration laws. Although the majority
of U.S. citizens welcome immigrants,
a 2019 Gallup poll indicates 23% of
people think immigration is the most
important social issue facing the country.
Civil Rights and Racial
Discrimination
Civil rights, or the rights of citizens in a
country to have equal treatment socially
and politically, is another one of the
most significant social issues in America
and around the world. More than 40
years after the Civil Rights Act
passed, almost 60% of African
Americans still live in segregated
neighborhoods and 90% of African
Americans report that racial
discrimination is still a major problem.
Gender Inequality
A report from the Pew Research Center
Fact Tank indicates that about 50% of
Americans feel the country needs to do
more to address the income gap
between men and women. Women still
lag behind men in wages and top
leadership positions held, although they
are now more likely to attain a college
degree.
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Worldwide, the situation is even more
extreme. UNICEF reports that 12 million
girls are married before they reach
adulthood, and 98 million high school-
aged girls do not attend school.
Health Care Availability
When people are sick or hurt, they need
access to medical care to get better.
According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), almost
one in 20 U.S. citizens do not obtain
needed medical care because of the
cost. Worldwide, 97 million people
become impoverished by seeking
needed medical care, as reported by
the World Health Organization (WHO).
Governments around the world are
working on this problem, as are
nonprofit organizations.
Childhood Obesity
Some types of social problems are
health-based, but they also have an
impact on socio-economic issues. For
instance, the CDC reports that 18.5% of
U.S. children are considered obese,
having a body mass index at or above
the 95th percentile.
However, the childhood obesity
epidemic doesn't affect all children
equally. Children in families where the
parents have more education and higher
incomes are far less likely to be obese
than those in families with less
education and lower incomes.
Bullying
Obesity can also have an impact on
another important social issue: bullying.
The PACER National Bullying
Prevention Center indicates that obesity
and other appearance issues are among
the top reasons children report being
bullied.
Despite recent anti-bullying initiatives,
more than 20% of American students
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report being bullied. A third of those
being bullied report that it happens at
least once or twice each month.
Additionally, 24% of middle school
students report they have been victims
of cyber bullying, or bullying conducted
online.
Poor Leadership
Many of the social problems in society
are connected in subtle ways, but all
social problems are connected to the
leadership of countries, corporations,
and other groups. An ongoing Gallup
poll asks Americans to rate the most
important problems and social issues
facing the country. By far, the most
significant issue was poor leadership;
28% of respondents list it as the number
one problem.
ACTIVITY 1

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

INSTRUCTION: READ EACH STATEMENT CAREFULLY AND FILL IN THE BLANKS

WITH THE CORRECT ANSWER.

_______1. It affects the entire world population, and the Union of Concerned
Scientists calls this social issue "one of the most devastating problems humanity has
ever faced."

_________2. According to Habitat for Humanity, one-quarter of the world's population

lives in conditions that harm their health and safety.
_________3. As the population of the world grows, resources become scarcer.
_________4. the rights of citizens in a country to have equal treatment socially and
politically, is another one of the most significant social issues in America and around the
world.
_________5. are health-based, but they also have an impact on socio-economic issues.
_________6. When people are sick or hurt, they need access to medical care to get better.
_________7. social problems in society are connected in subtle ways, but all social
problems are connected to the leadership of countries.
_________8. This social issue also goes beyond the _____ of the population directly
affected. Because of the lack of shelter for this vulnerable population.
_________9. The fastest growing areas of the world, such as _________, often face
already scarce resources like land for farming.
_________10. __________ our world often seems full of dire warnings and predictions.

II. Cite 2 examples of social problems that we are facing today, and give possible solutions that
you think might necessary to be made by the government to lessen these problems. Type your
output in a short bond paper.

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III. Essay

1. If social problems are not being controlled, what are the effects of these problems into our society?
2. If you are given a chance to talk to the president for just 5 minutes only, what are you going say about
social problems
WORK PROJECT

 Make a poster-slogan about social problems in a long bond paper.

 10-15 words only
 You can use crayons, oil pastel, water color, or any coloring material.
 Present and explain it into the clas

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Week 4-5

DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 To be able to know how to fix social issues

 To be able to raise awareness about social issues

Fixing Common Social Issues

Although many Americans feel their leaders are the biggest problem they face,
governments, corporations, and communities are working to fix some of the top social
issues. These are just a few of the actions they are taking:

Schools are implementing anti-bullying programs, which the PACER National Bullying
Preventions Center says can decrease bullying by up to 25%.

Community efforts to help reduce childhood obesity include adding salad bars to school
lunches, focusing on physical fitness, and adding obesity prevention initiatives to
hospitals.

The U.S. enacted the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to begin addressing the challenges in
health care availability, and it remains an important political issue.

The European Union is on track to meet its goals for reducing carbon emissions and
helping mitigate the effects of climate change. Other countries are also working hard to
make progress.

Raise Awareness Through Education

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Discussing social issues can be contentious, but it's also an important part of making
progress on these problems facing society. Community and classroom activities
involving social issues can help raise awareness for these topics. Writing about social
issues can also help expand people's understanding of these important challenges.

An important topic concerning human nature and motives directing human behavior has
guided social dilemma research over the years. Is human nature, as many theorists
assume, basically selfish and human behavior driven by egoistic incentives, or should a
more truthful account also include that humans sometimes cooperate for the best of
fellow humans? On theoretical as well as empirical grounds (e.g., Caporael et al., 1989;
Dawes, 1980; Komorita & Parks, 1994), cooperative behavior in the absence of egoistic
incentives was soon accepted within psychology. In recent years, economists have
followed the path (e.g., Fehr et al., 2002; Frey, 1997). Hence, the battle over human
motives has partly been settled. Still, situational factors can influence whether humans
answer their selfish motives in the affirmative or cooperate to the benefit of the group or
society at large. Earlier research on social dilemmas has advanced our knowledge of
situational conditions that make a difference (e.g., Messick et al., 1983; Komorita &
Parks, 1994; Ostrom et al., 2002). The present volume will hopefully make additional
contributions.

Highlights

•Collective intelligence can support problem resolution in complex multi-stakeholder

scenarios.

A problem resolution matrix is described to address five “dimensions” of solution

generation.

Wicked problems are complex and multifaceted issues that have no single solution, and
are perceived by different stakeholders through contrasting views. Examples in the
social context include climate change, poverty, energy production, sanitation,
sustainable cities, pollution and homeland security. Extant research has been
addressed to support open discussion and collaborative decision making in wicked
scenarios, but complexities derive from the difficulty to leverage multiple contributions,
coming from both experts and non-experts, through a structured approach. In such view,
we present a conceptual framework for the study of wicked problem solving as a

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complex and multi-stakeholder process. Afterwards, we describe an integrated system
of tools and associated operational guidelines aimed to support collective problem
analysis and solution design. The main value of the article is to highlight the relevance
of collective approaches in the endeavor of wicked problem resolution, and to provide
an integrated framework of activities, actors

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ACTIVITY 2

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

INSTRUCTION: Give the possible solutions or how to fix the social issues stated below, write
your answer on the boxes. (5points each)

Social issues solutions

Bullying

childhood obesity

Health Care Availability

Climate change

Pollution

Poverty

Sanitation 16
II. EXPALIN THE FOLLOWING

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

17

Week 6-7
DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To be able to know the causes
of population growth
 To be able to analyze the
solutions to be made
infrastructure, school rooms, and
numerous other problems. In developing
countries, large family size is a major
cause of poverty and poor health. No
country has graduated from
“developing” status to “developed”
status in the last sixty years without first
reducing population growth. Yet
projections for population growth
through 2050 are being increased as
funding for family planning has been
reduced over the last 15 years by many
governments.

HOW SERIOUS IS THE POPULATION

PROBLEM?SEPTEMBER 17, 2010
One of the biggest threats of continued
population growth is deforestation and
loss of biodiversity. We do not know the
The following is an article from Capitol
extent to which we can continue to lose
Weekly featuring Population Media
species before the ecological system
Center and Bill Ryerson.
collapses, but many ecologists and
other scientists – including 58 of the
world’s scientific academies – have
INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE warned we are approaching that point.
ABOUT THE WORLD’S Adding to this is the growing toxification
POPULATION? EXPLORE OUR of the environment, with thousands of
WEEKLY POPULATION DIGEST chemicals that have been released by
TODAY! various companies without good
scientific understanding of their long-
HOW SERIOUS IS THE POPULATION
term effects.
PROBLEM?

Loss of forest cover is directly

The growth in the world’s population is
contributing to climate change, since
the equivalent of adding a new
forests contain large amounts of stored
Sacramento every two days – or a new
carbon that returns to the atmosphere
Ethiopia every year. Both domestic and
when the trees are destroyed. Growth in
global population growth is adding to
human numbers, even at the low per
conflicts over water, energy, food, open
capita rates of greenhouse gas emission
space and wilderness, transportation
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of the average developing country
citizen, is driving emissions upward. The
projected addition of 2.7 billion people to
the world’s population from now to 2050
is the climate equivalent of adding two
United States to the planet.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF THE
POPULATION GROWTH?
The success story of vaccination
programs and other public health
measures after World War II led to
falling death rates, especially among
infants and children. It has taken
decades in many cases for birth rates to
follow. Lack of priority by governments
and donors for women’s rights and
family planning is a key reason that we
have not been more successful in
bringing about stabilization of numbers
globally.
In the U.S., immigration drives about
two-thirds of the country’s population
growth. There are business interests,
such as the construction industry and
those who want to exploit cheap labor,
that have lobbied for continued
population growth. Almost every week,
some U.S. publication prints an article
by an economist or business
representative calling on Americans to
have more babies and on the country to
do everything to encourage population
growth. Forbes Magazine recently ran a
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special edition on immigration, with a
lead article headlined, “Let Them In.”
WHAT’S THE BIGGEST BARRIER TO
ACTION?
It’s getting the world’s governments,
donor institutions, academicians, the
media and the public to understand the
importance of stabilizing human
numbers at a level that can be sustained
by the world’s resources. If the public
understood what is at stake, they would
demand immediate action to provide the
relatively small amounts of money
necessary to provide family planning
information and services to everyone
worldwide.
HOW ARE WORLD GOVERNMENTS
DOING ON THIS ISSUE?
Both the developing and developed
countries have failed to live up to the
pledges they made at the United
Nations International Conference on
Population and Development in Cairo in
1994. The result has been immense
suffering, especially by the women of
the world, 350,000 of whom die in
pregnancy and childbirth each year – a
figure equal to the total number of
American soldiers killed in the Civil War,
World War I, the Korean War and
Vietnam, combined.
The population problem should be
considered from the point of view of all
populations — populations of both
humans and their artifacts (cars, houses,
livestock, cell phones, etc.) — in short,
populations of all “dissipative structures”
engendered, bred, or built by humans.
In other words, the populations of
human bodies and of their extensions.
Or in yet other words, the populations of
all organs that support human life and
the enjoyment thereof, both
endosomatic (within the skin) and
exosomatic (outside the skin) organs.
All of these organs are capital
equipment that support our lives. The
endosomatic equipment — heart, lungs,
kidneys — support our lives quite
directly. The exosomatic organs —
farms, factories, electric grids,
transportation networks — support our
lives indirectly. One should also add
“natural capital” (e.g., the hydrologic
cycle, carbon cycle, etc.) which is
exosomatic capital comprised of
structures complementary to
20
endosomatic organs, but not made by
humans (forests, rivers, soil,
atmosphere).
The reason for pluralizing the
“population problem” to the populations
of all dissipative structures is two-fold.
First, all these populations require a
metabolic throughput from low-entropy
resources extracted from the
environment and eventually returned to
the environment as high-entropy wastes,
encountering both depletion and
pollution limits. In a physical sense the
final product of the economic activity of
converting nature into ourselves and our
stuff, and then using up or wearing out
what we have made, is waste. Second,
what keeps this from being an idiotic
activity, grinding up the world into waste,
is the fact that all these populations of
dissipative structures have the common
purpose of supporting the maintenance
and enjoyment of life.
ACTIVITY 3

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

I.INSTRUCTION:
Write the similarities and differences of population before and population before and population
today.

Differences
Differences Population today
Population before
Population before

Similarities

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II. Essay (5points each)

1. What is the reason why population growth still increases?

2. How to control population growth?
3. On the next 10 years, what can you foresee about the population?
4. What is/are the effects of population growth into the country’s economy?
5. What is your opinion about one-child policy

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Week 8-10

DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 To be able to know what juvenile delinquency

 To be able to analyze the reasons why teens become delinquents

Juvenile delinquency is the participation by a minor child, usually between the ages of
10 and 17, in illegal behavior or activities. Juvenile delinquency is also used to refer to
children who exhibit a persistent behavior of mischievousness or disobedience, so as to
be considered out of parental control, becoming subject to legal action by the court
system. Juvenile delinquency is also known as “juvenile offending,” and each state has
a separate legal system in place to deal with juveniles who break the law. To explore
this concept, consider the following juvenile delinquency definition.

Definition of Juvenile Delinquencynoun. The behavior of a minor child that is marked by

criminal activities, persistent antisocial behavior, or disobedience which the child’s
parents are unable to control.

A violation of the law by a minor, which is not punishable by death or life imprisonment.

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

Juvenile delinquency occurs when a minor violates a criminal statue. When a juvenile
commits a crime, the procedures that take place differ from those of an adult offender.
In all states, juvenile court systems, and juvenile detention facilities, deal specifically
with underage offenders. While it is common for state statutes to consider people under
the age of 17 as minors, the justice system can charge minors even younger as adults,
if the crime committed is very serious.

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Juvenile Delinquents

Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who
have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders
and age specific offenders.

Repeat Offenders

Repeat offenders are also known as “life-course persistent offenders.” These juvenile
delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during
adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive
behaviors even after they enter adulthood.

Age-Specific Offenders

This type of juvenile delinquent behavior begins during adolescence. Unlike the repeat
offenders however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor
becomes an adult.

The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good indicator of
the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent
behavior behind when they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health
problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults
who were never delinquent as juveniles.

Risk Factors and Predictors of Juvenile Delinquency

Many children garner the label of juvenile delinquent early, often between the ages of 6
and 12 years. Many juvenile behaviors during the pre-teen and teenage years may be

24
considered normal behavior for children, as they stretch their boundaries, and struggle
to develop their self perception. There are, however, certain signs that a child might be
headed in a bad direction.

Predictors of juvenile delinquencies may appear as early as preschool, and often

include:

Abnormal or slow development of basic skills, such as speech and language Chronic
violation of the rules Serious aggressive behavior toward other students or teachers.

Studies have found that a number of life circumstances constitute risk factors for a child
to become a juvenile delinquent. While these are many and varied, the most common
risk factors for juvenile delinquency include:

Authoritarian Parenting – characterized by the use of harsh disciplinary methods, and

refusal to justify disciplinary actions, other than by saying “because I said so.”Peer
Association – usually resulting from leaving adolescents unsupervised, encouraging a
child to engage in bad behaviors when acting with his peer group.

Low Socioeconomic Status Permissive Parenting – characterized by lack of

consequences for bad behavior, permissive parenting can be broken down into two
subcategories:

(1) neglectful parenting, which is a lack of monitoring a child’s activities, and

(2) indulgent parenting, which is the enablement of bad behavior. Poor School
Performance Peer Rejection ADHD and other mental disorders Dealing with Juvenile
Delinquency

The procedures followed in the juvenile justice system differ greatly from those followed
for adult offenders. Each state has specific programs or systems that deal with juvenile
offenders. Juvenile offenders come into police contact in number of ways. Some are
caught committing a crime and arrested, others are referred to police by parents or
school officials. Once the police have become involved, they may choose to deal with a
juvenile offender in several ways. The police can:

25
issue a warning and release of the minor detain the minor and notify the parents to pick
him up refer the case to juvenile court arrest the minor and refer the case to juvenile
court

If the case goes to court, the minor and the parents meet with a juvenile court intake
officer. The intake officer can handle the case informally, referring the juvenile to a
probation officer, he can dismiss the case, or he can file formal charges. When deciding
whether to file charges, officers often consider:

the offense the offender’s age the offender’s previous record the offender’s educational
or social history the ability of the parents to control the offender’s behavior or seek help

If dealt with informally, the minor reports to a probation officer, and is given advice and
ordered to perform community service, pay fines, attend treatment, or enter probation.

If charges are filed in juvenile court, the minor is arraigned, at which time his charges
are read before a judge. The judge then decides whether to detain or release the
juvenile until the hearing takes place. After appearing in court, three things are
possible:

1. Plea Agreement – the minor may enter a plea agreement with the court. This often
requires the juvenile to comply with certain conditions, such as attending counseling,
obeying a curfew, or paying restitution.

2. Diversion – the judge may divert the case, which means he retains control over the
matter until the juvenile successfully completes treatment programs or performs
community services. If the juvenile fails to comply, formal charges may be reinstated.

3. Adjudicatory Hearing – the judge may decide to have an adjudicatory hearing, which
is a trial in a juvenile case. While both sides argue the case and present evidence, a
juvenile trial takes place in front of a judge, not a jury. If, at the end of the hearing, the
judge decides the juvenile is delinquent, he may order punishments such as probation,

26
community service, or even detention in a juvenile center. Preventing Juvenile
Delinquency

In this article, we have listed down some of the reasons why teens become juvenile
delinquents and what causes them to commit crimes. Let’s have a look at them:

Broken Family

A teen adopts moral and ethical values from his parents and other family members. It
goes without saying that family plays a vital role in shaping a teen’s behavior and
grooming his/her personality. However, teens become violent or show signs of juvenile
delinquency only when they’re facing disturbance at home. Broken or disturbed families
with bad relations can cause teens to go astray and become violent. Single parents are
often busy working, therefore they’re not able to spend quality time with their children.
This causes teens to seek attention from others, especially their peers.

Lack of Communication

Often lack of discourse in the family can lead children to find solace other than homes.
When they are not having any communication with their parents or family members at
home, they may lose unity, trust, and understanding, which can eventually lower their
self-esteem or self-confidence. Once they feel they’re losing their individuality, they tend
to do things they shouldn’t do to boost their self-confidence. They blindly follow their
peers and adopt their unhealthy lifestyles. They shoplift and consume drugs to look cool
in the eyes of their peers.

Lack of Finances

Young or adult, may lead to a wrong path to improve their financial conditions. Teens
become juvenile delinquents due to lack of finances. When they experience poor
economic conditions, they start engaging in the wrong activities. They may start selling
drugs or steal things to improve their economic conditions.

27
Lack of Social and Moral Training

Teens who have not given any social or moral training often lead to juvenile delinquency.
It is the parent’s duty to teach moral and ethical values to their children. They should
teach them the difference between right and wrong behavior. Lack of social and moral
values can lead children to poor interaction with others and make them less confident.
They may become selfish and arrogant. They would not know how to respect the laws
of the state. Parents often neglect their children and pay more focus on working hard to
earn money for them. However, while doing so, they forget the importance of spending
quality time with their children. In their absence, children tend to spend time with
someone who pays attention to them. They may also fall into wrong hands or get
involved in a bad company while seeking attention from someone other than their
parents.

28
ACTIVITY 4

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

INSTRUCTION: READ EACH STATEMENT CAREFULLY AND FILL IN THE BLANKS

WITH THE CORRECT ANSWER.

________1. is also used to refer to children who exhibit a persistent behavior of

mischievousness or disobedience, so as to be considered out of parental control,
becoming subject to legal action by the court system.

__________2. a minor child, usually between the ages of 10 and 17, in illegal behavior or
activities.
__________3. also known as “life-course persistent offenders.”
__________4. This type of juvenile delinquent behavior begins during adolescence.
__________5. characterized by the use of harsh disciplinary methods, and refusal to
justify disciplinary actions.
___________6. This often requires the juvenile to comply with certain conditions, such as
attending counseling, obeying a curfew, or paying restitution.
_________7. the judge may divert the case, which means he retains control over the
matter until the juvenile successfully completes treatment programs or performs
community services.

___________8. the judge may decide to have an adjudicatory hearing, which is a trial in a
juvenile case. While both sides argue the case and present evidence, a juvenile trial
takes place in front of a judge, not a jury.
___________9. ”) is just one agency that sinks resources into researching juvenile
delinquency, and providing both prevention and rehabilitation programs.
_________10. At the age of 14, Wahlberg joined a gang, and remained on law
enforcement’s radar until he was locked up at the age of 16, with offenses such as drug
dealing and assault.

29
II. list of the reasons why teens become juvenile delinquents and what causes them to
commit crimes. Complete the table.
1.
2. Lack of _______________
3. Lack of___________
4. Lack of Social and Moral Training
5.________________________________
30
Under the common law of England, crimes
were classified as
either treason, felony or misdemeanor,
with treason sometimes being included
with the felonies.
Often lack of discourse in the family can
lead children to find solace other than
homes. When they are not having any
__________ with their parents or family
members at home, they may lose unity,
trust, and understanding, which can
eventually lower their _______________.
Young or adult, may lead to a wrong path
to improve their _________.Teens
become juvenile delinquents due to lack of
finances.
A teen adopts moral and _________from
his parents and other family members. It
goes without saying that family plays a
vital role in shaping a teen’s behavior and
grooming his/her personality. However,
teens become violent or show signs of
juvenile delinquency only when they’re
facing disturbance at home.
_________with bad relations can cause
teens to go astray and become violent.
Week 11-13

DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Types of underemployment

 To be able to know the

underemployment and
unemployment Here are several reasons an employee
 To be able to identify the types of may find themselves underemployed:
underemployment

Overqualified

What are underemployment and

Overqualified employees have more
unemployment?
skills or a higher education level than
their job uses. For example, an
employee with a law degree would be
Underemployment occurs when a job overqualified if they are working at a
does not use an employee’s full retail store. They cannot use their full
capabilities. This may include not giving knowledge and skills in their current job
them enough hours, such as having setting.
them work part-time hours when they
wish to work full time. The employee
might also be overqualified for the
The Differences Between
position and unable to use their
Unemployment and
experience or skills in their job.
Underemployment
Underemployed employees may work
several jobs to make enough money for
their living expenses.
If you have a job but aren’t working the
number of hours you desire or using
your skills, you may be underemployed.
Unemployment is when a person is
Many people are underemployed in their
actively looking for a job but
position and have challenges finding
experiences an extended period without
employment. Understanding the types
getting hired. These people desire a job
of underemployment may help you
but struggle because of a lack of jobs in
prevent it.
their industry, not having enough
qualifications for open positions or
having too much competition with others
who are unemployed
31
In this article, we explain Easily apply to jobs with an
underemployment and unemployment, Indeed Resume
give examples of underemployment
types and provide tips to help avoid
underemployment. Create your resume

Create a Resume on Indeed Types of underemployment

What are underemployment and Here are several reasons an employee

unemployment? may find themselves underemployed:

Underemployment occurs when a job Overqualified

does not use an employee’s full
capabilities. This may include not giving
them enough hours, such as having
Overqualified employees have more
them work part-time hours when they
skills or a higher education level than
wish to work full time. The employee
their job uses. For example, an
might also be overqualified for the
employee with a law degree would be
position and unable to use their
overqualified if they are working at a
experience or skills in their job.
retail store. They cannot use their full
Underemployed employees may work
knowledge and skills in their current job
several jobs to make enough money for
setting.
their living expenses.

Example: Manning graduates from

Unemployment is when a person is
college with a bachelor’s degree in
actively looking for a job but
software engineering. However, he finds
experiences an extended period without
that there are no current jobs available.
getting hired. These people desire a job
The software engineering jobs that are
but struggle because of a lack of jobs in
hiring require at least three years of
their industry, not having enough
experience, so he works as a waiter
qualifications for open positions or
instead of seeking employment in the
having too much competition with others
industry he studied in college.
who are unemployed.

32
Overstaffed
A company may hire more employees
than they need. This situation can cause
a business having multiple staff
members work part-time hours instead
of fewer employees working full time.
Companies may experience a decline in
business, which forces them to
decrease staff hours to save money.
Businesses that have strong seasonal
sales, such as retail stores, may
encounter this throughout the year.
General overstaffing in an industry can
result from older employees declining to
retire or the popularity of a certain area
of study.
Example: Tikes Toys produces a toy
that becomes popular and sells out at
stores quickly. This demand requires the
company to hire more staff to help meet
the needs of consumers. However, the
toy decreases in popularity one year
later as a new one is released. There is
no longer a need for as many staff
members as the demand is lower, so
the company needs to reduce employee
hours to stay within their budget.
Technological changes
A common reason for underemployment
is because of changes in technology.
33
Machines sometimes replace jobs as
technology advances. Automation
affects a variety of industries, including
those who work in warehouses and
banks. For example, the introduction of
ATMs reduced the need for bank tellers,
as customers could get money through
a machine instead of waiting in line to
talk to a teller. This situation reduces
employee hours or eliminates them
completely.
Example: Sheree has worked at Jasper
University for five years serving food in
the cafeteria. However, the university
recently purchased 10 new vending
machines that provide multiple food
options for students. These become
popular, and the cafeteria experiences a
decrease in profits. Sheree cannot work
full time anymore and her employer only
schedules her for 15 hours per week.
How to avoid underemployment
Here are several steps to help prevent
underemployment:
Create a job search strategy Consider
vocational training Gain more work
experience Improve your resume
Network
1. Create a job search strategy
Consider creating a job search strategy
based on your previous experience and
skills and your future career objectives.
This strategy can help you define what
type of job you will enjoy and thrive in.
Write down the job titles, industries,
company names and locations you want
to work in. Jobs that you apply for
should have most of these qualities so
you have a better chance of enjoying
your career and using your skills.
Related: How to Find Your Passion
2. Consider vocational training
One way to reduce your chances of
underemployment is by making yourself
more desirable to an employer based on
your extra training. If an employer looks
at resumes and sees five people have
the same degree, they might call the
one that has more experience.
Consider looking at a technical school or
community college to see if you can
enter a program that will help you
improve your skills and education. This
may help you be a more desirable
applicant. You could also look for
34
apprenticeships in your industry to gain
additional skills and experience.
3. Gain more work experience
Recent college graduates may have a
hard time competing for a job that has a
large number of applicants. One way to
be more competitive is by gaining
relevant experience to increase
employability. For example, if you want
an internship at a law firm, you could
join a debate team. This can show the
employer you are actively working on
skills the job requires.
You could also volunteer your time at a
related company. If you are interested in
working at a marketing firm, you can see
if they would allow you to help with filing
or answering phones. You can improve
your skills and have more experience to
put on your resume by volunteering.
You can also consider looking at related
careers to gain more experience. If you
want to become a nurse, you might
apply for an orderly position first.
Related: Guide: How to Get a Job After
College
4. Improve your resume
A strong resume can help improve your
chances of getting your desired job. You
can revise your resume to ensure that it
contains all your relevant skills and
experiences. Try to tailor your resume to
the job you are applying to each time by
using keywords from the job description.
Personalizing each application can
show why you are qualified for each role
and increase your chances of getting an
interview.
5. Network
One way to improve your chances of
working full-time hours is to network with
others. You might attend networking
events to meet new people that may
connect you with a job. They may also
know of open positions that match your
skills and education.
35
In the world today, there are a few
common causes of unemployment. Let
us look at some of these causes and
compare them with some of the causes
of unemployment in the Philippines.
Common Causes of Unemployment
Structural Unemployment
Structural unemployment occurs when
there are shifts in the demand among
the industries. The workforce possesses
skills for jobs that were previously high
in demand. With the shift in demand for
jobs, supply for the jobs that were
previously high in demand outstrips the
demand for these jobs. As a result,
many people become unemployed until
market equilibrium is reached, where
supply equals demand. Moreover, the
jobs that are now high in demand may
require skills that the unemployed do not
possess. Unless they invest in re-
training, which is time consuming, they
will find it difficult to find a place for
themselves in these jobs because firms
prefer employees with the necessary
skills and experience.
Oversupply of graduates

Unemployment in the Philippines is

attributed to reasons including
The number of graduates have been overpopulation, oversupply of
increasing over the years. Getting a labor force on certain industries and the
degree is all too common nowadays. inability to take on available jobs.
However, the labour force does not
require so many graduates. National
Development Minister Khaw Boon
Overpopulation
Wan once said that Singapore, which
has a significant number of
graduates, could not be a nation entirely
made up of them. “Can you have a Philippines has a high
whole country where 100% are population growth rate at an average
graduates? I am not so sure. What you of 1.7% for the past few years,
do not want is to create huge graduate consistently higher than the world's
unemployment.” population growth rate at an average of
1.2%. The high population growth rate
which translates to a steady supply of
graduates outstrips the rate at which
Economic Recession
jobs are created, leaving these
graduates finding themselves
unemployed.
Economic recession is one of the main
causes of unemployment. During a
recession, firms experience a decrease
in revenue. As profit equals to revenue Population growth (annual %)
minus cost, firms would want to cut as
much cost as possible. One of the ways
to do so is through the retrenchment of Data from World Bank
employees, where employees deemed
to be not productive enough lose their
jobs. As this happens, unemployment Oversupply of labor force and inability to
rates go up. take on available jobs (structural
unemployment)

Undergraduates are still taking up

Causes of Unemployment in the
college courses that are popular but
Philippines
36
were previously high in demand. After transmitted disease (STD). See:
graduation, these graduates possess sexually transmitted diseases in
skills that are not high in demand in the men, sexually transmitted diseases in
job market. As such, there is a skill women
mismatch. For example, in the
healthcare industry, nurses were
previously in demand abroad. Many HPV Vaccine
undergraduates took up nursing and
soon supply matches demand. However,
the country's education system
A vaccine to prevent HPV is given in
continues to produce college graduates
three shots. The second shot is given a
who have taken up nursing. As supply
month or two after the first shot. The
increases above demand, there is an
third shot comes six months after the
oversupply of labor
first shot.

The Centers for Disease Control

recommends boys and girls be
vaccinated at ages 11 or 12.

Venereal disease:
If they did not get the HPV vaccine as
children, women can get the HPV
vaccine through age 26. Men can get it
A disease that is contracted and
through age 21. The CDC recommends
transmitted by sexual contact, caused
HPV vaccination for men through age
by microorganisms that survive on the
26 for men who have sex with men or
skin or mucus membranes, or that are
men with compromised immune
transmitted via semen, vaginal
systems, including HIV.
secretions, or blood during intercourse.
The genital areas provide a moist, warm
environment that is especially conducive
to the proliferation of bacteria, viruses, Pubic Lice (Crabs STD)
and yeasts, so a great many diseases
can be transmitted this way, including
AIDS, Chlamydia, genital warts, Pubic lice are colloquially known as
gonorrhea, syphilis, yeast infections, "crabs." This name refers to the shape
and some forms of hepatitis. Also known of these parasites, which is different
as a morbus venereus or sexually from that of body lice. Pubic lice live in
37
pubic hair and are spread among people
during close contact. Pubic lice can be
treated with over-the-counter lice-killing
medications.
Pubic Lice (Crabs) SymptomsSevere
itchingVisible crawling lice or eggs
attached to pubic hairand are spread
among people during close contact.
Pubic lice can be treated with over-the-
counter lice-killing medications.
Preventing Sexually Transmitted
Diseases and Infections
Are you prepared to protect your health
from sexually transmitted diseases and
infections? Some of these infections are
more familiar—you’ve probably heard of
chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes,
and HIV. But many more are less talked
about. You can protect yourself and
your loved ones from future health
problems by understanding these
common STDs.
In this article we answer some of your
tricky and sometimes uncomfortable
questions about STD symptoms and
diseases. You will learn why herpes is
sometimes considered a sexually
transmitted disease, what sexual
disease is nicknamed “the clap,” and
which kinds can lie dormant for a long
38
time. You will also find information on
the best treatments for herpes, HIV,
chlamydia and various other sexually-
transmitted diseases.
HPV Symptoms
Genital warts can be big or small, flat or
raised. They generally appear as a
small bump or group of bumps in the
genital region, and may be shaped like a
cauliflower.
The Centers for Disease Control
recommends boys and girls be
vaccinated at ages 11 or 12.
If they did not get the HPV vaccine as
children, women can get the HPV
vaccine through age 26. Men can get it
through age 21. The CDC recommends
HPV vaccination for men through age
26 for men who have sex with men or
men with compromised immune
systems, including HIV.
Gonorrhea (The Clap)
Gonorrhea is an easily transmitted
disease that affects both men and
women. It can harm your health by
causing infertility in men and women if it
is left untreated. There may be no early
symptoms of this common STD.
Gonorrhea Symptoms Burning during
urination. Vaginal or urethral discharge
Pelvic pain in women .Men may
experience swelling of the testes and
discharge from the penis

In some cases, the symptoms are mild

and the condition is mistaken for a UTI
or yeast infection. Visit your health care
provider if this sounds like you.

39
Activty 5

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

Test I: Identification. Identify the needed word and write your answer on the
space provided.

__________1. is when a person is actively looking for a job but experiences an extended
period without getting hired.

_________2. an employee with a law degree would be overqualified if they are working at
a retail store.

__________3. is when a person is actively looking for a job but experiences an extended
period without getting hired.

__________4. A company may hire more employees than they need. This situation can
cause a business having multiple staff members work part-time hours instead of fewer
employees working full time. Companies may experience a decline in business, which
forces them to decrease staff hours to save money.

__________5. A common reason for underemployment is because of changes in_______.

__________6. Consider creating _______based on your previous experience and skills

and your future career objectives.

__________7. is one of the main causes of unemployment. During a recession, firms

experience a decrease in revenue. As profit equals to revenue minus cost, firms would
want to cut as much cost as possible.

__________8-9.Philippines has a high population growth rate at an average of ___for the

past few years, consistently higher than the world's population growth rate at an
average of _____.

40
__________10. the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in
general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate
payment in money.

__________11. : A disease that is contracted and transmitted by sexual contact, caused

by microorganisms that survive on the skin or mucus membranes, or that are
transmitted via semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during intercourse.

__________12. Condoms are the best protection from sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).

__________13. STI means____________.

__________14. crawling lice or eggs attached to pubic hairand are spread among people
during close contact.

__________15. . It can harm your health by causing infertility in men and women if it is
left untreated.

__________16. Cold sores or "fever blisters" on the lips are a sign of herpes virus
infection, usually caused by the type of herpes virus known as human herpes virus 1,
also known as__________.

__________17. is a virus that spreads through contact with body fluids and blood, so it
can be transmitted through sexual intercourse.

__________19. An infection can spread to the lips through oral contact.

__________20. The Centers for Disease Control recommends boys and girls be
vaccinated at ages.

WORK PROJECT

*Compile the types of venereal disease with pictures

and definition on short bond paper.

41
WEEK 14-15
DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To be able to know what HIV
AND AIDS IS
 To be able to identify how to
control HIV AND AIDS
HIV/AIDS
The HIV virus (AIDS virus) weakens the
body's immune system. It is spread
through sexual contact, needle sharing,
or from an infected mother to baby.
There may be no symptoms for years,
but a blood test can tell if you have been
infected. With appropriate treatment,
many serious illnesses can be
prevented.
HIV Symptoms Flu-like symptoms 1 to 2
months after first infection, including like
swollen lymph nodes, fever, and
headachesChillsRashNight
sweatsMuscle AchesSore throat
Swollen lymph nodes Mouth ulcers
AIDS Symptoms Rapid weight loss
Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
Extreme and unexplained tiredness
Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands
in the armpits, groin, or neck Diarrhea
that lasts for more than a week Sores of
the mouth, anus,
genitalsPneumoniaRed, brown, pink, or
purplish blotches on or under the skin or
inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
Memory loss, depression, and other
neurologic disorders
HIV Testing
There are accurate tests to identify
whether or not you have been infected
with the HIV virus. These can be done in
the clinic or at home with the FDA-
approved Home Access test kit. The test
can be performed anonymously, with
only a number to identify you. However,
sometimes people may not test positive
in the initial 3-4 weeks to 6 months after
infection. This time period is referred to
as the "window period" in which
antibodies may not have developed
enough for a positive test. You can still
transmit the virus to others during this
time.
HIV/AIDS Treatment Options
While there is no cure for HIV, there are
medications that can suppress the
amount of virus multiplying inside the
body. People take a combination of
antiviral drugs in hopes of preventing
the infection from advancing to AIDS.
or Additional treatments can help prevent
42
or fight off serious infections, if the
immune system has weakened.
Trichomoniasis (“Trich”)
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection
(caused by Trichomonas vaginalis) that
is spread during sexual contact. It
affects both men and women and can
be cured with medications. Most
affected men have no specific
symptoms.
Trichomoniasis SymptomsMen: minor
discharge or burning with
urinationWomen: yellowish-green
vaginal discharge with a prominent odor,
itching of the vaginal area, or painful sex
or urination
Symptoms can develop anywhere from
5 to 28 days after contracting the
infection.
Chancroid is an STD that is rarely seen
in the U.S. It is more common in Africa
and Asia. It causes painful lumps in the
genital area that can progress to open
sores. Antibiotics can cure the infection;
chancroid is caused by bacterial
infection with Haemophilus ducreyi.
43
Chancroid Symptoms One or more
sores or raised bumps on the genitals. A
narrow, red border surrounds the sores.
The sores become filled with pus and
eventually rupture into a painful open
sore.About half the time when untreated,
the chancroid bacterial infection spreads
to the groin's lymph glands, causing the
groin to enlarge and become hard and
painful.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a
type of chlamydial infection, but it is
caused by a different type of chlamydia
(Chlamydia trachomatis) than the usual
chlamydial disease. Like other
chlamydial infections, it can be cured by
antibiotic treatment.
Early Lymphogranuloma venereum
Symptoms (3-12 Days After
Exposure)Soft red, painless sores on or
near the genitals or anusSimilar sores in
the throat or mouth following oral
sexLater Lymphogranuloma venereum
Symptoms (2-6 Weeks After
Exposure)Open sores in the
genitalsSwollen lymph nodes in the
groinHeadacheAnal sores and rectal
discharge or bleeding if the infection
was acquired through anal sexPainful
urinationConstipationRectal
bleedingPain in lower
back/abdomenPus-filled or bloody
diarrheaFever, chills, joint pain,
decreased appetite and fatigue
Preventing Sexually Transmitted
Diseases and Infections
Are you prepared to protect your health
from sexually transmitted diseases and
infections? Some of these infections are
more familiar—you’ve probably heard of
chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes,
and HIV. But many more are less talked
about. You can protect yourself and
your loved ones from future health
problems by understanding these
common STDs.
In this article we answer some of your
tricky and sometimes uncomfortable
questions about STD symptoms and
diseases. You will learn why herpes is
sometimes considered a sexually
transmitted disease, what sexual
disease is nicknamed “the clap,” and
which kinds can lie dormant for a long
time. You will also find information on
the best treatments for herpes, HIV,
chlamydia and various other sexually-
transmitted diseases.
44
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is not
a specific STD. Rather, it is a
complication that can develop from
various diseases, particularly gonorrhea
and chlamydia. In PID, bacteria spread
to the uterus and female reproductive
tract. Infertility may result if the condition
is not treated right away.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
SymptomsFeverPelvic or low abdominal
painPainful urinationDischargePainful
intercourseLight bleeding
Who's at Risk of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases?
It's estimated that half of sexually active
young adults acquire at least one of
these STIs by age 25. In fact, sexual
diseases are the most commonly
reported type of infection in America.
Though more common in teens and
young adults, anyone who is sexually
active is potentially at risk. The risk is
raised by having multiple sex partners.
The incidence of some sexually
transmitted diseases, including LGV and
syphilis, is increasing in men who have
sex with men.
Can Virgins Get Sexually Transmitted
Diseases?
Many of these diseases can spread
through any type of sexual activity. This
can include skin-to-skin contact and oral
sex. This means that people who have
not yet had sexual intercourse can still
get infected.
Preventing Infection
Abstinence from any sexual contact (or
skin-to-skin contact) is the only absolute
way to prevent STIs. Being in a long-
term, monogamous relationship also is a
good way to avoid them.
There are also steps you can take to
decrease the chance of getting an STD
if you are sexually active, including:
Asking partners if they have ever been
infected.Using condoms.Avoiding sexual
activity with a partner who shows STD
symptoms.Asking partners to be tested
before having sex.Being aware of
symptoms and signs of these conditions.
45
The Limits of Condoms
Condoms can prevent the spread of
some STDs, but they aren't 100%
effective. They are less effective at
protecting against herpes, syphilis, and
genital warts, since these STDs can be
transmitted by contact with skin lesions
that are not covered by a condom.
Condoms also do not protect against
crabs and scabies infestations.
Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)
In this stage of infection, HIV is still
present in the body and in white blood
cells. However, many people may not
have any symptoms or infections during
this time.
This stage can last for many years if
you're not receiving antiretroviral
therapy (ART). Some people develop
more severe disease much sooner.
Symptomatic HIV infection
As the virus continues to multiply and
destroy your immune cells — the cells in
your body that help fight off germs —
you may develop mild infections or
chronic signs and symptoms such as:
If you think you may have been infected
with HIVor are at risk of contracting the
virus, see a doctor as soon as possible.
Fever Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes —
often one of the first signs
of HIV infectionDiarrheaWeight lossOral
yeast infection (thrush)Shingles (herpes Causes
zoster)PneumoniaProgression to AIDS

HIV is caused by a virus. It can spread

Thanks to better antiviral treatments, through sexual contact or blood, or from
most people with HIV in the U.S. today mother to child during pregnancy,
childbirth or breast-feeding.
don't develop AIDS.
Untreated, HIV typically turns
into AIDS in about 8 to 10 years.
How does HIV become AIDS?

When AIDS occurs, your immune

system has been severely damaged.
You'll be more likely to develop
opportunistic infections or opportunistic
cancers — diseases that wouldn't
usually cause illness in a person with a
healthy immune system.
HIV destroys CD4 T cells — white blood
cells that play a large role in helping
your body fight disease. The fewer CD4
T cells you have, the weaker your
immune system becomes.

You can have an HIV infection, with few

The signs and symptoms of some of or no symptoms, for years before it turns
these infections may include: into AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when the
CD4 T cell count falls below 200 or you
have an AIDS-defining complication,
Sweats Chills Recurring fever Chronic such as a serious infection or cancer.
diarrhea Swollen lymph glands
Persistent white spots or unusual
lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
Persistent, unexplained fatigue
How HIV spreads
WeaknessWeight lossSkin rashes or
bumpsWhen to see a doctor

46
To become infected with HIV, infected hands with someone who has the
blood, semen or vaginal secretions must infection.
enter your body. This can happen in
several ways:
HIV isn't spread through the air, water or
insect bites.
By having sex. You may become
infected if you have vaginal, anal or oral
sex with an infected partner whose Risk factors
blood, semen or vaginal secretions
enter your body. The virus can enter
your body through mouth sores or small
Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual
tears that sometimes develop in the
orientation can be infected
rectum or vagina during sexual
with HIV/AIDS. However, you're at
activity.By sharing needles. Sharing
greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you:
contaminated IV drug paraphernalia
(needles and syringes) puts you at high
risk of HIV and other infectious diseases,
such as hepatitis. From blood Have unprotected sex. Use a new latex
transfusions. In some cases, the virus or polyurethane condom every time you
may be transmitted through blood have sex. Anal sex is more risky than is
transfusions. American hospitals and vaginal sex. Your risk of HIV increases if
blood banks now screen the blood you have multiple sexual partners.Have
supply for HIV antibodies, so this risk is an STI. Many STIs produce open sores
very small.During pregnancy or delivery on your genitals. These sores act as
or through breast-feeding. Infected doorways for HIV to enter your
mothers can pass the virus on to their body.Use IV drugs. People who use IV
babies. Mothers who are HIV-positive drugs often share needles and syringes.
and get treatment for the infection This exposes them to droplets of other
during pregnancy can significantly lower people's blood.Complications
the risk to their babies.How HIV doesn't
spread
HIV infection weakens your immune
system, making you much more likely to
You can't become infected develop many infections and certain
with HIV through ordinary contact. That types of cancers.
means you can't catch HIVor AIDS by
hugging, kissing, dancing or shaking

47
Infections common to
HIV/AIDSPneumocystis pneumonia
(PCP). This fungal infection can cause
severe illness. Although it's declined
significantly with current treatments
for HIV/AIDS, in the U.S. PCP is still the
most common cause of pneumonia in
people infected with HIV.
Homosexuality
The term ‘homosexuality’ was coined in
the late 19th century by an Austrian-
born Hungarian psychologist, Karoly
Maria Benkert. Although the term is new,
discussions about sexuality in general,
and same-sex attraction in particular,
have occasioned philosophical
discussion ranging from
Plato’s Symposium to contemporary
queer theory. Since the history of
cultural understandings of same-sex
attraction is relevant to the philosophical
issues raised by those understandings,
it is necessary to review briefly some of
the social history of homosexuality.
Arising out of this history, at least in the
West, is the idea of natural law and
some interpretations of that law as
forbidding homosexual sex. References
to natural law still play an important role
in contemporary debates about
homosexuality in religion, politics, and
even courtrooms. Finally, perhaps the
most significant recent social change
involving homosexuality is the
emergence of the gay liberation
movement in the West. In philosophical
circles this movement is, in part,
48
represented through a rather diverse
group of thinkers who are grouped
under the label of queer theory. A
central issue raised by queer theory,
which will be discussed below, is
whether homosexuality, and hence also
heterosexuality and bisexuality, is
socially constructed or purely driven by
biological forces.
Homosexuality
At different times and in
different cultures, homosexual behavior
has been variously approved of,
tolerated, punished, and banned.
Homosexuality was not uncommon
in ancient Greeceand Rome, and the
relationships between adult and
adolescent males in particular have
become a chief focus of Western
classicists in recent years. Judeo-
Christian as well as Muslim cultures
have generally perceived homosexual
behavior as sinful.
Many Jewish and Christian leaders,
however, have gone to great lengths to
make clear that it is the acts and not the
individuals or even their “inclination” or
“orientation” that their faiths proscribe.
Others—from factions within
mainstream Protestantism to
organizations of Reform rabbis—have
advocated, on theological as well as
social grounds, the full acceptance of
homosexuals and their relationships.
The topic has threatened to cause
outright schisms in some denominations.
Modern Developments
Attitudes toward homosexuality are
generally in flux, partially as a result of
increased political activism (see gay
rights movement) and efforts by
homosexuals to be seen not as aberrant
personalities but as differing from
“normal” individuals only in their sexual
orientation. The conflicting views of
homosexuality—as a variant but
normal human sexual behavior on one
hand, and as
psychologically deviant behavior on the
other—remain present in most societies
in the 21st century, but they have been
largely resolved (in the professional
sense) in most developed countries.
The American Psychiatric Association,
for example, declassified “ego-syntonic
homosexuality” (the condition of a
person content with his or her
homosexuality) as a mental illness in
1973. Nonetheless, some religious
groups continue to emphasize
reparative therapy in the attempt to
“cure” homosexuality through
prayer, counseling, and behaviour
modification. Their claims of success,
however, are controversial. Wherever
opinion can be freely expressed,
debates about homosexuality will likely
continue.
49
Selected Theories Of Homosexuality
Psychologists in the 19th and 20th
centuries, most of whom classified
homosexuality as a form of mental
illness, developed a variety of theories
on its origin. The 19th-century
psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing,
whose Psychopathia Sexualis (1886)
included masturbation, sado-masochism,
and “lust-murder” in its list of sexual
perversions, saw it as originating in
heredity.
His contemporary Sigmund Freud
characterized it as a result of conflicts of
psychosexual development, including
identification with the parent of the
opposite sex. Others have looked at
social influences and physiological
events in fetal development as possible
origins. It is likely that many instances of
homosexuality result from a combination
of inborn or constitutional factors and
environmental or social influences.
UNWED MOTHERS
Unwed mother is the lady who has beco
me pregnant without legal justification of
physical intimacy between man and wo
men.In the traditional societies like India
the physical relationship beforemarriag
e or becoming mother before marriage i
s considered as a sin.Therefore the resu
lt of such women in the traditional societi
es is verybad.
CAUSES OF UNWED MOTHER
POVERTY
The foundation of unwed mother lies so
mewhere in poverty. It is wellknown that
very unfortunate parents due to their po
verty sell their daughter. The reality of th
is statement is well established bynewsp
aper and news telecast on T.V. Many of
these girls end resultis unwed mother.
Prostitution
Prostitute is an individual who for sake o
f some reward engage inillegal sexual a
ct with various individuals either of same
or oppositesex. The tragedy of these pr
ostitutes is also being unwed mother.
Teenage mistake
Many teenage girls due to inefficient de
cision making make a mistakethat make
them an unfortunate mother unwed mot
her.
Improper sex education
50
Due to lack or improper sex education a
mong teenager andadolescent the unwa
nted pregnancy is a emerging issue.
Contraceptive failure
Contraceptive failure can also be a reas
on of unwed mother. If sexualrelationshi
p before marriage is made but used cont
raceptives doesnot work then it result in
a unwanted pregnancy making the lady
anunwed mother.
Consequences of being unwed
mother
Being mother before marriage, a mothe
r has to face greatconsequences like un
wed mother is not socially acceptable in
our traditional societies. In traditional so
ciety it is believed as a curse,therefore it
brings a lot of personal disorganisation i
n womem whobecome unwed mother as
she lack support from family, relatives,s
ociety which make her living quite hard.
Consequences for family
The darkness of being unwed mother no
t only remain her family also has to face
it.The society boycott the family of unwe
dmother and family loose their relations
hip with the society which leadsto isolati
on and hence result in psychological tra
uma on family.
Economic problems
As unwed mother lacks support from fa
mily and society,therefore shefaces grea
t economic problems.]
Health problems
Both mother and child are at great risk
of serious health problems.This may be
due to lack of support(emotional, nutritio
nal)both tomother and baby, unsafe deli
very practices(which are usuallyconduct
ed at unhygienic places to hide unwante
d pregnancy fromsociety)or due to impro
per guidance for rearing of child.
51
Support system available to unwed mot
her
Support system to unwed mother is mor
e available in westernsocieties than tradi
tional one. For past few decades the go
vernmentprovides free food, free medica
l support system, jobs to earn income,pr
oper education facilities to unwed mothe
r's child.
Legal rights of unwed mother
Establish paternity
Unwed mother has a right to the raise th
e case in court to establishpaternity for h
er child against men who she is expecte
d that he isfather of her child.
Support to child
Once paternity is established, the mothe
r can demand the supportfrom father to r
aise her child.The support can be in for
m of money or in some other form.
Custody of child
Even if paternity is established still the
mother has right to undertakethe custod
y of her child if she want it.
Experiences of the Unwed Mother as
a Parent: A Longitudinal Study of
Unmarried Mothers Who Keep Their
First Born
This newly published book contains the
results of a longitudinal study of
unmarried mothers who keep their first-
born child. It reports on the findings of 3
1/2 years of research, on more than 250
cases. Little information has
accumulated in this country on the
characteristics of unmarried mothers
and their problems in keeping the child.
The report indicates how these unwed
mothers differ from the total group of
unwed mothers and from those who
surrender their out-of-wedlock child for
adoption. Background data on age,
ethnic characteristics, religion,
education, and family situation in
childhood are compared among the
groups. Descriptive experiences of
these unwed mothers in taking care of
themselves and their infants are also
included. This book provides some
answers to the problems, how they
support themselves, the type of housing
they occupy, the extent of their
education, how they care for the infant.
important question in inheritance law is
whether a child has the right to inherit
from his or her parent. A parent can
decide in most states whether or not his
52
or her adult children will receive any
inheritance from him or her by making a
will with these instructions. However, if
the person dies without a will, state law
dictates whether the children receive an
inheritance. The legitimacy of a child
can be part of this determination.
Illegitimacy Defined An illegitimate child
is born to parents who are not married
to each other at the time of the child’s
birth. Even if the parents later married,
the child would still be considered
illegitimate. Children who were born
during a marriage that was later
annulled were historically considered
illegitimate. However, many state laws
were modified to make the children
legitimate in these situations. This child
was considered the child of no one. He
or she had no legal rights to inherit from
either parent.
Historical Context Historically, there was
a significant difference in the legal rights
provided to legitimate children than to
illegitimate children. In the past,
illegitimate children had no legal rights
to their parents’ estates. Children born
outside of marriage often had no status
in society. Expectant parents were
often concerned about getting married
before the child was born so that the
child would be considered legitimate
and so that his or her inheritance rights
were preserved. Fathers who did not
want to acknowledge these children
born out of wedlock could typically
disinherit children who were not
legitimate. The father of an illegitimate they need to have the same evidence as
child legally owed no duty of support for the legitimate children.
an illegitimate child. In more recent
years, there has been a shift with
illegitimate children having the same
legal rights to illegitimate children. The
role of legitimacy has a different effect Proving filiations of legitimate and
on a child’s inheritance rights than it illegitimate children:
once did. However, inheritance laws are
typically based on state law, so it is
important to be familiar with the law in • Record of birth, which appears in the
the state where the child’s interest may civil register or a final judgment;
lie.

• Legitimate filiations admission in a

What Are The Rights Of An Illegitimate public document or any private
Child? handwritten instrument, which is signed
by the parent concerned.

Being a parent is a huge responsibility,

but parental responsibilities can be If the evidence cannot be presented,
stressful if you are a single parent. You filiations can be proved by:
need to fulfill the roles of a mother and a
father and make sure that your child’s
basic needs are met. Child custody and
• The continuous and open
support may be one of the intense
possession of the status of a legitimate
issues for couples who choose to go on
child; or
separate ways. If fighting for the custody
of the child is burdensome to separated
couples, just imagine the ordeal of
single parents. What exactly are the • Other means approved by the Rules
rights of a child of an unwed mother? As of Court and special laws.
stipulated in Republic Act No. 9225,
children conceived or born outside a
valid marriage still has the right to Laws supporting the right of illegitimate
establish filiations and their rights as to children are also outlined in Republic
their inheritance and surname. For the Act No. 386:
illegitimate children to establish
relationship with their biological parent,
53
"SECTION 1
Recognition of Natural Children
Article 276. A natural child may be
recognized by the father and mother
jointly, or by only one of them. (129)
Article 277. In case the recognition is
made by only one of the parents, it shall
be presumed that the child is natural, if
the parent recognizing it had legal
capacity to contract marriage at the time
of the conception. (130)
Article 278. Recognition shall be made
in the record of birth, a will, a statement
before a court of record, or in any
authentic writing. (131a)
Article 279. A minor who may not
contract marriage without parental
consent cannot acknowledge a natural
child, unless the parent or guardian
approves the acknowledgment or unless
the recognition is made in a will. (n)
54
SECTION 2
Other Illegitimate Children
Article 287. Illegitimate children other
than natural in accordance with article
269 and other than natural children by
legal fiction are entitled to support and
such succession rights as are granted in
this Code. (n)
Article 288. Minor children mentioned in
the preceding article are under the
parental authority of the mother. (n)
Article 289. Investigation of the paternity
or maternity of children mentioned in the
two preceding articles is permitted under
the circumstances specified in articles
283 and 284. (n)"
Equal Protection Laws .Many states
modified their laws to give illegitimate
children the right to inherit through one
or both parents by the 20th century.
Some states still had laws that limited
the legal rights of an illegitimate child.
The United States Supreme Court ruled
that state laws that denied illegitimate
children rights based solely on their
illegitimate status were unconstitutional
under the Equal Protection Clause of
the federal Constitution. In a 1977
United States Supreme Court case, the
court struck down a state law that did
not give a legitimate child the right to
inherit from her father unless there was
a provision in his will for an inheritance.

55
Activty 6

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

Test I: Identification. Identify the needed word and write your answer on the
space provided.

__________1. It is spread through sexual contact, needle sharing, or from an infected

mother to baby.

__________2. It causes painful lumps in the genital area that can progress to open sores.

__________3. is a parasitic infection (caused by Trichomonas vaginalis) that is spread

during sexual contact. It affects both men and women and can be cured with
medications.

__________4. ) is a type of chlamydial infection, but it is caused by a different type of

chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) than the usual chlamydial disease.

__________5. , it is a complication that can develop from various diseases, particularly

gonorrhea and chlamydia.

__________6. It's estimated that half of sexually active young adults acquire at least one
of these STIs by age____.

__________7.. In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the body and in white blood
cells.

__________8-9. ______was coined in the late 19th century by an Austrian-born

Hungarian psychologist, Karoly Maria Benkert.

.__________10. Psychologists in the _____centuries, most of whom classified

homosexuality as a form of mental illness, developed a variety of theories on its origin.
__________11.mother is the lady who has become pregnant without legal justification of
physical intimacy between man and women.

__________12.is an individual who for sake of some reward engage inillegal sexual act w
ith various individuals either of same or oppositesex.
56
__________13. Article ____A natural child may be recognized by the father and mother
jointly, or by only one of them. (129)

__________14. A recognized natural child has the right:

__________15. A child who is of age cannot be recognized without his consent.

When the recognition of a minor does not take place in a record of birth or in a will,
judicial approval shall be necessary.

. __________16. Minor children mentioned in the preceding article are under the parental
authority of the mother. (n)

__________17. of the paternity or maternity of children mentioned in the two preceding

articles is permitted under the circumstances specified in articles 283 and 284. (n)"

__________18. is born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of the
child’s birth

__________19-
20.Due to lack or improper sex education among teenager andadolescent the unwanted
pregnancy is a emerging issue

57

WEEK 16-18
DESIRED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To be able to know drug abuse
and addiction
 To be able to analyze how to
control drug abuse and
addiction
Drug Abuse and Addiction.
Do you or someone you know have a
drug problem?
When does drug use become drug
abuse or addiction?
People from all walks of life can
experience problems with their drug use,
regardless of age, race, background, or
the reason they started using drugs in
the first place. Some people experiment
with recreational drugs out of curiosity,
to have a good time, because friends
are doing it, or to ease problems such
as stress, anxiety, or depression.
However, it’s not just illegal drugs, such
as cocaine or heroin, that can lead to
abuse and addiction. Prescription
medications such as painkillers,
sleeping pills, and tranquilizers can
cause similar problems. In fact, next to
marijuana, prescription painkillers are
the most abused drugs in the U.S. and
58
more people die from overdosing
powerful upload painkillers each day
than from traffic accidents and gun
deaths combined. And addiction to
opioid painkillers can be so powerful it
has become the major risk factor for
heroin abuse.
Of course, drug use—either illegal or
prescription—doesn’t automatically lead
to abuse. Some people are able to use
recreational or prescription drugs
without experiencing negative effects,
while others find that substance use
takes a serious toll on their health and
well-being. Similarly, there is no specific
point at which drug use moves from
casual to problematic. Drug abuse and
addiction is less about the type or
amount of the substance consumed or
the frequency of your drug use, and
more about the consequences of that
drug use. If your drug use is causing
problems in your life—at work, school,
home, or in your relationships—you
likely have a drug abuse or addiction
problem.
If you’re worried about your own or a
loved one’s drug use, learning how drug
abuse and addiction develops—and why
it can have such a powerful hold—will
give you a better understanding of how
to best deal with the problem and regain
control of your life. Recognizing that you
have a problem is the first step on the
road to recovery, one that takes
tremendous courage and strength.
Facing your problem without minimizing
the issue or making excuses can feel
frightening and overwhelming, but
recovery is within reach. If you’re ready
to seek help, you can overcome your
addiction and build a satisfying, drug-
free life for yourself.
Risk factors for drug addiction
While anyone can develop problems
from using drugs, vulnerability to
substance addiction differs from person
to person. While your genes, mental
health, family and social environment all
play a role, risk factors that increase
your vulnerability include:
Family history of addiction Abuse,
neglect, or other traumatic experiences
Mental disorders such as depression
and anxiety Early use of drugs Method
of administration—smoking or injecting
a drug may increase its addictive
potential.
How drug abuse and addiction develops
There’s a fine line between regular drug
use and drug abuse and addiction. Very
few drug abusers or addicts are able to
recognize when they’ve crossed that
59
line. While frequency or the amount of
drugs consumed do not necessarily
constitute drug abuse or addiction, they
can often be indicators of drug-related
problems.
If the drug fulfills a valuable need, you
may find yourself increasingly relying on
it. You may take illegal drugs to calm or
energize yourself or make you more
confident. You may start abusing
prescription drugs to relieve pain, cope
with panic attacks, or improve
concentration at school or work. If you
are using drugs to fill a void in your life,
you’re more at risk of crossing the line
from casual drug use to drug abuse and
addiction. To maintain a healthy balance
in your life, you need to have positive
experiences and feel good about your
life without any drug use.
Drug abuse may start as a way to
socially connect. People often try drugs
for the first time in social situations with
friends and acquaintances. A strong
desire to fit in to the group can make it
feel like doing the drugs with them is the
only option.
Problems can sometimes sneak up on
you, as your drug use gradually
increases over time. Smoking a joint
with friends over the weekend, or taking
ecstasy at a rave, or painkillers when
your back aches, for example, can
change from using drugs a couple of
days a week to using them every day.
Gradually, getting and using the drug
becomes more and more important to
you.
As drug abuse takes hold, you may miss
or frequently be late for work or school,
your job performance may progressively
deteriorate, and you may start to neglect
social or family responsibilities. Your
ability to stop using is eventually
compromised. What began as a
voluntary choice has turned into a
physical and psychological need.
Eventually drug abuse can
consume your life, stopping social and
intellectual development. This only
reinforces feelings of isolation.
Drug addiction and the brain
While each drug produces different
physical effects, all abused substances
share one thing in common: repeated
use can alter the way the brain functions.
This includes commonly abused
prescription medications as well as
recreational drugs.
With the right treatment and support,
you can counteract the disruptive effects
of drug use and regain control of your
life. The first obstacle is to recognize
60
and admit you have a problem, or listen
to loved ones who are often better able
to see the negative effects drug use is
having on your life.
Signs and symptoms of drug abuse and
addiction
Although different drugs have different
physical effects, the symptoms of
addiction are similar. If you recognize
yourself in the following signs and
symptoms of substance abuse and
addiction, talk to someone about your
drug use.
Common signs and symptoms of drug
abuse
Neglecting responsibilities at school,
work, or home (e.g. flunking classes,
skipping work, neglecting your children).
Using drugs under dangerous conditions
or taking risks while high, such as
driving while on drugs, using dirty
needles, or having unprotected sex.
Experiencing legal trouble, such as
arrests for disorderly conduct, driving
under the influence, or stealing to
support a drug habit.
Problems in your relationships, such as
fights with your partner or family
members, an unhappy boss, or the loss
of friends.
Common signs and symptoms of drug
addiction
You’ve built up a drug tolerance. You
need to use more of the drug to
experience the same effects you used to
attain with smaller amounts.
You use to avoid or relieve withdrawal
symptoms. If you go too long without
drugs, you experience symptoms such
as nausea, restlessness, insomnia,
depression, sweating, shaking, and
anxiety.
Loss of control over your drug use. You
often do drugs or use more than you
planned, even though you told yourself
you wouldn’t. You may want to stop
using, but you feel powerless.
Your life revolves around drug use. You
spend a lot of time using and thinking
about drugs, figuring out how to get
them, or recovering from the drug’s
effects.
61
You’ve abandoned activities you used to
enjoy, such as hobbies, sports, and
socializing, because of your drug use.
You continue to use drugs, despite
knowing it’s hurting you. It’s causing
major problems in your life—
blackouts, financial issues, infections,
mood swings, depression, paranoia—
but you use anyway.
Warning signs that a friend or loved one
is abusing drugs
Drug abusers often try to conceal their
symptoms and downplay their problem.
If you’re worried that a friend or loved
one might be abusing drugs, look for the
following warning signs:
Physical warning signs Bloodshot eyes,
pupils larger or smaller than usual
Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
Sudden weight loss or weight gain
Deterioration of physical appearance,
personal grooming habits Unusual
smells on breath, body, or clothing
Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired
coordination Behavioral warning
signs Drop in attendance and
performance at work or school
Unexplained financial problems;
borrowing or stealing Engaging in
secretive or suspicious behaviors
Sudden change in friends, favorite appearance of intoxication; drowsiness;
hangouts, and hobbies Frequently poor muscle control; changes in appetite;
getting into trouble (fights, accidents, anxiety; irritability; lots of cans/aerosols
illegal activities)Psychological warning in the trash.
signs Unexplained change in personality
or attitudeSudden mood swings,
irritability, or angry outburstsPeriods of Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP): Dilated
unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or pupils; bizarre and irrational behavior
giddinessLack of motivation; appears including paranoia, aggression,
lethargic or “spaced out”Appears fearful, hallucinations; mood swings;
anxious, or paranoid detachment from people; absorption
with self or other objects, slurred speech;
confusion.
Warning signs of commonly abused
drugs
Heroin: Contracted pupils; no response
of pupils to light; needle marks; sleeping
Marijuana: Glassy, red eyes; loud at unusual times; sweating; vomiting;
talking, inappropriate laughter followed coughing, sniffling; twitching; loss of
by sleepiness; loss of interest, appetite.
motivation; weight gain or loss.

Warning signs of prescription drug

Stimulants (including amphetamines, abuse and addiction
cocaine, crystal meth): Dilated pupils;
hyperactivity; euphoria; irritability;
anxiety; excessive talking followed by In recent years, prescription drug abuse
depression or excessive sleeping at odd has become an escalating problem,
times; may go long periods of time most commonly involving opioid
without eating or sleeping; weight loss; painkillers, anti-anxiety medications,
dry mouth and nose. sedatives, and stimulants. Many people
start taking these drugs to cope with a
specific medical problem—taking
Inhalants (glues, aerosols, painkillers following injury or surgery, for
vapors):Watery eyes; impaired vision, example. However, over time, increased
memory and thought; secretions from doses are needed to achieve the same
the nose or rashes around the nose and level of pain relief and some users can
mouth; headaches and nausea; become physically dependent,

62
experiencing withdrawal symptoms if
they try to quit. One of the earliest
warning signs of a developing problem
is going through the medication at a
faster-than-expected rate. In other
cases, people start abusing medication
not prescribed for them in order to
experience a high, relieve tension,
increase alertness, or improve
concentration.
To avoid developing problems with a
prescription medication, it’s important to
take it only as directed, use the lowest
dose for the shortest period possible,
and to talk to your doctor about other
methods of treating the problem. Being
aware of any signs of dependency can
help identify prescription drug problems
at an early stage and help to prevent
them progressing into an addiction.
Anti-anxiety medications, sedatives, and
hypnotics (including Xanax, Valium,
Ambien): Contracted pupils; drunk-like,
slurred speech, difficulty concentrating,
clumsiness; poor judgment, drowsiness,
slowed breathing.
Stimulants (including Ritalin, Concerta,
Adderall, Dexedrine):Dilated pupils,
reduced appetite; agitation, anxiety,
irregular heartbeat, high body
temperature; insomnia, paranoia.
When a loved one has a drug problem
If you suspect that a friend or family
member has a drug problem, here are a
few things you can do:

Speak up. Talk to the person about your

Warning signs of commonly abused
prescription drugs
Opioid painkillers (including OxyContin,
Vicodin, Norco):Drooping eyes,
constricted pupils even in dim light,
sudden itching or flushing, slurred
speech; drowsiness, lack of energy;
inability to concentrate, lack of
motivation, decline in performance at
work or school; neglecting friendships
and social activities.
concerns, and offer your help and
support without being judgmental. The
earlier addiction is treated, the better.
Don’t wait for your loved one to hit
bottom! List specific examples of your
loved one’s behavior that have you
worried and urge them to seek help.
Take care of yourself. Stay safe. Don’t
put yourself in dangerous situations.
Don’t get so caught up in someone
else’s drug problem that you neglect
your own needs. Make sure you have

63
people you can talk to and lean on for
support.

Avoid self-blame. You can support a

person with a substance abuse problem
and encourage treatment, but you can’t
force an addict to change. You can’t
control your loved one’s decisions.
Letting the person accept responsibility
for their actions is an essential step
along the way to recovery.

64
Activty 7

Name:__________________________________ Score:_________________

Section:_________________________________ Date:_________________

INSTRUCTION: Make 2 framework that easily to understand the topics such as drug abuse and addiction.
In a short bond paper only.

EX.

65
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