SUBSTATION DESIGN

An
Internship Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

Name of the student Roll Number

V.Nirmala 20885A0234

Under the Supervision of

A.ANAND KUMAR
Name of the Organization
SKILL DZIRE
(Duration: 17-08- 2021 to 11-09- 2021)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501 218
Affiliated to JNTUH, HYDERABAD2021-22
 VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Shamshabad, Hyderabad – 501 218

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide record of the Internship entitled, SUBSTATION DESIGN done by V.NIRMALA
bearing 20885A0234 submitted to the faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad during the year 2021-2022.

Department Internship Coordinator Head of the Department

 ABSTRACT
An electrical substation is a part of an electicity generation ,transmission and distribution system where
voltage is transformed from high to low or in reverse using transformers.
At many places in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g.,
Voltage, a.c. to d.c., frequency, p.f., etc.) Of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.
For example, generation voltage (15.7 kv, 11 kv or 6.6 kv) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (say 400 kv, 220 kv or
132 kv) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g., Transformer etc.) Used for this
purpose is the substation.

Similarly, near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilisation level. This job is again
accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation. Yet at some places in the line of the power system, it may be
desirable to convert large quantities of a.c. power to d.c. power e.g. For traction, electroplating, d.c. motor etc. This
job is again performed by suitable apparatus (e.g., Ignitron) called substation.

It clear that type of equipment needed in a substation will depend upon the service requirement. Although there can be several
types of substations, we shall mainly confine our attention to only those substations where the incoming and outgoing
supplies are a.c. i.e., Substations which change the voltage level of the electrical supply.
 Organization Information

SKILL DZIRE

SkillDzire is the best platform that seen for students who are interested in projects and internships and its
India’s leading real time platform where students get trained by industry experts along with certification and
placements. The way they treat is and teaching is excellent. The people of skill dzire strongly believe that Job
is the by-product of skillsets. If we have relevant industry skills automatically it will lead to multiple
opportunities. That’s exactly what they designed for engineering graduates. Their goal is to specifically help
bring changes happen in the country in a programmed & faster manner.
 Learning Objectives/Internship Objectives

 Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking to gain experience
in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit from Training Internships in order
to receive real world experience and develop their skills.

 An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already possess in the area and your
interest in learning more

 Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including architecture, engineering,
healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.

 Some internship is used to allow individuals to perform scientific research while others are
specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand experience working.

 Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that can be emphasized
in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a TrainingInternship, make sure to
highlight any special skills or talents that can make you stand apart from the rest of the applicants
so that you have an improved chance of landing the position
 WEEKLY OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

DATE DAY NAME OF THE TOPIC/MODULE COMPLETED

17/08/21 Tuesday Introduction about EPC substation and Switchyard
1st WEEK

18/08/21 Wednesday Introduction about Industry project and Load calculation

19/08/21 Thursday Detail design, Important Codes and Deliverable
20/08/21 Friday All equipment and system Introduction
21/08/21 Saturday AIS and GIS substation single line diagram
22/08/21 Sunday -

DATE DAY NAME OF THE TOPIC/MODULE COMPLETED

CB
2nd WEEK

23/08/21 Monday
24/08/21 Tuesday CT
25/08/21 Wednesday CT
26/08/21 Thursday PT
27/08/21 Friday Relays section
28/08/21 Saturday Realtime Project

DATE DAY NAME OF THE TOPIC/MODULE COMPLETED

30/08/21 Monday SLD/Layout
3rd WEEK

31/08/21 Tuesday SLD/Layout

01/09/21 Wednesday SLD/Layout
02/09/21 Thursday Earthing
03/09/21 Friday Lightning protection
04/09/21 Saturday Realtime Project

DATE DAY NAME OF THE TOPIC/MODULE COMPLETED

06/09/21 Monday Battery
4th WEEK

07/09/21 Tuesday Cable sizing

08/09/21 Wednesday Cable sizing
09/09/21 Thursday Short circuit calculation
10/09/21 Friday Transformer sizing
11/09/21 Saturday Realtime Project
 INDEX

Sl. No CONTENTS Page no

1 Chapter-1: Introduction

2 Chapter-2: Problem Statement

3 Chapter-3: Literature Review

4 Chapter-4: Methodology

5 Chapter-5: Problem Solution

6 Chapter-6: Implementation

7 Chapter-7: Conclusion

8 Appendix (i)

9 Appendix (ii)

****APPENDIX
PHOTOS TAKEN DURING INTERNSHIP
Student evaluation of internship experience.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

 A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

 A substation transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse or perform any of several other important
functions like switching, converting etc
 An power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system
where voltage is transformed from high or medium to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power
flows through several substations between generating plant and consumer changing the voltage level in several
stages.
 A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage with decreasing current, while a step-
down transformer decreases the voltage with increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid.
 At first substations were connected to only one power station where the generator was housed and were
subsidiaries of that power station.
 CHAPTER-2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
While electric power transmitted a long distance has a high voltage which reduces power losses as electricity flows
from one location to another, it is unsafe to distribute electricity at such a voltage directly to consumers. Similarly,
though the production capabilities of electric power generators vary, electric power generators are incapable of
generating electric power at voltages necessary to transmit that electric power long distances. General Purpose
For this reason, substations are necessary throughout power grids. The primary function of a substation is to raise
or lower the voltage of the electric power flowing into the substation. The main piece of equipment located at a
substation is a power transformer, an electromagnetic apparatus capable of raising or lowering an input voltage,
then transmitting electric power—at a raised or lowered output voltage, relative to the input voltage—long
distances or distributing it to electricity consumers.

1. Specifications: Relay Panels – The Iowa State Senior Design team will create all relay panels including
protective relays.
2. Substation Layout: The Iowa State Senior Design team will submit a substation layout—including substation
equipment, the control building, rigid bus, structures, and perimeter fence—based on the most economical
option, which allows for future expansion with maximum flexibility.
3. Bus and Insulator Sizing Design The Iowa State Senior Design team will perform calculations using predicted
fault levels and weather criteria to establish the mechanical forces resulting at each of the substation buses.
4. Ground grid The Iowa State Senior Design team will utilize software provided by Burns & McDonnell to design
and analyze the grounding system. The grounding design will be consistent with IEEE 80 techniques, using a
combination of ground mat and rods for arriving at acceptable step and touch potential limits and resistance to
remote earth.
5. Raceway The Iowa State Senior Design team will design a conduit plan using a combination of surface trenches,
subsurface conduits, and equipment riser conduits.
6. Control Building The Iowa State Senior Design team will prepare control building equipment layout drawings
for the substation. The control building will be sized to accommodate the 125V DC battery and charger, AC & DC
panels, SCADA RTU and all protective relay panels required for the initial installation.
7. 125V DC Station Battery Design The Iowa State Senior Design team will develop a battery design for the
substation using IEEE 485 techniques. Loads will be sized, including future loads, for the sizing of batteries,
chargers, and panels used in the 125V DC system. The time period for a station service outage will be considered
when arriving at the required battery size. The Iowa State Senior Design team will submit a report which: i. Clearly
summarizes the design requirements ii. Defines the calculations used iii. Summarizes the results and
recommended battery design .
 Station Battery Design The Iowa State Senior Design team will develop
a battery design for the substation using IEEE 485 techniques. Loads will
be sized, including future loads, for the sizing of batteries, chargers, and
panels used in the 125V DC system. The time period for a station service
outage will be considered when arriving at the required battery size.

8. Relaying and Controls The Iowa State Senior Design team will generate a one-line diagram, one 69kV circuit
breaker schematic, one 138kV circuit breaker schematic, one-line relay schematic, and the transformer schematics.
9. Lightning Protection The Iowa State Senior Design team will evaluate and design lightning protection for complete
station protection against direct lightning strikes in accordance with IEEE STD 998-2012 Electro Geometric Model
(EGM) using the empirical curves method. The Iowa State Senior Design team will submit a report which: i. Defines
the calculations used in developing the layout of the lightning protection ii. Clearly summarizes the orientation and
protection results for each grouping(s) of shielding electrodes iii. Summarizes the failure rate of the substation iv.
Provides a recommended configuration of the shielding electrodes which includes the maximum effective heights of
the lightning masts and shield wires.
10.Transmission line: Transmission line is the long conductor with special design (bundled) to carry bulk amount of
generated power at very high voltage from one station to another as per variation of the voltage level.
 CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW

“The 21st century substation design: Vision of the Future” includes discussion on Green Field Substation design.
Because today’s power systems are becoming more and more delocalized, Green Field substations consider
system operation and expansions, the economics of the power market, and profit optimization. The Cyclone
Substation is considered a Green Field substation. When designing the substation, economics and future
expansion into the “Smart Grid” are being considered. While BMcD has provided us with a concrete plan towards
designing the Cyclone Substation and power economics are outside of the scope of this project, understanding
where the power market is trending will aid us in understanding the big picture of this project.
“Transient Performance of Substation Grounding Systems Subjected to Lightning and Similar Surge
Currents” includes in-depth discussion on performance issues regarding surge protection in relation to lightning
strikes and the design of an optimized grounding system. As this is the first task to be completed in our design,
this article provides us with good background into aspects that must be considered. Grounding systems are
designed to protect equipment from inducing too high of an electromagnetic field produced from a lightning
current. Before performing simulations of our optimized grounding grid, team members were advised to read and
gain background knowledge regarding how grounding systems function, why they are necessary, and what can go
wrong.
 CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY

To design a substation which will serve as an interconnection for a new wind generation plant being built nearby.
However, to design these 11 substations, data will need to be collected and analyzed. This data will be collected
in the form of the lightning study and the grounding study. These studies will affect the layout of the substation
yard and will need to be analyzed to provide the most economical and efficient layout for the physical layout of
the substation. To complete these studies, we will need to gather information and determine the appropriate
spacing for the grounding grid, lightning masts.

Physical design will be completed and all the equipment in the yard will have a defined location and once that
is done, we will need to design how to actually connect all of the equipment. This step is known as Protection and
Controls (P&C) design, and during this phase, we will also design the communications system.Within the substation,
there will be Schweitzer relays that will need to be wired correctly to ensure that the substation properly detects
faults and communicates that with the system. These relays are the primary part of the protection schematics and
will be connected to a major piece of equipment, i.e. a breaker, or a transformer.
 CHAPTER-5
PROBLEM SOLUTION

In the management of electric power system, substation equipment maintenance and repair is necessary and
serves as the precondition for the safe and stable operation of state grid. However, in the actual work of substation
equipment maintenance and repair, under the influence of multiple factors, issues in electric power overhaul keep
popping up. To quickly find identify the issues in substation equipment maintenance and repair, rectify and reform
and avoid major electric power security accidents, it is essential to strengthen the overhaul of substation
equipment.

Problems Caused by External Factors

The failures in substations are caused by factors of two aspects: one is the human factors and the other is
environmental factors. For example, the staff of power enterprises all wear protection suit to prevent the damage
of the direct contact with electric current to human body in electrocircuit examination. However, as such insulating
protective clothing has prevented the tiny charges carried by the staff from being released and will bring potential
security hazard to the substation enterprises.

It is also worth-noticing that the changes in external environment will also bring substantial influence to substation
maintenance.

Simple Mode of Substation Equipment Maintenance and Repair.

As the technology for substation equipment maintenance and repair in power unit has been fully
developed, the mode of substation equipment maintenance and repair does not change accordingly. For example,
in some power enterprises, due to the influence and restriction of technology, capital and personnel factors,
periodical maintenance and repair is still applied in substation equipment maintenance and repair. Such working
mode has made the substation equipment maintenance and repair quite passive, thus failing to meet the demands
for the development of power enterprises in the news times and seriously restricting the safe, efficient and
scientific operation of power enterprises.
 CHAPTER-6
IMPLEMENTATION

Selection and Location of Site for a Substation:

The following factors are considered while making site selection for a substation:

1. Type of Substation:
The category of substation is important for its location. For example, a step-up substation, which is generally a point
where power from various sources (generating machines or generating stations) is pooled and stepped up for long
distance transmission, should be located as close to the generating stations as possible to minimize the transmission
losses.

Similarly a step-down substation should be located nearer to the load centre to reduce transmission losses, cost of
distribution system and better reliability of supply.

2. Availability of Suitable and Sufficient Land:

The land proposed for a substation should be normally level and open from all sides. It should not be water logged
particularly in rainy season. The site selected for a substation should be such that approach of transmission lines and
their take off can be easily possible without any obstruction.

According to the latest practice the land required for various types of substations is given below:

The places nearer to aerodrome, shooting practice grounds etc., should be avoided.

3. Communication Facility:
Suitable communication facility is desirable at a proposed substation both during and after its construction. It is better,
therefore, to select the site along-side on existing road to facilitate an easier and cheaper transportation.
4. Atmospheric Pollution:
Atmosphere around factories, which may produce metal corroding gases, air fumes, conductive dust etc., and nearer to
sea coasts, where air may be more humid and may be salt laden, is detrimental to the proper running of power system
and therefore substations should not be located near factories or sea coast.

5. Availability of Essential Amenities to the Staff:

The site should be such where staff can be provided essential amenities like school, hospital, drinking water, housing
etc.

6. Drainage Facility:
The site selected for the proposed substation should have proper drainage arrangement or possibility of making effective
drainage arrangement to avoid pollution of air and growth of micro-organisms detrimental to equipment and health.

When a utility prepares to add a new power substation to their electric grid, it's usually because the electric load
growth in their area has increased by consumers – new growth in businesses, industries, residential, etc. Another reason
for adding a new substation is to replace an outdated, aging substation that is obsolete and has reached its end-of-life.
The basic steps a utility may perform in planning and implementing a new substation are:

1. Conduct planning meetings for the new power substation.

2. Perform load flow power studies.
3. Determine the substation size and total footprint required (with equipment), including transmission right of way
(ROW).
4. Determine substation configuration (Single Bus, Main/Transfer Bus, Ring Bus, etc.).
5. Allocate required funds for real estate purchase, planning, engineering, construction, implementation, etc.
6. Determine the location or area and acquire the real estate including ROW.
7. Create the substation project with scheduled milestones and in-service date.
8. Assign the project team resources with in-house staff, external staff/contractors, or contract entire project as a
turnkey solution, engineer-procure-construct (EPC) option, etc.
9. Begin engineering & design of substation drawing package and deliverables.
10. Perform a final design review meeting along with a pre-construction meeting.
11. Finally construct, test, and implement new substation.

Once the substation planning has been completed with real estate acquired, and the project has kicked off; a scaled site
plan will be created to determine the right of way (ROW) access for roads, transmission lines, distribution lines, and
other utility access, such as: water, sewer, gas, and telecommunications. The site plan will also show the entire footprint
with substation fencing and major substation equipment location including the control house/cabinets – if equipped. The
substation layout configuration will need to be determined before the site plan can be completed. This will show if the
substation will be a single bus configuration, main & transfer bus, ring bus, breaker-and-a-half scheme, etc.
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

 At the end we came to know about various types of substation, operation of a standard substation and also
about the various equipment’s used in power substation would got more clear.
 We got the idea about the latest advancements going on in the field of GIS and sub-station automation.
 Appendix (i)

Photographs Taken during Internship

 Appendix (ii)
STUDENT EVALUATION OF INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

The questions below are intended to help us determine if you have gained practical experience, knowledge,and/or
skills from your recent internship experience and if you would recommend this internship experience to other
students.

1. Name of the student: V.Nirmala

2. Roll Number : 20885A0234

3. Semester of Internship: V

4. Academic Year: 2020-2021

5. Organization where you interned: Skill Dezire

6. Department (In the Organization): Electrical and Electronics Engineering

7. City: Hyderabad

8. State: Telangana

9. Supervisor:

10. What resources did you use to find your internship? (Tick all that apply)

 Faculty

 General Internet Sites

 Family/Friend

 Previous Employer

 Other:
 Please rate the following questions about your internship using the following scale:

S.No Metrics Grade

This experience gave me a realistic preview of

1.
myfield of interest. 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

2. As a result of my internship, I have a better 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

understanding of concepts, theories, and skills in
my course of study

3. I was given adequate training. 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

4. I had regular meetings with my supervisor and
5 4 3 2 1 N/A
received constructive, on-going feedback.

5. The work I performed was challenging and

5 4 3 2 1 N/A
stimulating.

6. I had a good working relationship with my

5 4 3 2 1 N/A
coworkers.

7. There were ample opportunities for learning. 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

8. I feel that I am better prepared to enter the
5 4 3 2 1 N/A
world ofwork after this experience.

Through this internship I had the opportunity to use and develop my:

Interpersonal/human relations skills 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

Oral Communication/presentation skills 5 4 3 2 1 N/A
Creativity 5 4 3 2 1 N/A
Problem Solving abilities 5 4 3 2 1 N/A
Critical thinking skills 5 4 3 2 1 N/A
Writing skills 5 4 3 2 1 N/A

Name: V.NIRMALA

Internship site:

1. Overall, how would you rate this internship?

 Excellent learning experience

  Good learning experience
 Average learning experience
 Below Average learning experience
 Poor learning experience

2. Would you recommend this internship to other students?

 Highly recommend
 Recommend
 Recommend with reservations
 Would not recommend

3. Please provide suggestions you may have for future interns who select this site.

Evaluation Sheet

Evaluation Parameters Evaluator 1 Evaluator 2 Evaluator 3

Organization of Internship Report (20)
Presentation about Internship (20)
Novelty of the problem analyzed (20)
Organization of Activities during Internship (20)
Relevance to the Courses Studied (20)
Total Marks(100)
Final Marks(Average of 3 Evaluator Marks)
Program Outcomes as defined by NBA (PO) Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Mapping of Internship Activities to POs

PO High(3) Medium(2) Low(1)

PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

PO10

PO11

PO12