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    Brian Vickers in Defence of Rhetoric Cha

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    Nika Armstrong

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    rity ie IN DEFENCE OF aos RHETORIC Frac acon an Renasance Prose (Canrige,1968) (Gostiod Rosin Eglin Poet Landon Towards Geek Tragedy Condon 157) Shtespenr Coat Landon 971981) Brian Vickers ‘ett eeaten it nen near Reralaed arghamton, NY 192) ‘ema td cee Wenateen tc Resinanoe Canbr.9) ‘sibs, Mase Meiaton Eesachingen nr Vasa on ie Costu Za 385) sci: Hey Macken, Tefen (Onl, 96,98) ‘Shakepene The Ctl Mortage, 12st, vol (london snd Boson 74-80) ‘abla Bate fein he Seventeenth Cent: The Machen Evelyn Dette sat NY 798) raglan ene Bacon to Newton (Camis 3987) CLARENDON PRESS + OXFORD AN OUTLINE OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC ‘avrnro poourrres el yoo, Govern, youl ely Into go orem wis lyon. a wang syon hmeaingio yon ‘utr git of thotre Obes he yr a i ative ‘onder. Feng ol you x wang fl Jourli walling total yn Sentient htt te ‘kh sn sn I slo acount or he mendaty ond atone, Sta, Pygalin, Act Rhetoric, the at of persuasive communion, has long been copused an the aytemutiton of ‘natural loguence. ‘echrdng to thls inion, the fst weirs of thetoic books ‘Ghrerved tuations in zeal Me where eloquence sucweded, {Satysod the resources woe by such peers, and davlopeds feaching method whieh could impart tose ski. As one ofthe ‘Speakes in Car's dialogue De Orso” having summarized ‘Semaindocinesinsetone puts ie et a a et at ate, ong fete td le he Sig men who ce ntrtiycoeene thas luce ot te ofing eet, bur ea of Cogan riers (Quinta, autor ofthe most comprehensive disialteatse Sr the Teaching of Onto” the statis Ortori, noted at reryting which thes ought fo pesecon eigated in ‘Sure @5y.0),boitmadice onesture muse or ort wat, then, mare st cated specs, and been tha ‘gine that of speing Tart amen dove he att of ‘mls by ctoerng tnt ee things were hey and sexe the "riers fvening stn insomnia p. evs, 0 they breve tht some things were ul and sme {hla in spenng, tnd soted the formation ee wean, Whe thy added ceri er procpt songs heer sopgsed These cserasons ere cone y pence and ech On proeded totanch ht helm 02 : ‘The same process, the at ofshetore cong natura sbi, bo determined the invention of topics the dscovery of [arguments was not the eral ofthe publication of textbooks, Dt (very Hind of argument was pot forward before ny rales were Isis down (101120) ‘While waters of shetoric bos eallctd, analysed, and asailea methods of discovering and organising arguments, floquence islf continued to Hoursk in a natural ste Defending thetore from Pito's charge in the Gorgas and Phasing that # wae a mere eoack’ or outing, not worthy of bing declared» ‘nda? or ars, Aristotle, in the opening paragraph of his Rhtoric_pronosneed there to be he {Enslogue or counterpart af ides (whose satus as 8 sexious ‘spine was indipotabe), since the geraal han of all mon and belong who dete sence, ‘Acsigly amen sake us of bol fort 8 cri een a ‘hen stomp! to diva tants and fo mainin tem 0 een {Pemcier and to aac otis. Orsnary People do thi ier st ‘Sido or rough pace and fun soqused abt ge) ‘The parle existence ofnatural and acquire eloquence means that the Inter mus aways resemble the former “For a9 art stated from nature’, one of Cler's speakers in De Oratare ‘ware, ‘i would carinly bo deemed to havo fated fi had not {nara power ofafecting us and giving pleasure’ (3,52 47) Hence "the wey cardial sin of eratery to depart: fom the language of everday fe, and the usage approved by the Sense of dhe community (5.33) For Ger, he orto eas ‘Wordsworth sid of the poctveman speaking men’ and he proverbial injunction of tha eto! tadiion, ws eerie ‘em, reminded the orator that however elevated hissy and footings became he should not ae touch with what an ordinary person coud think and feel As Quintin advised im, Jor ourLiNi oy ctassieat nitrronre 2 your eyes on nature and follow het. All eloquence i concemed trth the acts of ie and the ind i sways eadet {o seep what recognizes fo be tue fo nate (85 73). 10 develop ability in spetking, Quinlan wrote, ax fara as te develop the body by orca, ‘coneoqunily the. more clicive a masve speaking the more in accoréance with the suture of eaguence wil be G0, 4g) he sacred Speaker ‘slats us by the aniston of his delivery, and ‘ines the imagination fot by precenng ws wih an elaborate ‘is, bat by lng an Ha aaa tin wih ge Tremostven (0.28) “The theoreti inssence onthe naturalness of loguence sso had hisoncl grounding, fr thetoraane could evoke, athe ‘et poo ofthe rates eloquence before le colicin of ‘eto he poems of omer. Asso, Iving in what was sll fo a gest event an orl culture, refers To and quotes fom emer some forty tines in his Ristori, drawing on Rim for ‘samples of specch and behaviour wich are wes the sume Side sate ae vetoes to contenp ost His. 80 he ditingushos two type of witnees ‘cent ad ‘ancient, the ter comping the pows and other notable mons‘ whose. fdgenents are Eoown to alr Thu the [Rthenianw appealed to Homer as 2 winess bout Salami (csrss fy Anatole even beleer ha he mon ester” Gf al are the “ancient wineses, ince they cannot Be Conruped :n7636), which toa modern reader sce 1 cy Serounce (oo far’ Homer’ or Hesod tay ste general ‘encpes, but they are surely not on the sume level ss people ‘io ive observed something connected witha cine! "The reverence fr Hlomer shared by Greeks snd Homans, for whom he was aeady the calc Merry text. meant tha the ous ‘wer. closely sentinzed for evaence of *hetre ey. Ceneus, Ceo’ mouthpiee in De Onto, deporing the ecparton between etre end plwephy cred By Satay, obeerves hatin the od day. in ight condact and im good spasch, nor were proessoe in two ‘Spans groups, bol the sume mass gettin both nes ‘SEEe hear fornstunce te get Pheenxin Homer, who yee 4 sountNworctassteat amrronie eo acd othe yg Acs by He Sher Ras 1 a dow ofdond0.15- 57 id § 449) ‘Quinlan pcs up the same point, end adds that nat only dos ‘omer mention a numberof rt’ but ‘the various sys ae represented by the speeches of Swe of the chiefs, and the Young men af set to contend among themselves in contest of ‘loquence [in 15. 283 £]; moreover, lawsuits and pleaders ae {epresented in the engravings onthe shed of Aches a 18 497 EY 37-8. nb ntti survey of Gaia eae IBook so, which diseases the authors whom the budding (fata should read, Quinlan flows the prinile of Aras ‘yi Jove let us begin"—in staring with ome, whe a8 ‘multiple as his wnt conception of Oceat, the soure and ‘napiation for every departinent of eloquent speech, ay, © say nothing of is eoguens, whith he howe in pis, ‘thorn and nell, do ot he ninth Bok setae the Gntany Aches the et desing the une! bebe Chit, ee the spencer Severed by the coud inte scons ‘play ll the tesa a 9 Be flowed in fone: cr delete tor? 8 a7) omer was ‘master ofall the emotions tender and vehesent alike and inchinclvely observed such rhetorical device ‘zrdim, nara, proof an refutation, perraion, and al the tmaments of speach "They are eo numerous that he sje ‘of wnters on the pinclpes of shetarc have gone to his werk forexamples ofa thee things (es). The signifcane of eloquence n Homers double, Writers on shetore confined fo it ewok, clang the speeches ino ‘axousextegores. Menelase represent the lain tye, Nestor the middle, the “vesourefal Oeyeseus”incrnates the gard style He may seam urimpresivebefore he spe, ‘Butwhenheet the get vols go om sched he won che tig Soe tn heer er ac SESE yn 29 Rn ta 925g mca ‘As late as Alexander Pop's transition of the Tl (72), the specs were neve north hotoraletgori he nhorsory or betboratie, the Vtupernve, te Noe, he FPatht, d the Sarcastic. But in dion to his exemplary trloe to sets, Homer as an added sigan in he Hitiy of eloquence in tat hit orators ae al resent {peaking acconding fo the need of si imenediare statin, ala itary x personal Reto has always exited in & Bymbiotc ratship wih sone, expanding or eontcting ‘Matfaconding tothe demand ht sl gro makes on Since sort fa ofthe int and more than foes a he Oley are devoted to spenches by the characters at Inettngs of the sony ears tn coun, of the. solder’ ‘Sremlly,ofembasies of czens—we And there all he baie iermo of communication that ext oral calues (and ot crip thee) acetosace plitcal conic, sires of force, Esimustion app fr ery. Speakers do not avays get Sehat they want ine Be word subject tothe wil and in Home asin eal He, perseion does not always raced {a propagandist lor herons ght have consoced tingt Sikeehigy Btn hese poems tan inves ha whale blag inter eloquence ahd the acces hay hope vil ng none tow poignantly han Dram, beggieg. tiles t0 rear the Tdy Sisson eso for bs in, a 76 8), The statis tna power of slaguence in ner Gr ie sad ise in {he Giguey, where Odysseus xpans to Bayes that {hep do motes gracias nite, nee nso or ot inbrtin or Saguence {brine sca hind ofan sent orb bn popu comelincn on sons and they ho Tea wari Kinny Sd B25, esrb the ninth book of th Mi wi ai ie ae, cata reee ite i ea = elle a Slee ‘ie oe tod Biyori sp ‘ ‘aw ouruine oF ctassieat ansrone refit with jy tthe igh an he pels themn ‘tot oer snag nen, es ara ‘hove who eines * and peo on Sion gpd when be waln th cy Gresisocety needed eats, nd valued ehetoricians, ‘The rst teachers of rhetoric hat we know of emerged precisely in answer to a new goal need. A sjeematcrhetonc was ft ‘developed in the Cresk towns of Sil afer the expulsions, between 471 and 46) 36, of tyrants who, emong other ge) acts, had seized’ propery. To reste Is ownership Widespread gation was nacenary, and one Coeor tn his ‘Ppl Tyas st up in Syracuse the fs rule-based methods for Fandlig ji eispates. Litt ie known of the defi of thee teaching but itincked a rudimentary acount of the strctare ‘of 8 speech, whale to Tysias (among other) is asibed the definition. of shetore 89 the domirgs, oF atice, Of persuasion? Much mere & known about Gorgias, another product ofthe Greek provine in Sy, who came to Athens ‘tom Leoatin in 427 se to request Athenian hap, nnd made 2 ret Impression with his eloquence," Gorgas was 2 Sophist ‘ne ofthat schoo of philosophers who devoted themseres to the pracialles of eve Bie, and whove advocacy of theterie was based, af Pato recorded, on its rity fo make men its slaves by persuasion, not force (Phe, 58 4). His aval was timely, for changes. both Athenian polis and law inthe Second hal ofthe ith centary put a much greater prem on the ize’ dat volvement with community decsons, The ila ms rf es he Azeopagus gave way to one involving lge popular fren, the itera, consting of fom 201 fo gor clizens, with ‘complete jurisdiction over tril proeedings. There belag no public provector, enna eases were Brought by chizen who Eppoated in person to age thes case ina cing set post fot tther side Iisno aciden thatthe eeyhandoooke of etre, Including Aristotle’, pay 0 much atetion tothe techniques of soccesfl gation. Ar ability to speak effectively was t 1 hp. et atin New Ya hee * Kenedy pp 27 4 8 7 Renney Bo, p29 scesty forthe Hbety and prosper of any propes Athenian, ‘he need to address a lage jury coherently. on a singe appearance encourage the compostion of speeches that were Careful reasoned, ceary arranged, and also appened to he notions, much to the dake of Adotole and other more conservative. thinkers’ In plies, too, democracy Wes bondening the base of partipation in pubic if, so that the zen who oraned to speak success in the Assembly Counc might take lessons fren the Sophist, who specaliaed ‘politcal ontory. In the dilogue named after fim, Piso ‘kes Gorgias st out the praca advantages of eloquence. Reto is inv uth he geste oon fort rng een oman in {uote and ocak an conuen over othsin sown county. {iStan ie power to convince by your worde he adges nc te scrote Coura the poopie tthe Assembiy, or in ny ote ‘To Plat, of couse twas deplorable thatthe shetoriian, not the phitxpher, shoal have rock power, but othe majority of stints ofthetorc down to the Renatsance ts great attraction ea jut this promise of sucess in eve Me, and is upholaing of ery. Tita Ristori fact, more fra i thi cantary than i any other that tyrants ar totalitarian slates destoy eedom ff spesch. Under the Thirty Tyrants in Athans at one pot the tescher of rhetoric were forbden to work, and whan Lain letches of het appeared in Rom at the begining ofthe frst centry ne the sao party, regarding them 263 Sgn tf democatc progress ‘ried t ence tem’. An involvement In poles wes rake highly in ancient society, since it ipl that the Individual was escaping trom seltcentredness and devoting hie abilities to the ots ati, forthe common good ‘Thar attade i partculey trong inthe Sop, ab we shall see, fom Prolagoas to Iscrates. For Aso plied ontry ‘es nobler banines’ than forensic Guia) oratory, “and ter for’ ctinen than that which concern the relations of private 2 Go eal: Wb Wondbndin Pat 6 Pee ron te nhs Nas, x nd Saat, Desh isco p83 8 Jo OUTLINH OF cLASsICAE RIEETORIC Individual’ (29543). To him, indeed, pallies was “a more Instuctive ar anda more rel branch of knowledge’ than _hotode(3303), bat for boeates, the lending representative of the Soptists (he val tation to Pato and Asatte), betode ‘eas the primary tein edition, aed education wae diced towards politcal activity and’ pracealty.” or Roman thetorians, above all ler, the Lnk between chetori and te ‘oa cs was fundamental. in the ently De ice (c 37 30) ‘hots is held fo Rave taught men when society way sll ‘znformed, that they met work fo he comuon good (= 3) ‘When rhetoric becrme corapted men opt oto theatre ie (6.3.4) bat Roman orators and politicians rehimed the at foxdar © protec th sate (4.5) Mhetoue is now defined a2 deparenent of the scientific system of pole, whe orto sly abel ener pls a een te le 5.5 ‘he mature De Onto (3 wo) ines namerous passages ssing thet In lowing ene for giving those who master Fhe power toast had on ase one ‘ued the ery a pence and equi Ds oe at hs Saye Doubt oer he teat and ve ened Spee’ What een opm warty of ho ee = og besitos bee fon pe oon nmin tc sgh Tw intel oe Sagi retical eps lcs ey, ate yas ont Sromlesue Gey “The connection between seloi an polcl if, reiterated so ‘oquenty by Cicero and a inflentaly forthe Renaissance, [5 also found in Quintin’ ttaso Ortre (a> 92-4), Bit Inevitably with Iss emphasis." Cer had achieved fame in 8 long career (St-g33¢) aban orator on pla and legal fai, snpripmecapettaeenatp en lee a eevee one et enced aan ih atasatrer aes AN OUTLINE OF CLASSICAL RMETORIC 9 and his two greatest campaigns, the defeat of Catlin and the Stack on Matk Antony, dspuyed both omforat power and Marable integrity. Yet the collapse of the Republic and the fstablchment of te Enpire in 31 ne meant at rhetoric and free speech no longer fourehed in puble alfa, the ortor ‘aing ven fom the helm of tte’ as Cassushad put itin De Cntr, thrust dovin and locked up ectusiey in wcourts fd pety lil assemblies, a8 ina pounding (21 4) ‘Guinan was confined fo an even smaller apace, the school fom, frst aaa sate professor of thetooe and then as {htor fo the Emperor Domian’s nephews. From that positon Denaturaly disagreed with those soho ‘dently thetorc with Doles”. 25.33) angung hat pltal questions provide ony oF is mata os 2). Yeti comprehensive engiy to [Re creer of he orator, fom boyhood torebrement, pied an important process in which shetre became ester pa ein anather sphere, education, th eon wh tok ha a rp of erdolg wecho o Tero ch ech ch ipa ik aa ai wie eed ses pt Cae ee eee ge be ree out 9) ee Fe ee ee ied soe ane cating males wh Eo he ped ts oe Sean nem ar eh aa case gt ae a a i ioe en mets, Soa ta et wher shoal me fon sae oe ee toe cae oon eho Le aE cach oe cl! (Oe OF 3 2 9) See ee kagemny poh Te eet ee nde dome Vn ioaes teas wap orenbmenta name anata By 3 Ma ee PY Clee ae goss Fe Sire ie oe Ge i ae eS eee ice gt Gonos Renee icusare ree ae at icin gh and G-A. Sambo tee ten Gra 2980). fn thetoical eduction—neture,tsining, and practice, The | teacher mat not only explain principles bat provide mamyeg of omar as models, and guide hs ataenttoteaclation a ‘racic! wisdom. ical” importance 4s the founder ot ‘itorcschool is marked by dhe many salar insttitons tot sprang opin the ancient wo, and is intaence on educa Sendo Jo Remianc Bape Dut hs apace ‘aceeds his actual teaching pracice, In Hs extent speeches Which were ‘ten for tading rather thn publ Seivesy, Socrts sn language the defning mac of any se permease tera Sek ene Sloe eee rch weve te wide ond pe ae 52 me educwte the ignorant and inform the wise. Ys Sie “nthing doe wh ntigece i dane wot sec then spec the marl fll stars aloe ores wither guacant "Cami pre ngage ten Se trainee by say tr 2 ctrl Ws see hgh Ca pg as nah ten century, played a major rein forming the image a the eat 'reatnchn, The cy De etn aban ee iccaian mode y pogo tinh sen mecion tng md telnet ae gate ‘toy rg acy, on itl ee ees tr tae tha on ages fen ly two ron an ease a) Onc ei oer me evade fons yal hry, pesundon nas a ay tng ot Eng men alt tenets anh de (Anis 55 ye Remy 9p. (29) Rhetoric cotnnes to ply arc call and poli Sic frit provers the comely, Tener ete Eonout ‘Bh and protects tends 9 thn Jat as men evel annals "owt by having th power ef spect, that mn bar won 4 splendid poston who exces en themselves in that Soy ‘ch nen exe ea 49, Although lero laced Be otis tly yo lnc atthe anfinshed and cade expe which tipped outro the natabooks of" sy youth (Oe Or ta 9) wes only one of heel wot to have { unbrakn tain, wih hued of manure end Commmentaie suring om the, Middle Ages and annuus Nor was Charo detec cr opting Ts ae equi ioe vein he mature work G85) The Petre given the ofthe ortorieadng "creed say Stott eden inthe wiles op our prea Condon of vation se men and ae cine helping To crate ‘scl ooumanite, lawyers and cigs, Yrs ten over boul y many Henassance wri. On ‘Retie™ Quin soady desctbed onary at the highest if of proven fom. 30-7)and echo locates td Gero Reding eoquence witha Celaingfancton (2163) ito and oto Being avin git to elevate us over the beasts Gants, 23-32 1,9) Hees he omy, xeling tther men thee apa, feces the ighestecaton Iumanty 3 “he ei (and peitape Intention) of thse programmatic extras oftetoc was tocon he aly eran tivrton and ttc bts teachersand pape he mile of the fourth ceniry nc tite had come’ he cone ‘acne in Grek election afeting ‘ll public iterances’ fd inced ll telecast" and became yet owe Widespread in the Helles ped (98 we oar). eck Teton began teaching ie Rome ine sod eeny Pe tnih pnt eucton, Geo Second that when te Nears had {Sed te reek riory gamed acqontanc. wit thet Sate and led in Gree fencers our people ere fed frit ray incedbe ene for quan” (Be OF SRP as cae yae 9pr. ame 1. 4 4) The shetor was the Best paid and most respected cf teachers: Vspasan pa them sles of up to toy Sestoces andi" aD 74 he oven ecused ramuans s ‘Melorcns tom lel igtons, such es tesand leg ‘boy's education began with planar and sete she Sody of shetorc could lat fom four fo eight yeas, indeed ‘higher eduation was reduced to hee inthe ete See ofthe wor wich dominated tnching in Rome by fe Nat Centuty ve The Romane made sheions oven more yates tala though tat sem but ad i of tac Oy fo Oe Greek corpus. Yet although thet afeted maay ares of Roman lle and irertes it nover became te oni fink tetween school and sda acy in polis end Te that ad’ een in Greece Tor whereas af Greek ieee cod erase the right peak onthe on bhatt in the wou, the senate, and serbia, was pratand hit by relatively sal er offs ata gly onaciovs of techniqes and of this wn sles Paso then, the number af people shilyng ret incensed dy ile the number prctsing it ws reduced. Fersecre, “readom of expression in me was elatve mater Tvs tak something townch every cinan was efile and shough he JR ac by bly wath Serv, th eons as five lined by hers Bt the widespend Keowee of {lors through the school jstenundoubtely acount fe Gissemination through the whole of Lain feature” and ‘ters ould be sre tat he seers were able open tha a. From Rome rstoric tn eatin in pu cei and in all for of writing spread rough ine wo, Wo Inence warngonly nthe enceenh century Rhetoric was ental element in education—stng ase the losses suffered by literary ulture in gener —irom before Plt Baer, A My of en Ein. Vol The Ain Ht (en ah. en aS Bones, 5 Keep Ga ap lap: Danas: mer 7. aw ourtineorciasiteatnmpronie 19 to after the Romantics During most ofthis petiod theta was posed on either by. dies leaching. where the, master hounded prnspl® from his Own lowed, the stents ‘tubing note and performing eercoes under his gldanee, or ke by teubooks thar cess schon, universe, orm See) at ng, Any ne wing to lam the range and Cipaity often mus sll have recourse fo uch estbook, Recon tnd oe adapta tohianceds. Tis ensenta ono ie or tents, alo to elie that they an ery diverse composts Some of tm begin the eng gy pe ap Rename eis ane ths book bepine, with paces of eloquence a6 2 runing dcpine in which re als othe fl his Go {Bren fal, whose cubation wil benefit both soe and imrc Otcegencral tops may inde s history of etre, Groove ptéar brah erty fe epistolary theory Such pasepescan bud up tothe Inporaee of and ned fer this Treat, and ince cpareeng temas about ml ents. Aastoedoesthis, a5 does usa or many Crensions oni conte a topos downto the Renalsance Se wees even dling tat all previous featments are fdecve thes alone perfect, Nive thoughts may sce 0 fiibut ne moet gb rears, sch dlaparaging comments on ihe shtons beck tay Rave ad comity daa ‘Sec on het tclt) When the text get down te dsl hey ‘Sn hill ¢ precapive fncton, giving speakers or weer ‘Rc i maods of angen enon rei ‘Tey cam alan be Gesripive, analyang notable amples a trator. Cher mker DesnatNenes, Quintin otk Denoathnes tnd Ciro for istnet flog evelopment, Sek pe Ofer wes ante se ten ms of Spec gullies clnty, omateess,appropeateness—or iter schools of iy auch or Asian and Atm. Rhetoric bonisean devote enue to ge pe fear, re jcc) ing the most popular = Roman eloquence, or 8 Sofie gene, Sach ar te semen or Iter in medieval and Renaatnce ines tt he Os ry of atl cn coping the facta not al of equal ietrest. The erect [ete has never bon wren, nor one tat could meet te tet nn oy ah fe os 2S ae ah eee si ae Rena ae cae Ice ong it dean Eee cia Sarason: ven a oa ee tag Base Sooty OE eerie pane aoe onsihenc nme te Seeey ad eee separ ns sire pty in Rely pa Fees stl Sy wea my seperate aged han abst scabies erent Se Shetcperes begs man oars mente” hace Sy ee eee Dial ay he wad he Mie etch acre es at So cents Ribeiro oegtese secon parses Sei Seats eet osha adie Stele vats Serene echt seat rates Selsea igen sieeiennrnoaae Face nena SL Ra Not all authors of shetorc books have seeped the presciptive ‘ole alginate, Pt, te crit surviving water onthe tad lngly ngativefcngs abot dsc tt epesesed the mir’ dullenge to Soomtc dec in hs Pass (is di) he makes Socates rel of in alight contemptucas anne, contentef the nly fa or arts ote, The ‘ncls ofthe at he sets, cate the tang haa sporch niet begs wis preamble, her mone on to exposion diet and nds evidence, probate, proofand ‘SSpplemenary root, end refstaon both for prosecution and Selper eca een incr» ped ty, bt ek pene howl to chen ad Petorene one dtc note Sf bony in hs slrences tothe sirable Evens of ars, the weston of covert allusion and indret pliner» the incre censure al memorized With fhe help of e mncmon sytem real maser that js Souatee onlay, leving ts to wender about that scange Conbtaton of devioamess snd prepared devices. Tyan and orp ave ls ced to min, who ronbred fst probably Genres mare ceopect than also mc the Ware for ‘httove thent—and had what Pato allege tobe the Sopis fargercus abiiy to tansforn ther subjec-outer by thee feng of cabing “ois sem inpatant and sport Dein ies by the force ofr ngonge” (27 2). Pat's ety to shetoc so grt and ho srepresentation 199 ‘Seems, ha iris impose Wo takes tonsa velo Finny orexpotton Sel a ary ander wil observ, his own dalogue inca both’ duertcal diomsine of lguence and practial ceplg, jut Hi elfconessed etre books, eve though Smal ve csowned te label. Cearge Kennedy has args Sheth oo pt of te Pas sete vo min pes of thera aching in arent Grace, the it part comms thee specches (though hoe they ae hac "specinen ot than so they would be ino normal etc), the second Spungen of here nd fore popes The Shots Saight be ald. ant aashetons they of an ‘thernatve’theton, and ina certain senge Bip rue that Pato thought ‘he coud do's beter fob teaching *etore than the Shetstang’> The ft pat bees with eiten-otspech, {eat alow by Pheedras and supposedly composed by Uys, ‘uth describes how a handsoni boy we temple, but nt Tiives tne the Gever part oft. He asin that surrender {hould be fo one who lot in love rather than to oe who i {257 Thins meant to bes psche ands parody of Sophie ‘Bete deacton by cston 2 2940-10 ply 9 what 16 —_aNovrLinsos ctassicatanzromic the nave youth Phar deszbes as an ‘extraordinary fn speech Socrates seams to extemporzeaeply which has both clearer shear structure and beter igi development han Lin’ atempTeay seems t,t dw attention othe Rone within ato’ carey composed ogee, ato pont up the fac that since Plato had alo waiten Lyi’ speech he was able tomake't inept in order to outshine Soerstesnow ses out he answering case, the disadvantages of accepting sucha lover (G38 snags), and there in the hand Of & lester writer the Abate might have ended. But Pato makes Socrates fl tat his sin is rebuking him for having dene something wrong, ingling love, who is after alla god, and he then delivers & ‘much lager and more personal speech, which makes the de preceding seem ike thetorcl exercise, Now he argues tt fevour ofthe over In his none scen ofthe nate ofthe soul and the forms of love tough the myth of the caster (2s a2s7b) This is the stand stil one ofthe mot bia ‘tomples ofthe thetrel practice of arguing i ulna perfen, onbaitsdesofaninme. Se Mnanenin "Plato's critique. of exiting shetore in tho Phair has 2 reforming, 35 well a a detucive intent. Although he sts Socratic lalet and the spoken word shove all ther forms of ‘rumuricaton, ‘he i ll concerned with inpeoving the at, luping the cheiosan to fem fom dalectic how to make deintions disingush gens or space and subepeccs he roses of drei division bing acordedan aot mt Dower to divine the tai), and preduce an ergnie whole. In ‘what has been called “probably the mst infoental eres! latent in Pato,” Scates pois othe defieny of Lys Specch in fang Yo unity is component pars “any discourse (ugh tobe constructed lke a vng reat, wah sown body, Si were; must not Ie ether ead of fete ust fav 4 ide end exten co composed a fost each oer and the wiole work” (266) That concept of organi unity wil ‘reappear in Cero in Horses rockon, an in counies ter tates. Moving fom formal eopertis fo the goal of thetore ‘which his earlier been dined aga Kind of iftuencing the ‘ind by means of words, not only in courte of law ad other ube gatherings (261 a bat als in Socrates” prefered face > Kono p38 toacedslectsl encounter, Pio outs a new approsch to {Reto Souetes develope he implstons offre ct a the ‘jos on which our dium sought tobe & the su ‘Anyone iho sonocly press a scenic Peto wll ia the tat plac, dese bn soul very proce (2-27 3), rderng wha trl opty has a pon what and ow fue aced upon, Then, ring peyholgial ownage fo the wtb we the male of = sore ‘ton Sal aly the typeof cnoare and te peso teal and Ge vasous weapon which tuls ae alee" ey Te rat's pupose in making such an lnventry is to achive sighs dees of pean {Rtn risa Iw what pes of oa ose ze. Now thee ‘Neo detente namie and sry tr na vr of ‘Raina, To the typeof sl hes scat there conespe ‘Escminte number of yon of soe. Hence #ctaln type of Sarr wil bu ogy peo bys cenain ype speech take sh nd such atom esac ad eth vaso, wheather ype wl be ‘indtopesude, “The orator must study tis reaction, watching it ‘scaly Sensing exmped so mes conduct fr the Roemness of forceps’ that he develope oil given he ait 1 know {ashe ype of man sssceptiBle fo what kindof discourse (Ghd) lowing the chart, he must so know the ght casons for apeaing and for Laeping let the ght and Strong tine fer thw bachylogy, the peti passage, the Groat, and lth rest of bis seounplshmen's 72) ‘Ths isthe fst sketch of 2 concept of theo decorum, using tle audience response Pst oct not el us how to classy ether sous or types of lacoursey but oe. ean, accept his genera argument that Seca peso of amon ngs pee piu ent Smowiedge of poychlogy” fo whch veal devices ae Nbordiete We can a acept Soeales’ smisng ‘the ‘rcbentday authors of mantas of eto’ for never Raving Epcrmed ehemscles wi he sul a7). Mos portant, yet tantly so, us pasngepluces Po’satacks on tetoiin 38 awourtimsor ciassicat anronic 4 new Ugh He evden ft hse bet esac the at fn rea acetic nal, had been npr enough fe in {© doso, One wishes hat head eagle we arith ers destruc be considered in the next ap) tat ar enor inlenth an energy the om construc, Ths aden concer ‘oe out the someston between fheoric end eye Seema to lad nowhere im P's system, ues es beh {Se eppleatono petucon fe ee propoganda tt enc, 2s we sl, inthe at logue. Oterise we are with {he tee pardons of Po as "he tetsan ho distr. ‘etre he pot who abolishes poeuy or Ns ate andthe ue of of dalocte who pulses dialogues worked out ‘wth enor cae Pat ttsnenely quent and deeply distrustful of his own of expression, eather ike ‘mas Hees ho itso ihe end of Leta (65 that ‘heres noting st maven ay Sonate “To ponteiy Pao has more ofen fered he outancout iemy.of hon rete or nel scedngly Yt is itumtae inact winin the Acdony war constocve, His pup Assol bean lecturing on tetas Pat's eat ‘ident with hs mast’ approval and inecaes extending Ger a peed of yes bot) expanded Pits peiive suggestion and iu ome of tacos wl beeen Ghapir > low) Awareness of te extended gens of ‘Aino’ Rao een for he wnestendg of xt thu otherwise seen in places sifconsndcry. Aa Pedi Sms wan the ft 0 show "Aristotle prob stated hs Ircure-oure (given nthe ernoos, when les tlectaly emanding topes wore tele) when he rtsed Athens > Kamrady 9 p.. 2 Xone ted Condo’ than, eM. Osha (Ono, 246; se eae ne ea ec ee See ie eae coon RE diy a i iad ps tpn peat ‘Steetntergae Rkemnate pp gpa ns eh Ne SESS Sg Pa gt ar tn ph eae py psec te a Edie ais pheah ht nd ANOUTEINEOF CLASSICALAMETORIC 18 and opened Ms own schol in about 335 4, although ay rt nae om his ere prod w the Ady or- Sipsand even om hit Fed taadon Gar 39) whe te 2 vrs nay hove ban eed by pop tere eth The olin io des non ent nf re or nove st of Intute hve bean aed tegts by sncoe concerned {proce eveying te mate had ss ot Gang et tol sspanci ete hem Aa every ade ln, Sening Zeon seis the extn sete oaks on Owe ron, fer dacaing the elo the encore tnd of tue tpi pesuatn, and for enumerating och tgs ts the par of orton Bat Ante deve cho Bonk vo the a tpi an pao Bok Fee oe sone ‘ai In some pn’ Ant he gest sven Fe ‘Rhyne spe proc nkng Stores 0 Stn hough wh ary ape ne xe wen Sher ples te" Gocrber perenne The {Shtpolemtu ofhe x saes pose eo ear Stevo as al thought ont seer ot tsa ioe oves, Other str wesks he wn fae tests reo inducing an edge nthe or ode, Talc Ground seo sets Spmpge feo, smmaning he Fedo of ner eke tn a Cea oe of Tost tran oor “Mitsids preceapeion with sto, we conte, was icon whi hr surpeang ine of spre Gre i an cation ante tar Pat hol pose STAT Sniie aoe ured ats dinproal ok Poors Pat he shows hina ho own man by Salngig Fis obm poses hed a0 sao He anosneee tutte il dectbe the ptenac pone of Rhea ae ‘dees its the aly of oscrng many gence he ‘rule mea of pean gol ht set ape fo al Sher ane tappastgh Tay bw alert Pa, by stn peruse gata tay nosey ane TsrTRbower stench who wuld ink tcl with Ghia He ten daanguahe tive kinds or moder of Pern he rt pen on he pron hace of ‘exter aay the scan on pty ine sane it a voted urate none ol or apne rot provided by the words of the spech ite” (1561). Eas Involves the speaker in appearing to be good sid hence worthy of tus, fr we believe good men more aly and more rely {han other and» speakers ‘harry not Bead the ‘ot efletve means of perevason he poses (5), that ‘works when the speech atin the readers emotions, fr “our Fdgnents when ware roased and flendly are not the se 1 when we ate pained and host” Akstole postpones dened scusio of he emotion to whats ow kaon so Bock Two, chaplers is (enin hes tedonal vison for eave ofelorence, but they are not Arsotles nor do they mak ny dear division of subjectmater) He then turns Io eimusson by proot, ating te log esources of tea the xample end entyneme, tat ctrespond fo he icon sash in lei Ts length of lst secon (950 ‘33833) andthe ey family of the detail show where ‘Aisole’s greater sympathies le, ingpting ler ihetonane fo ‘ttempe nose union between store an logic. "These three modes of pervason ae len up in varying et liter thor given the leat space (Book Two, re alo shaper 1) fof]owed by Patios (econ haf of that Chapter and the’ next tn, with 2 further sie chapters appended onthe various types of human character) Forms ot argument art Alncaseod forthe remainder of Book Two (ch. 9-28, bul cur Bok The, whch nota ote Sie he ah, when Ais comes to arangentnt, lite forms of argument in general 2. 17), and specie arguments to exe or alsy Prejudice (cha. 4-25) This tpl von the ma ngaizing Hed ofthe Rion and was o prove very tue tte Ieterogenelty ofthe work slow Ariston to discuss sever ‘ther opie. Equally indent, and appareny og, was Nisdastcation of thetode into ieee ivsons, drmined ty the tes css of tne to ‘pect. For of the tree clement in sponcrning spi, ‘Sbjct, and ptson desea the WN one, he outa ‘arming the speed en and objet. (958369) ‘That a classi statement of what I would calla functional or holistic view of sete the We element of speaker, subj, ‘nd dienes being seen ae an interdependent tris. Is 8 ppl Aristotelian poy, of couse, to seek out the detrmining ‘Beer on ahich others depend and in ica resale in he Important easication ofthe hearer aa ler a judge, with fzcsion to make about things past of future, or an observer ‘The judge’, a8 member of ary ina lnecourt, decides about things tat haveskeady happened, which gives the etepory af forensle Gegal or judical) oratory, a member of pelleal ‘sembiy he dacdes on srhat must be done, in pies! (or eiveretive) orto; and a sbuerver oF onlooher he recep to a set speach of diaplay om ceremonial ocions plese ortory, on which no formal judgement Is expected 350-33) The dlvson fe elborsted farther in a pregnant formation ‘whlch Gesrbes the ation and purpose relevant teach ta sping wg ut ro foo eng of Stone somebody ove or oer of as vo Urge mt sivas be Ane y the prs incase, The ceemonil toy of Sipay eather one ox ceures somebody. 9). ‘The thre Kinds also involve thre diferent phases of tie, past, ‘ature, and present, and, mae important, they have istinet “he pola) ontor sine at etabising the expeincy oF the ‘rman of + prope cure of atom fhe arg ts ace ‘Nex he doe 20 Sn fe grou ti wll do god he spe ‘Secon he dos soon pound that evil 30 Name an a ober favs tach so whether te open ju or onan, honsrble OF Ethorousbie, fe beings nasa one atv ft ain ‘Sidon, Pere fs cases ten te ater ‘jure of same setim und they foo bing nal eter otis Ss ‘ubiday and ene 1 ths oe Thoe wh page or atac man {nat pou him warty ofa orthe reves, a he 00 ea oe costeraonewihrelerene 9 hone (55053-5) ‘le admiting the janice of hat classcaton, ones st Teaponse sof surprise atthe cay with which Aso shows tien of pots tobe ue seal concn the good off state, uveal or prospety, and ready 1 xt ynusbe oF honour on one side. Not muny thetoni-boks contnally stinalate their readers to consider fundamental ‘Sous, and other uae analysis so cogent. This abity to get at escent to discover the determining factors or sean! modes of epertion in human ey kee ‘Arsioti’s Rictoe competing Teating, and of fr greater Sgnicance than the usual tedne. Parsing his Caslicaion ot {he thee kinds of thetic he note that what they have in common that speakers inesch kind tempt not ony to prove the pont snenned fut sso fo show Hat he good or Be ham, the honour or disgrace, he fstice or injut gretor smal, ther sbsclutely or reltvely (Gosyyas). That he Sspeakerin each kind of eratory mse know the eects on mah bungs of cerain modes of econ, whether sting or suring. The plea spenker, as well as knowing about rational defence, wat and peace, ways and means, law and lepton (Book Gne, eh 4 must, sine he urges his hearers to take OF fold couse of acon. chow that he is concerned with thelr Tappines. Ths fundamental point leads Ato to ascertain ‘what isin genera the ate of happnese’ Book One, ch 5). He. gives four defniions of happiness, and ete fourteen convent pars, divided iio extemal valaes—good bith, fends, money, honourand internal values goods of the soul and body (i677). The definitions end iscassions ae ‘ots igrous a in Artote’s eel and police! works, Sat {hey are empl enough to ry Ne can that "ator on cifshoot of let and so of ec studer’ which cy sd be cal polite (39%25-6. Although the pote rte as srigaly een as concerned solely with «countrys wear, i rr to appeal othe intrest of hs hearers he mat know what things are ‘good 20 Atte adds» discon of "ho main fags about Goodnes and Usity genera!” abe and lave (36220-736520). By allowing topes to branch cut ngrical fom the main tui of estou, he leads int vewidening areas oie “Turning the epideicic speaker, who pases vistue and cenaures ce, Arte surveys these tpi defnng vce nt ‘a acalty of providing snd preserving good things or acy of confersing many great benefits - (966964), He defines {he forms ofvirwe jst, courage, tenperance, magnience magnaninis, becaliy, genlenes, pradence, widen’, and ANOUTLINEOFCLASSICALRHETORIC 23 mamedlataly ranks them viewe is afaatyofbenefcence, the [ghest kinds of i must be those which see mast use fiers, and fr thie seaeon men honour most the Just and ouragenus, since courage lanl oathers in wat, usin both Invwarand pest’ (966%-6),This‘other-cented’ concepts one tthe key pnp of he tea and Avitote invokes here Some ofthe basic principles of his ethic, albeit in implied form. The forensic spear sao sent back to fst principles, Since his wabjet is ieee verongdoing he mst et geen ‘the nature and nimber of the incentives fo wrongdoing second, the sate of und oF wrongdoers thi, the Kind of persons who are wronged, and their condition’ (9692-5). Fitonedoing is defined se injury voluntary infted contary {0 law, lw being then defined a ether “Spec that the ‘itn awe which regulates he le ofa parce community’ tr general howe unwtten principles which are supposed fo ‘Be Shnowlged everywhere’ (ss). There follows 2 boef but Penetrating etry into te poycalogy ofthe cin (who acts Ether for cious motives lacking recone); Ns goals and ‘odances, whith leads tos chssifaton of human aon into even couse: thre involuntary—chance nature, compulsion— nd four soluntary—habit Tewoning, anger, and. appetite (Gpesronsss6). Voluntary aeons are undertaken bemuse {Bey promie ether whet edvanageoss or good (tore ‘ssady discussed), or what fs plenant, which leads t0 8 ‘etiton and decusion of pleasure (19630-13723). Having mnaiered the motives thal make men do wrong to others ‘Alte next enews the states of mind a which they dot, {a the pereons to whom they d0 i, whieh leads him on 10 3 ‘ors detailed disses of justice, natal a, unvwriten in, ‘ruly and the comparative Danes of minal actions (3724 5750. Th tho way Astoll’s dassifation of the thee kinds of there and this goa has led him ito elosssing politics, ‘hc, erminology:juspmidence, and the enuses of human dhives ond deses, This remaziably opewminded spit of fnguiry ino everything that depends on language ives ‘Rrbtoles Ristori wre quali. fal reafrees the point fom which 1 began, that, 88 gially conetved, theta i intimately soncemed with every aspect of human Ife. This 24 awouruinnorctassicatamronic repre elationship becomes still clearer in Book Two, where 4 ‘ea oh maces Sasa sh Sipe Ei geseieeste, te | te ee gs ws wpe nace sey en Saat (ones. hy ontenas ueeese king the emotions ae thos fee thts change oto teat sopra ad ee aes Fane Cayo nese ae neal cag and sien ecru ya tol cme hae ae et celine py eapeaien oo aah ea ot Mingecaeespreee hoes asopeung snore ange hee re an caer arn Shi clngy es chme perpetrate nuly pathy yt oe them Pactal knowledge is rot enough, for without meseing Fie pnts oe dl te oe ee eens CoD Hee esas beet sea Ee, (oN ates ae gare im mal Poe tetog eg hoes Set oreptoetery Seana Gienosereinorient nee ae i ctnt nontrophctpaal ayn olan fea aes BST Shel aes neck peated natn Renner less Bese ase a ee Greek socal and religious atitudes, these dscussions shoW Setpoint y ine orig a tla eo na ket Beta nse Bae awe he Sesatetace tee feet a The ene agence a Se the vaio op of bana cians ered a ee Se deni Meo Menten op asa aaa Gt met rs a atte Sigman iy ing ihn a saree trek omc Eee For nice eeeeerecaas oe ‘gues gen snot gu poendra rue acl, par cele ae See ae eee, di frees gota ep ag ANOUFLINEOF cLASHICALEHETORIC 25 erotins and moral quate, showing how they earespon to Str venous ages ane fortunee’ (98932 fan enqary tht fttipates developmental prychology yet adds the dimension a etc the dlocuson Of ages products bilan ja peslton of youth and age, one at any eveayist could be pond EE Noung men have tng possons, and tend to gratify them Incinatey’s ther desea are violent but quisiy over, “They ust thers realy, becuse they have no et fen been Geto. Ther ves seman pent not n memory Put frpeciaon. hey have exalted otons, because they have Sot yt toon umbled by ie or leant ts necessacy imitations, hey would aways rather do noble deeds than usefl ones! ‘ein tives are regulated more by moral feling than by essoning’ Old men, by canta, “haven Doe ake ina Shen auc ys. Theresa hat hey ae sare about Song and under everyting, They “think, but they never Known. They fend f0 put the worse consrocion on rerything” te having made them datos. They lve by fmenory nather than by hopes» They guide thelr Les 1 reasoning more than by tno feng, consberng uty Maher than goodness, and nat cring what people say about ‘emf they fel pity its ors dfeent reason young men fel fou of Kindness, Old ten out of weakness, maging that rytng that bell anyone ese might cay happen to them tggsigqras). Bat, modern reader might objec, what jus alte co do with etre? Everything! a fourtvcentry ‘Greak might anower sine the shetrian needs above all Seno aout fe Te ost be aware oo ofthe fet on uh ‘hare ofthe gift of fortune such eb good bith weal and power eopecaly thar compton. as when wealth becomes 8 Redord of valde for everything eae’ 305-139"). Ae [Restle remarks later, ‘Edueted men ly down Eroud general Pinipes(990%0) a the breadth of his dacusion shows ow wiet shetonc canbe conceived “Te final bok edeveed to style, nai he part which slong with the infaces of logeal proof (which Ishall not broach er) th modern ede aly fo Sn ast eveag, One Sle i that many of is remarkszler special to Bigeecompontion atch asthe eed to se Pure, correct Gresk Exgris a to avoiding compound words or fancy epithets 26 ——_axourtime or erassicat amronte that belong io verse, not prose 34s835-405), The whole discussion of proseshythm and senfencestuctre (oP ‘i0) only fealy makes sense for Greek, Facer, the Bnezie of genetons of tar eading pa the lw sf sree Igri ths doce while sourcing for ober mates ‘at they found In bos tage were Sie and ches Aentions ofthe main shetol dane, the ve nds of ratory the ive stages of compostion (nent, depot teat, mer, pono an fhe scp ofa perch ok 3 of Ad Hc ens he tops drat a pide oratory, dconeo memory od geste wile Boag als ith cus of yl and ls vers handed figures Speccrfor entre the mote sen, itis in ger an imibteteboot, ronal organics, aay eopounad, {nd with ole’ iusuatons Butane sss tha ang.sls, over and above ity tappoined tksDe Treeline althoogh ot a cmmpuehensive: hs any of he same vues an ce, mide epening up 2 eighty wiley orton inthe prosmiin, wh wos pie pe linge an lauence. Bu bath ane cena ec, te ‘ed By the ancents in onder torn retrial sy and ene aia an Ftc Tey. ad So awouruiweorctassieatanszonic 29 Hour ore aaa ‘Shatner he wager gels Gamage soe Bt SEE gag ne ORLA ST Seen Tepting le eta Oath ort Sapna eras State nyse Seti hae (sae Wi aol ce Sopra Cray act diice ear t {Fe ocs. One ences content. Se ole fom The wet Sr cad em ht cea ent Sorc ee cit ‘Sra ie epi wr es yo, Sete Sta lec Sint ne Seen a os rest set is oe Stn eye sa Seaton, Te thes tor ate) Sofie (tele pte Riera aro pte bine Soe ec se Asn exp ete Soe geal ee ‘thou Romn cso oe ust Cer expressed hs const Spee aae cet cee walt pn Cia dine ee ately ws Sed SEMPRE nates ma an heset Detter cose et eh Sits «neem gage ore ni 2 ee oo ‘Wrotharniein the dilute bern tote sudrso¥n (539) ‘sometimes fol that the dlalogue form is being sted for what is ‘ieentally a task of exposien, withthe sk that he personae ‘wil ether give ws gree sabe of information or a te other ‘osrome, diemiss = topic perfinctoiy. Clow wae eidenty ware of both dangers, and i more svccesfol wil the fis [reking up expository passages by Sntervensins fom the oer ppatpants. For the Second filing he iv pechape himeclé responsi “The grt problem in the dinlogue frm is to reate the sponkars to desly dferentited aftades, Where Pato wes the dialogue to downgrade thetore by a dec confrontation ‘between is proponents an ther implacable enemy Socrates, Gero inakes hs 2 dspate among fiends, that between poople whe basclly agree about the nature and value of ‘here Dut who digagiee on the way it should be acquired. (Cero could not justrepest Pat's structure ebvioly enough, nd certainly no part of him could have formulated the utes ‘Giegue made by Socrates, but the consequences that the ec which divide fis speakers acem by compavion relavely Snimportant. The main speaker, and for much of the Se (leer mosthpicey i L- Linive Crgeus, bom 40 mc and aged 9 when te dlscssion suppose! to have aken ple ot etree shorty aferwardh) &lenang pola, he was the ‘hott isrous Rsnan ort oe balore Cast, whom he tgs {toy Hs notional opponent inthe dialogue iM. Antonia (o43-87 we), granlathr ofthe tum, an outstanding pubic evant: The other spekers who tae pat inthe whale dialogue fe P Sulpics Ratus and C. Avrelite Cot, both mene of the pany of conserve reform. Q. Mucius Screvla the ‘Aug, 2 lawyer and Stoic, appears in Book | ony, in order to diver a token attack onthe proposal to educate the orator in lMezature and philosophy. Two speakers who figure in Books and MM ao Q. Late Carus, » sucesfl consul and . Fubar Caosar Soabo, Inwyer and sale All of Cicese's characters, shen, sre pracsngpoticans and lawyers all ‘omnuled 1 pall spanking as. way of fe, an all marked ‘representatives of he lz ate, servant ofthe site, “Apert from Scsevola, whose objesions (29. 25-4 1.44 57. 74-79) 00 given ony to motvato thet aftation by Case, ‘what opposiion there ls comes from Antonius. In Book The ANOUTLINGOF CLASSICAL RHETORIC 31 stacks os unpre Casas’ aim that the ortor shoal ‘antral knowledge (8.80, apt that bese devsops st igester length (168 2g-t Guo), Cassis sugges hat Rntonise, who had cater dcacbed the, pratt of the ‘athenian Academy in faking the oppose rida on every ise G08. 89, Is erly “ging (hs). singulsr Eling for fonvadicon’ (1. 63.263), and tes him feat Hs ov Stews Antonis doce s0 on te faowing ay, stadt TBathe hed elated dgrea with Cease bute i nos fny. cesgn, it I shold hive socoeded in tang your zuments to tea thse pups fo yeu (20.40). But ow, Instead of fighting he ontines his own ss, of we he mot Cootentou ta ortory owes its, tics concerned srh the things hat ee Know wlth tor as do with Spon, no knowledge! (227. 3)—Psto's contention inthe Gg, Antonio denies the need forepel ule in composing ial Grice, history or phlosohie eps Grim 4a 35.0), thee Rpremting Net, ie Creu Sends or asks oppontinhad en preg te {nection adored by Clero fo he brother Guns, who folds that thao out be seperated Eom the enemy of IEeving nd made to depend one orto atl let an ioqusce ib dependent upon the tained il of highiy Gtorated men (25) Buln preci the ppostion beter ‘amen and Cres onan doven “Astonia bieves in natral logue (12-94), but Crassus Sie ef oratory” (35.2) and Inter comer even dose nto’ porn sting ta the car docs’ ery i fom “athon dorcer bat uss them to conven the ‘Sundness ove tous the wekness, of whatever resources ‘wo eam by ative len, sly, OF penn’ (97 359). ‘Ream aca She wed fr slay et when he Snes to ‘cane speiie topics he Ineviabty descends to prseps end Sete ac. Hs recommendethe orator ave inendiness Sern. commonpaee bcs. wich wil itn pretnt hemsetves for ekng forth the ae", 3,390), Ducting he imperenee of moving the sudisersketng, be follows ‘Also By enumerating the moet cmon emotions Wey 0 32 Anouruins ov erassrcat autzronte atfct he jury’s mind: Tov, hate, wrth, esousy, compassion, hope, joy, fear, veaton’, gang on to give ace on Row 6 route cach of these (2 sf 3062, 52 aia), and adding the Injunction not to make enational appeals the beginning ofthe speech (253.21) f)- Inthis mode of exposition Antonius not oticebly shamed by Crassus, wo tins oat fo show an esl ‘ite for formalities. If Antone deals wi the five tetova procesee and the sx parts of speech with great breviy, Scoming technicalities (21.79), that exacly the sin ‘which Gnesus had deat with chem (e342). When Crass ast deal withthe figures of speach he ats ff grat of tha equally perfunctory (53.2003. $4.28) “Viewing Dé Ontore rem the perspective ofthe author, we ca, say that at this sage of ib creer Cicwo scored the Sea a ‘etn a hetoreal handbook One ca tecostate the man topics of such a text fom his bok, but they ae ove by such Vast feewheoing discussion that seems perverse to do #9, ‘epedally hen clear and straightforward gure are aval, the Ad Heroonum and De Insert. Close evidently wished to wnitea comprehensive treatise, and therefore put such matter in (ring to. Atticus that he had incided the technol or {echnical af shetoi) "but e then Tedced its value By dhe ‘brevity of eaten! andthe dismissive tone. Athol ates come to dominate those of the character and the notional Separation of viewpoints necessry fo sustain der persae ‘vanishes as we Tole that Antonis and Carus are atally {nied in their com forthe vasa Kind a hee teaching ane (entbook- Antonius dorcbes the masters the htorcachols 235 Gulandinelogant,uninventive (31.133), sning people ‘no hammer day and aight on the sme a atthe one and ‘only task chewing up tore to make babey pap (3.93.26) Crassus explicty approves of Antonis fr having atacked the ‘arrow patting agumentaten ofthe usual hanbook G30. 181), and on his own account mocks the ‘exuding foolish persons’ who wate about elementary rules (23.75), ‘whether Lain oF Greek (3.24. 55-0). Antonius nd Crass ‘gree on so many Tope, in lice tht sets the highest IMaman cltral achoweront (C18. 30-4 54 208) e289 209, 49 that the orator needs to have a vast knowl, * co ust An 8p sabes 9 5 AN OUTLINE OF CLASEICALEMATORIC 93 Aon an prec 5a 85 omega a a eek, atin acts pop, py Fee ates einer eee cee Se eee een aes eee ae ee Bett ye a aga erence ea ie ace cue eer ieee aes eee ae ae eee ee ee Sahar re Catal St States rae gente el aenkered eee eel caer eee Soret ease Se fer: goy Ths comment makes the ascie? fl of Hake Sst teapuce Cees ies (of the theory, finally unmasked and stripped of the veil of your stl 892) Be oy read reer Ont OS ee a bes arrestee Talecs eae ee a ae anaes Sateen eS je Pace ee cee ay Oa el toc Sh oa Bat ery schoo Knee at hat pa 56 AWourLiva or cLassieat nuzronte being the channel by which posterity gained much of its ‘nowledge about casi rhton. Th De Onto e may fel, content i obscured by for, asi somewhere mie the dslogue 2 rhetoric Ranbook was trying to get out Cier’s thre other works on tetore se ‘itil structures, Partitnes Otria (2 8), weten fr his Sen, Marcus Tullus, is «dialogue in the ‘magistal’ ste, Involving simple questins and answer rather Hes catechiem. 1 bey reviews the procsses of compositon, the part of speech the gusto or ater at sue, and oer topic elated judicial rhetoric. Brutus (44 wc) is another dialogue, ke De Cntr in the Aistotaian mode of longer spaces, in which the nterocutre ae Coro heal, Clots fiend Attica (109 $2) and Mares unas Broa (ya) a tis pnt one ok Jattus Cassa chet Leutenants, ster one of ie saeesine. The subjectmattr Is @ history of Roma oratory, anchored #9 Gicer's own situation in two ways. The Teen! death of Flotenius, fend and putotllase to atthe begining and end (2. 3 6,88 08-97 338) ives Gero occasion once more tolament th elfecs of Caesars dctatorslup on re speach he ‘Roman form. robbed and beret of elagwence, the courtsok ‘minal and private jst all hampered and Cero hsselt forced ni ignobleretremente Forme too its a soars of dsp pain tat he fs no need of ‘hose weapons coun f np an of thoy, wh fad land proper resources of & leader in the commonwealth and of = ‘Sraued and lweabicing eat ndsod thre eve asin ate Inno of teste when te auton and guano good cen, {Bight have weed arr fam the bande of gy pte et ‘ely when though Sadness or far he door at sbrapty dove Spon hecuseatpece (2 73) (Cicero's conneson of shetorc with liberty and democracy, and ‘ig jostfable reminder of is own pital career, ee Inspations proponents ofthe ie aie when this Work Was Brus is work of clfjustifiention on another plane, that of style At this period in Rome a controversy maged over the Proper stleof oratory, between the Atacet, whe wished fo ecil Grek to ts orginal purty im grammar and vorsbalary, recaiming it from the coplouness of Asati’ hetric 0 clled Eom the Gree colonies in As where a more else form of ‘rtery prevailed), Cicero attacks Clas, ane of the younger School of Ac oratory for syle Which he characterizes a imengre, pinched and dy, quite Iching in dhe emotional ese ‘ooded by the speaker who hopes to succeed in reali pic Gaputes, To mark the diference betreen thelr syle and his ‘wn lor Coo is defending heel by atacng them), Cicero Goes an idealized but Marvlowily vied pltue of the Sneceasul pubic speaker: ‘Tie what wish omy tor: when i rpoted tates ing to {skater place the bone be ken the fod’ eral, ‘Gees busy tnd obging naxsgring er eng Up Pes sening ‘Gord rong bout he pening jeg we ord aes Wer er eh tga Gy ‘va tes 99 at 3 mee pase observing frm 9 snes ‘Bough glo ciate th en gue, wil gan hate ceed ond tate Rosso tage 350), ‘Questions of yl als dominate Orato (4 3), a treatise on the perfect orator cast inthe for of a eter t Brut, who had [oping fo the dialogue named aftr imeel: Devotng deee- (Gunters of bls tod fo let, Gero again defends Rs ews Graton practice. against the Att, purses and dry Tgians, competent indore or ietaction, whacking it foe, the orntors power over the eudiona’s fotngs. Ae Ih Brus, Ceara aldo up a6 the great model for orion Demosthenes (7.23, 826-7, 33-as0-48, ee), allhough here fren Demosthenes is found wanting in the highest quale, nd Cicero celebrates he on work as having attempted every nd of orstorcal mei (29, 13-4 90. 106-8). The Oto sless fareulyseriten dhan De Ort, ut te modern reader ay ‘fer is directness and spontaneity. fone relatively brief work Rid to be chosen to give an imprasson ofthe ole thet Played in Romani, tus would be iced as ¢ whole Cicer seven shetorical trestss® slr from a deal of sepstiion and overlapping. They were not ceed sel ‘to tain nanos of te hao apes 38 awourtivgoy ctassicatanzronic ‘anned asa ly, although he dd onc can tha veo them fens a corpus, and they range rm eleentaryetans designed for Mince aged 19, or Reson atthe saute ag, 10 considered statements of his deepest Bells, anda sue of ‘cussonal polomial and clejurtiing works The render ‘working tow hem inthe space of ow eck neiably Tnds tat he ether, tng acon pesed over fy yoy repested the same ideas many tines, ye leo fled Yo tent Some important topes, notbly the’ opes and gure, fying ike te detail thy deserve. Ln fs see Guntan {eyo a0) had the advantage ower Cae, fo is te Ontrs was wsten nto yon G24) and was designed ora ‘rand coma et gh a sot eo ‘words, 35 long as many Vicon novels, ay be decuraging let but tt claiy const, Sad Hide Jade ‘rowan wil soon feats the sections of grentet interest ot Indidual eager 1 comprises welve botks, which be euhat deserbes a follow My at Sok el be once wih the ection pinay the ‘is of the teacher of ttle My second wl deal wh the ‘linn ofthe sana oe and wh proanscenceed wt {ho etsner of theese feel The net Bve wilbe once wl Invention Ia whch inde Araegere®. Tho fu along wl aigned to Hequee, ner wach sd I ghde Mery tn ‘utiey. Baal thr bean Dock ie wach ur compte era ‘wilbe dinates (0 Pes) ‘That postion, Books 30 7 om et, 400 let, with fhe ote ema sare eo De nin ISLS ot with Se her genie deere Ede recing a bet mention {3}. 7-9), Dems ‘love wes yh lated the duty ofthe rar oars tnd dared him appl fo he encsonsuncha agres that Such as forma ngitinate pat forty, but le at is Spec and pect tak eto me god the ce whch t ‘ulnsis snd eae that oft opponet (5. r+). Ountilan oe nto more detail abot speci ourt wom techs than Sy other css hearer and his wo eo uae titra Romanlagel pace AN OUTLINE OF cLASSICALRNETORIC 59, Yee the Insti, ahough coveing the whole setorcal ction systema, devotes ey jst ovr half space fo hetode_ Guinan gies lengthy counts of two tps tat ‘rdeared hum expocly to renders between the Eeeth and ete cones: Lorry aise ane cation. Indeed. {phim ne ovo ware cosy rested, fr ‘sesh foundaonso cory wlan iby he cl ‘Tce Semper eps Testy lites Seti nde Sgt ofl age te see companion, Septet te sls band of ly whch mere old ‘hbeknc an dupa. (4-5), (Quinie’sbelef that ‘the lve of lees and the value of {Racing are not conned to one’s schooldays, but end oly with Ie (2 8.2) isso suet Satin one place i leads him #0 = Uotncly un Roman recommendation of abandoning the tt ‘ste Perhaps the highest ofall pears is at which we drive fom Birt ny ant ly cast wh vay om al secon enjoy ch saat ofadeontempston. 38.) ‘his concern wth the student orator seading the best authors panty for slflprovement and partly for sheer pleasure (@ necking exception fo the sta uiitaan justiiation for Srerture results in the famous survey of Greek and Roman Fterture fom tis sandpoin (2.3) one ofthe frst and mort {nfluendel histor of erate “The foci of the orator Is Quintlan’s whole concer, leading the render “oun the very eadle of speech though all the stages of education which can be of any service to our ‘cing orator il ye have seated the very summit ofthe an {on Pr 6), Where ose wrilers bogan with the thetorieschooks, Stich boys vst fom the age of 24 oF 25, Quinlan start om the fine when the fore orator is sl infor, unable to Sponks and as tis secount of primary education at once $eedea end humane, that won him so many admirers In ‘ontery.* Children, he wees, ae By ature quick to 23508, Quinn nto Soe er Combe, 534 PP Btn: Pe snd sendy fo lear. Rong comes try fo man ot ving eB sped hon and fay to bs of (er, 9) The Raman andi endowed il ay ee sagacty, but deserves the best possible teacher, who should Ie ecaton a rcs to coped, nthe ds tas must be adem enasencns he ste guetoned sd pased and toh oj when hn doe wa 2) fener aut enevarge nda wih pao snd ee tea ideo fr sal apes rode te ‘taer aunty that emote ce by ope $5, Qin despa fms of cosios, ing ogi dogg ft ny for alates (3-2) Te eae Besetatve fou c's deeopet td a ej ne frabennce inthe young iat, for suc dnsng se ERventveness cane od Brinn ey sete Eutbarenes inca be your es whl hey aye $2) The techr bis pada sates Buon te nity proces unl thy nothings foc tented {dnolinger nen hin Rorwhat ee oa Sen acing Sree ppt ol hots ei ke mg ihe aman and adepiity seen in Gunns appa to gurl eduion ound inspecting em een Vi fing th he nto pega oly Se tae by 1d work and nay fatal by Satay ccc ‘pnd tal the Nght praetor ad nding quo Ingen 1919) and bmatng ta sce ec ban oe Shore aiing acne res he eter becomes is we nts thre wld 08 be lyse uy ‘of would sony grt ten hve ue foeed ete "vp. go tunan ete gent enemy af poly SSneiry telat, and Shay edeaking Be Stas telecon of sty in he inveton of teal tenga nsec hb aetna fae ‘A instar proceing ome tec lne shed ak ‘estoy the coerrce of hs eching by ation To Sod dha eer {eng rls ages Hoot naa Siar Mate rrp Se nd le kaa Be sine en yt) ot tet wt Sonat Gah terre ease Siem ft Se Goa aftind ea ae ee ceed Ue ae Toaaanby ong tp hw abet Socom ee ei some and Sai tela wae ne See Ct etd eons atone mee tte, en eran ears EE aoa ad ae mee oes ag Sele fue tng pungent oer selcetonen sor Pane oat ee Saou taka Wie! ahc ot ee si a Th ac ed SERED ANGIGe aa endear gabon ed ew end Se hemes mo mere sr isucl ire cee re ye Sort te ESS og aka Savy as nme Sie op se ioe mae ety oe Petr ees dates cen an Seen roar ey enya ears eat a lay pepe Sun senses Stemsanneete der could be argue that Quint’ rest service to htc Inyin is humane an paca! ppronch o heros ks of Teli an pring, Ne topes to wll or mp if HOTuDS one Bing antl to say The ange of work ss ath Uetetdog that we ind hee almost eveything we need to Siuwsitls newoerly edacic aborting the watin, a 59 ‘iny shetascboots do, pythomlke. The major source and FEBILAin cGowledged Une ond gain nthe ost some 9 es Beng 3 87S AEA AT 7H BAIL Taig land 5,1. 1p and 59 51.6 5.14 38 6 BS 2 ANOUFLINH OP CLASHICAL AMBTORIE tern Cicero, ‘who shed the gests light not only om the Dracce but onthe theory of ratory fore stands lone among Romans as combining the git of thud clogoence wih that of teaching the ar (. 5-2). Certs iene lary oon in the brood lines of Quintia’s azgument. Just a he, had

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