oW through Open Channels)...Page No.

(5-3)
1.
Artificial channel or man-made channel
Definition The channel which
a passage
man is called
are constructed by
c pressure, artificial channel.
as

Canal, navigation
channels,
artificial channel. spillways,
etc. are road side gutter

Condition in case of
artificial channels are more
fference in controlled and hence correct
result can be obtained with
e of the bed mathematical theories.
2. Natural channels
o its bed to
Definition The channel which are
in nature is called as formed naturally
e natural channels.
Streams, rivers, brooks etc. are
channels. example of natural

The
hydraulic properties of natural channels are varied
and its calculation is
depends upon actual observation.
3 . Prismatic channels
O Definition : When the cross-section of channel and its
of water bed slope are constant along the
pressure
length of channel, it is
known as prismatic channels.

Generally man-made channels are prismatic channel.

4. Non-prismatic channels
ARY
O Definition: When either cross-section or the bed
slope or both vary along the length of channel, the
channel is called as non-prismatic channels.

5. Rigid boundary channels

O Definition The channel in which the boundary i.e.

bed and sides are immovable are called as rigid
boundary channels. Module

Lined canal and sewers if man-made, are example of 5

rigid boundary channels.

Mobile boundary channels

5.
is made uP
Definition: The channel whose boundary
due
eroded or deposited
of loose material which can be
called as
channels are
the flow in the channels, such
to
mobile boundary channels
channel.
boundary
movable
Alluvial
channels are

SHAH Venture
lications...A SACHIN
n
 Fig. C5.2 :Classification of Flow through Open
Channel Based on Time and Space

5.3.1 Steady Flow

Definition : If the depth of flow, the discharge and
mean velocity of the flow at any section does not

changes with respect to time, the flow is called as

steady flow.
For steady flow, mathematically,
ay Q OV
- . = 0, at
= 0

canal is example of
Flow in irrigation or water supply
steady flow.

5 . 3 . 2 Unsteady Flow
ODefinition : If the depth of flow, the discharge or
mean velocity of flow at any section changes with
respect to time, the flow is called as steady flow.
For unsteady flow, mathematically,
0. 0Q av
dt
dt*0, 0

Flood flows in the river are the examples of unsteady

flow
5.3.3 Uniform Flow
ODefinition: If the depth of tlow, discharge and mean
velocity flow al a given instant do not change along
the lenguh of the channel, the tlow is called as uniform
Mow.
For uniform flow, nalhenatically,
dQ V
dy
0 = 0, 0
ds
.

(MU-New Syllabus w.e.f academic year 2021-22) (M5-87)

 5 . 3 . 4 N o i - l

O Definition:If the depth of flow, discharge and

velocity fow at a given instant do
not
is called non-uniform ow.
remain same
the flow
For non-uniform iflow, ematically,
av
ay
ds
a0,
ds s*0
Non-uniform flow is also known as varied low.
divided intothree parts
Itis further
Gradually Varied Flow(G.V.F.)
Varied Flow (R.V.F)
(ii) Rapidly
varied flow (S.V.F)
(ii) Spatially

Uniform Flow
5.3.5 Steady
Definition: When the discharge rate is cons
the section of the channel is same at all sections, the
uniform flow.
flowis called as steady
artificial channels.
Example: Flow in

5 . 3 . 6 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flows

O Definition: If Reynolds number is less than or equal

to 500, then the flow through channel is called as

Laminar flow.

R 500
O Definition: If the Reynold's number is greaterthanor
channel is called
equal to 2000, then the flow through
as turbulent flow.

R.22000
Definition: If the Reynold's number is lies berwer
is called s
S00 to 2000, then the flow through channel
y
transitional flow.
500< R. <2000
In case of channel flow, Reynold's number Is

m
where V = mean velocity
A/P,
R hydraulic radius =
V Kinematic viscosity
ure
I C H I N SHAH Ventue
 Hydraulics (MU-Semn5-Civil)
Apolied (Unif
Subcricical Flow, Cricical Flow and
x 5 . 3 . 7

Supercritical Flow

Definition: If the Froude number is less than 1, the

channel is called as subcritical
through open
flow
flow.
F = VgD S I

V Mean velocity of flow,

where

D =Hydraulic depth of channel =

A = Wetted area,
T Top width of channel
than 1, the
1Definition : If the Froude number is greater Sr.
eritical flow.
flow through channel is called as super No
F,1 .
Detinition: If the Froude number is equal to 1, the
iOw through channel is called as critical flow.
F. =1
5.5 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN OPEN
CHANNEL FLOW AND PIPE FLOW

Flow through Pipe Flow through Open

Sr.
No. Channel1
takes place due to
1. Flow take place due to| Flow
of pressure downward slope of bed
difference
between different of channel.
sections.
Pressure at different | Pressure at different
2.
sections is different. sections are same and
equal to atmospheric
pressure.

Cross-section is always |Cross-section be may

3.
circular or of any other|
circular.
shape.
is coincides with
4 Hydraulic gradient line |H.G.L.
(H.G.L) has descending the water surface.
towards the
slope
direction of flow
not take place
take place Flow does
5 Flow full eross-
the full throughout the
throughout if the open
sectional area
cross-sectional area.
channel is a covered
channel.
Modu
GEOMETRICAL
ELEMENTS OF A 5
5.6
CHNNEL
the
are
used in
parameters
Tious
 from graph.
4.0

2.0
Third parameter = m
7

Rectangunlgular
1.0

0.4

0.3 0'7=
0.2 m 0

0.1 Mod

B
m
5
0.04 Lu 5.0
4.0 4.5
3.0 3.5
2.0 2.5
N

second hydraulic exponent

Fig. 5.12.1:
Variation of the
channels
N in trapezoidal
 S.11

5,11.1 ssumptions Made in Chezy's

Equation

is steady.
The flow
Channel is prismatic.

channel is small.
Bed slope of

5.11.2 Chezy's Formula for Steady Unform

Flow through Open Channel
Consider steady uniform flow of water in an
a
wamel whose bed slope is S and open
cross-section is uniform.
P Wetted perimeter of
A cross-section
=
Uniform cross-sectional area
L = Length of the channel
V
Mean velocity of flow
f
Frictional resistance per unit
unit velocity area at
Y
Specific weight of water
gh Lof to
Froude law,
the the frictional resistance in
channel a

f x contact area x (velocity)

f x PL x
eeN SUL

Sylabus w.V.e.fe.f academic

aca ear 2021-22) (M5-87)
 YH
Dpen
Work done against the friction per Channels)...Page No. (5-9)
second
Work done
=Frictional resistance x
=
fPL vxv fPLv distance =

TTTTIT77TTT S

Fig. 5.11.1
Weight of water between the two section
y =
AL
This amount of water will fall
vertical downward by a
distance v in one second.
height of fall = vS
. Loss of potential energy in one second =Weight x height
of fall
=
(y AL) vS
We know,

Work done against friction =Loss in potential energy

fPLV= yAL vS

= CRS

Chezy's
constant =
\/
where C =
hydraulic
mean depth =
R =

AXv=A.CVRS

Discharge Q =
Molule
i r i c a l
Formula for
Determinin8
5