VINS SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE (CBSE) PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TOPIC : FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL PROJECT PREPARED BY : KRISHNAN K RISHVIKK CP AKASH V SIVA RAJ S ROSHAN M ANIKET AJITCertificate of Excellence This is to certificate that KRISHNAN K of class XII has satisfactorily performed the physics project and submitted the project report as per the requirement of the CBSE examination for the session 2022 - 2023 Signature Signature Signature (SubTeacher) (Ext. Teacher) (Prinicpal)ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The successful competition of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons who helped to make it possible. | take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and respect all those who helped me in the completion of this project. | would like to express my sincere gratitude to our principal MRS.MARY BREETHA for hermotivation and herardent attitude in providing necessary facilities. | am highly grateful to my physics madam MRS. SUNITHA for offering incessant help in all possible way towards the execution and guided me throughout the project. | would also like to thank my friends and parents for encouraging me during the course of this project. Last but not the least, | would like to thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.INTRODUCTION Chere is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day. hus , the batteries need to be made mote powerful 40 that theit potential can be increased greatly . hus , this project report is based on practical analysis fe the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential difference actoss it , and hence make it more reliable.OBJECTIVE :- C/o study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends. APPARATUS :- Co Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a cheostat of low cesistance , a galvanometet , a high resistance , an ammeter, a cell, a Gockay , a set square , connecting wites , water bath , thermometer (0-100°C), butnet , teipod stand, wite gauge . THEORY :- Che internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . he intetnal resistance of a cell © is divectly proportional to the distance between the electrodes. © & lnversely proportional to facing surface atea of the electrodes in electrolyte. © decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte. © & inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte. he internal resistance of a cell is given by = (FUR 1 where |, ,[, ave the balancing lengths without resistance and with vesistance (shunt) , respectively and Ris the shunt tesistance in parallel with the given cell,CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TAT | 400 cm STAT G y. Wn ° RHE § 8 ShuntPROCEDURE :- Step] 70. y 72. 13. 14. 1. = Draw the circuit diagtam showing the scheme of connections. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections according to the citcuit diagtams. ight the plugs of the resistance box. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that emf. of the battery is more than that of given cell otherwise null ot balance point will not be obtained (£' >£). ake maximum current from the battery , making theostat vesistance small, C/o test the corrections of the connections. (insert the plug in the key Ky and note the ammeter reading Jake out 2000 ohm resistance plug From resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end cP of the wire and then at the end Q, Of the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the connections ate cottect). Without inserting the plug in the key K> adjust the theostat so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer. Qnsert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box and by slightly adjusting the jockey neat the previous obtained position of null point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set square. Ofteasure the balancing length |, between the point and the end cP of the wire. ake out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B. inteoduce plugs in the key K, ,a5 well as in key K2. Jake out small vesistance (1-5Q) from the resistance box Reonnected in parallel with the cell. Glide the jockey along the potentiometet wire and obtain null point. Qnsert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if necessary make further adjustment for sharp null point. Oteasure the balancing length > feom end oP. Remove the plug keys at Ky and K2. Walt for some time and for the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of CR repeating each observation twice.16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above relation for t. Step 2 Co see the effect of distance between the electrodes on intetnal resistances keeping the other factors constant vaty separation between electrodes and measute intetnal tesistance in each case. Step 3 Co see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal ‘resistance by keeping other factors constant. Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine the internal resistance at vatious temperatures. Btep 4 0 see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal resistance by :- Keeping the other factors constant , dectease concenttation of electrolyte by adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of cell in each case.CONCLUSIONS :- 1. The flectromotive force of the cell is constant and is equal to £79.98 Volt 2. She internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation between the electrodes. 3S. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte. 4. Che internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes. 5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the soncentration of the electrolyte. PRECAUTIONS :- 1. fhe connections should be neat , clean and tight. 2. he plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken. 5. The positive polls of the battery £ and cells £1 and £2 should , all be connected to the tetminal at the zero of the wires. 4. he jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. Vt should touch the wire gently. 5. The ammeter reading should temain constant for a particular set of observation. Uf necessary , adjust the theostat for this purpose. . The emf. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of the either of the two cells. =7. Bome high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box before the jockey ls moved along the wire. 8. The emf. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell. 9. For one set of observation the ammeter teading should temain constant. 10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null ”. "Rhett heal ba pia saat elm pots has n last vin of the potentiometer. 12, Cell should not be disturbed during experiment. 13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire. SOURCES OF ERROR :- 1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged. 2. he potentiometer wite may not be of uniform cross-section and material density throughout its length. 3. fad resistances may not be zero.* ERR aS