VINS SCHOOL OF

EXCELLENCE (CBSE)

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC : FACTORS AFFECTING

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL

PROJECT PREPARED BY :
KRISHNAN K
RISHVIKK CP
AKASH V
SIVA RAJ S
ROSHAN M
ANIKET AJIT
 Certificate of Excellence

This is to certificate that V.Akash of class XII has

satisfactorily performed the physics project and
submitted the project report as per the requirement of
the CBSE examination for the session 2022 - 2023

Signature Signature Signature

(Sub Teacher) (Ext.Teacher) (Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful competition of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude in few words
and respect all those who helped me in the
completion of this project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our

principal Mrs.J.Mary Breetha for her motivation
and her ardent attitude in providing necessary
facilities. I am highly grateful to my physics
madam Mrs.Sunitha for offering incessant help in
all possible way towards the execution and guided
me throughout the project.

I would also like to thank my friends and parents

for encouraging me during the course of this
project. Last but not the least, I would like to
thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to
undertake this project.
 INTRODUTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for

the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can

increase the potential difference across it, and hence make
it more reliable.
 OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell
depends.

APPARATUS :-
A potentiometer, a battery(battery eliminator), two way keys, a
rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance, an
ammeter, a cell, a jockey, asset square, connecting wires, water
bath, thermometer (0-100C), burner, tripod stand, wire gauge.

THEORY :-
The internal resistance of a cell the resistance offered its electrolyte to the
flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell

is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

Is inversely proportional to Facing surface area of the electrodes in

electrolyte.

• Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

• Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by
R=
wheee l₁ , l₂ are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance
(shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in paeallel with the given
cell.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

300
cm

100 n
PROCEDURE :-

1. Draw the circuit diagram Showing the scheme ofconnections.

2. dean the ends ofthe connecting with sand paper and make tekt connections
aeeoedüB to the eieeuit d9eanu. J. the ofthe ee3Utane box.
4. the e.m.f. ofthe battev and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that
e.m.f. ofthe battev moee than that of8ben cell , otheewbe null oe balance
point will not be obtained
5. dah maximum eueeentfom the baneeg , makbB eheostat usi3tanee

6. do tot the eoeeeetlon.$ Ofthe (bueet the plug in the

Kl and note the ammetee eeadbt8 .dake out 20m ohm eesbtaneeplug
from eesbtanee box. dlace theJok% But at th end ofthe wiee and
then at the end Q. Qfthegalmnometee deßeetion in opposite
dieeetion in the eases the connections aee coeeect).
7. Without inseetbt8 thepkg in the agust the theostat 30 that a
nullpoint obtained on the 4th wiee ofpotentiometee.
8. meet the ohmplag back in the position in eesbtance box and
agu3tüt8 theJock* neae thepeeyious obtainedposition ofnull
point, obtain nullpointposition accueate&, using a set stuaee.
9. aeasuee the balancing lengÆ Il between thepoint and the endd ofthe
wiee.
10. dah out the 20m ohmplug again Font the eøbtanee box R. B.
btteoduee plugs in the Kl ,a.5 well as in K2. dake out small
ee3Utanee
(1-5 )Fom the eesbtanee box aeonneeted In paeaUeI with the eau. Glide
thegoek% along the potentiometee wiee and obtain nullpoint.
12. meet 20m ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and ifneeessav make
fuethee agustment nullpoint.
aeasuee the balancing lengÆ 12 Fom end
14. &nove the plug at Kl and Wait some time andFe the same value
ofeueeent (as shown ammetee) eyeat the 5tY3 7 to 'J.
15. the obseevation.3 di+ent ofd_eyeati.'B each obseevation twice.
CONCLUSIONS

1. dhe 'lee*omotiye doeee ofthe eell constant and etud to

8=0.98 Volt
2. dhe inteenal eesutanee ofa cell i3 dieeetgpeopoetional to the—
between the electeodes.
J. dhe inteenal eesutanee ofa cell peopoetional to the
the eleeteodø in eleeteo&te.
4. of peopoetional to the

5.

to the

PRECAUTIONS :-

1. dhe connections Should be neat , dean and tight.

2. Should be i.n&odueed in the ono when the obseevations aee to be
taken.
J. dhepositinpolb ofthe battev'and cells 'I and'2 should , all be connected to
the teeminal at the zeeo ofthe

4. Should not be eubbed the wiee. Qt Should touch the

5. dhe ammetee eeading should eemain constantFe a paeticulae set of
obseemtion. , agust the eheostatfe
6. e.m.f. Ofthe battev Should begeeatee than the e.m.f. Ofthe eithee
ofthe byo eelL.
7. Gome Should be taken out Fom eesutanee box befoee the/ock% moRd
along the *Zee.
8. die e.m.f. ofthe battev should begeeatee than that ofthe cell.
 9. doe one set ofobseevation the ammetee eeading eemain constant.
eueeent Should be Shoet time ong , the null point.
dbeostat should be agusted so that nullpoint lies on last *Zee of
thepotentiometee.
12. eeu Should not be dbtuebed expeünent.
800k* should not be eubbed thepotentiometee
*Zee.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
l. dhe auxiliav battev mw not be chaved.
2. dhepotentiometee wiee not be ofunifem cuss-section and mateeial
densi% th%hout its
J. eesuta.nces not be zeeo.