Home

A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent

or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans,
and sometimes various companion animals. It is a fully
or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and
exterior aspects to it. Homes provide sheltered spaces,
for instance rooms, where domestic activity can be
performed such as sleeping, preparing food, eating and
hygiene as well as providing spaces for work and
leisure such as remote working, studying
Homesand(disambiguation)
playing.
This title relates to more than one page
Physical forms of homes can be static such as a house
or an apartment, mobile such as a houseboat, trailer
View similar pages or
[1]
yurt or digital such as virtual space. The aspect of
‘home’ can be considered across scales; from the micro
scale showcasing the most intimate spaces of the
individual dwelling and direct surrounding area to the
macro scale of the geographic area such as town,
village, city, country or planet.
Plans for a detached house showing the social
The concept of ‘home’ has been researched and functions for each room
theorized across disciplines – topics ranging from the
idea of home, the interior, the psyche, liminal space,
contested space to gender and politics.[2] The home as a concept expands beyond residence as
contemporary lifestyles and technological advances redefine the way the global population lives and
works. The concept and experience encompasses the likes of exile, yearning, belonging, homesickness
and homelessness.[3]

Contents
History
Prehistoric era
Ancient era
Post-classical era
Modern era
Common types
House
Moveable structures
Management
Housing cooperative
Repair
Housekeeping
Tenure
Owner-occupancy
Rental accommodation
Squatting
Homelessness
Anthropogenic significance
See also
Notes
References
External links

History

Prehistoric era

The earliest homes that humans inhabited were likely naturally

occurring features such as caves. The earliest human fossils found
in caves come from a series of caves near Krugersdorp and
Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of Sterkfontein,
Swartkrans, Kromdraai B, Drimolen, Malapa, Cooper's D,
Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of
early human species dating back to between three and one million
years ago, including Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus
sediba and Paranthropus robustus. However, it is not generally
thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that
they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed
them. Taíno petroglyphs in a cave in
Puerto Rico
The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the Taung Child in
1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where
it had been deposited after being preyed upon by an eagle. However, this is now debated.[4] Caves do
form in the dolomite of the Ghaap Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age site of
Wonderwerk Cave; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesized
for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called tufa. There is numerous
evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in
different parts of the world, including Homo erectus in China at Zhoukoudian, Homo rhodesiensis in
South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (Makapansgat), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo
heidelbergensis in Europe at Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, and
the Denisovans in southern Siberia.

In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000
years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time.[5] The oldest known site is PP13B at
Pinnacle Point. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of
areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia,
and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at
Giants Castle. Caves such as the yaodong in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for
burials (such as rock-cut tombs), or as religious sites (such as Buddhist caves). Among the known
sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas[6] and the sacred caves of Crete. As technology
progressed, humans and other hominids began constructing their own dwellings. Buildings such as
huts and longhouses have been used for living since the late Neolithic.[7]

Ancient era

Post-classical era

From the 14th to the 16th century, homelessness was perceived of as a "vagrancy problem" and
legislative responses to the problem were predicated upon the threat it may pose to the state.[8]

Modern era

According to Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, "It can be argued that

historically and cross-culturally there is not always [a] strong
relation between the concept of home and the physical building,
and that this mode of thinking is rooted in the Enlightenment of
the seventeenth century".[9] Before, one's home was more public
than private; traits such as privacy, intimacy and familiarity would
proceed to achieve greater prominence, aligning the concept with
the bourgeoisie.[10][11] The connection between home and house
was reinforced by a case law declaration from Edward Coke: "The Industrialization brought mass
house of everyman is to him as his castle and fortresse, as well as migration to cities. This one-room
his defense against injury and violence, as for his repose". worker home from Helsinki is typical
Colloquially, this was adapted into the phrase "The Englishman's to late 19th century and early 20th
home is his castle" which popularised the notion of home as century, often housing large
house.[12] families.

A result of the longstanding association between home and

women, 18th century English women, of upper-class status, were scorned for pursuing activities
outside of the home, thus seen to be of undesirable character.[13] The concept of home took on
unprecedent prominence by the 18th century, reified by cultural practice.[14]

The concept of a smart home arose in the 19th century in turn with electricity having been introduced
to homes in a limited capacity.[9] The distinction between home and work formulated in the 20th
century, with home acting as sanctuary.[15] Modern definitions portray home as a site of supreme
comfort and familial intimacy, operating as a buffer to the greater world.[13]

Common types
The concept of home is one with multiple interpretations, influenced by one's history and identity.[16]
People of differing ages, genders, ethnicities and classes may have resultingly different meanings of
home.[17] Commonly, it is associated with various forms of abodes such as wagons, cars, boats or tents
although it is equally considered to extend beyond the space, in mind and emotion.[8][18][19] The
space of a home need not be significant or fixed though the boundaries of home are often tied to the
space.[18][19] There have been multiple theories regarding one's choice of home with the residential
conditions of their childhood often reflected in their later choice of home.[10] According to Paul
Oliver, the vast majority of abodes are vernacular, constructed in accordance with the residents'
needs.[20]

House

A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in

complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of
wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with
plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
systems.[21][22]

The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household. Most

commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although
households may also be other social groups, such as roommates
House at 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor,
or, in a rooming house, unconnected individuals. Some houses
Bucharest, Romania
only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group;
larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain
numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such
as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard or
a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax or eat. Houses may
provide "certain activities, which gradually accumulate meaning until they become homes".[19]

Joseph Rykwert distinguished between home and house in their physicality; a house requires a
building whereas a home does not.[23] Home and house are often used interchangeably, although
their connotations may differ: house being "emotionally netural" and home evoking "personal,
cognitive aspects".[19][24] By the mid-18th century, the definition of home had extended beyond a
house.[14] "Few English words are filled with the emotional meaning of the word home".[13]

Moveable structures

Home as constitutionally mobile and transient has been

contended by anthropologists and sociologist.[25] A mobile home
(also known as a house trailer, park home, trailer, or trailer home)
is a prefabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently
attached chassis before being transported to site (either by being
towed or on a trailer). Used as permanent homes, or for holiday or
temporary accommodation, they are often left permanently or
semi-permanently in one place, but can be moved, and may be
required to move from time to time for legal reasons. A houseboat on Lake Union in
Seattle, Washington, US
A houseboat is a boat that has been designed or modified to be
used primarily as a home. Some houseboats are not motorized,
because they are usually moored, kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide
utilities. However, many are capable of operation under their own power. Float house is a Canadian
and American term for a house on a float (raft); a rough house may be called a shanty boat.[26] In
Western countries, houseboats tend to be either owned privately or rented out to holiday-goers, and
on some canals in Europe, people dwell in houseboats all year round. Examples of this include, but
are not limited to, Amsterdam, London, and Paris.[27]
A traditional yurt or ger is a portable round tent covered with
skins or felt and used as a dwelling by several distinct nomadic
groups in the steppes of Central Asia. The structure consists of an
angled assembly or latticework of wood or bamboo for walls, a
door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression
ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-
supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the
crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented
from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes the A traditional Kazakh yurt on a
force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wagon
wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-
bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin,
plexiglass dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation.

Management

Housing cooperative

A housing cooperative, or housing co-op, is a legal

entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation,
which owns real estate, consisting of one or more
residential buildings; it is one type of housing
tenure. Housing cooperatives are a distinctive form
of home ownership that have many characteristics
that differ from other residential arrangements
such as single family home ownership,
condominiums and renting.[28]

The corporation is membership based, with

membership granted by way of a share purchase in
the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal 999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential
entity is granted the right to occupy one housing building in Chicago, Illinois
unit. A primary advantage of the housing
cooperative is the pooling of the members'
resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the
services and products associated with home ownership.

Repair

Home repair involves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home
maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of repairs are "do it yourself" (DIY) projects, while
others may be so complicated, time-consuming or risky as to require the assistance of a qualified
handyperson, property manager, contractor/builder, or other professionals.

Home repair is not the same as renovation, although many improvements can result from repairs or
maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale
improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as
to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or
dying system.
Housekeeping

Housekeeping is the management and routine support activities of

running an organized physical institution occupied or used by
people, like a house, ship, hospital or factory, such as tidying,
cleaning, cooking, routine maintenance, shopping, and bill
payment. These tasks may be performed by members of the
household, or by persons hired for the purpose. This is a more
broad role than a cleaner, who is focused only on the cleaning
aspect.[29] The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for
such use.[30] By extension, it may also refer to an office or
organization, as well as the maintenance of computer storage
systems.[31]

The basic concept can be divided into domestic housekeeping, for

private households, and institutional housekeeping for
commercial and other institutions providing shelter or lodging,
such as hotels, resorts, inns, boarding houses, dormitories,
A person making these repairs to a
hospitals and prisons.[32][33] There are related concepts in
house after a flood
industry known as workplace housekeeping and Industrial
housekeeping, which are part of occupational health and safety
processes.

A housekeeper is a person employed to manage a household[34] and the domestic staff. According to
the 1861 Victorian era Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, the housekeeper is second in
command in the house and "except in large establishments, where there is a house steward, the
housekeeper must consider herself as the immediate representative of her mistress".[35]

Tenure
Housing tenure is a financial arrangement and ownership structure under which someone has the
right to live in a house or apartment. The most frequent forms are tenancy, in which rent is paid by
the occupant to a landlord, and owner-occupancy, where the occupant owns their own home. Mixed
forms of tenure are also possible.

The basic forms of tenure can be subdivided, for example an owner-occupier may own a house
outright, or it may be mortgaged. In the case of tenancy, the landlord may be a private individual, a
non-profit organization such as a housing association, or a government body, as in public housing.

Surveys used in social science research frequently include questions about housing tenure, because it
is a useful proxy for income or wealth, and people are less reluctant to give information about it.

Owner-occupancy
Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure in which a person, called the
owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which they live. The home can be
a house, such as a single-family house, an apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. In
addition to providing housing, owner-occupancy also functions as a real estate investment.
Rental accommodation
Renting, also known as hiring or letting, is an agreement where a
payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or
property owned by another. A gross lease is when the tenant pays
a flat rental amount and the landlord pays for all property charges
regularly incurred by the ownership. An example of renting is
equipment rental. Renting can be an example of the sharing
economy.

Squatting Notice of renting availability at the

Villa Freischütz in Meran in 1911
Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied
area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter
does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use.
The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion
slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting occurs worldwide
and tends to occur when people who are poor and homeless find
empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. It has a long
history, broken down by country below.

In developing countries and least developed countries, shanty

towns often begin as squatted settlements. In African cities such
as Lagos much of the population lives in slums. There are Abahlali baseMjondolo protest in
pavement dwellers in India and in Hong Kong as well as rooftop Durban
slums. Informal settlements in Latin America are known by names
such as villa miseria (Argentina), pueblos jóvenes (Peru) and
asentamientos irregulares (Guatemala, Uruguay). In Brazil, there are favelas in the major cities and
land-based movements.

In industrialized countries, there are often residential squats and also political squatting movements,
which can be anarchist, autonomist or socialist in nature, for example in the self-managed social
centres of Italy or squats in the United States. Oppositional movements from the 1960s and 1970s
created freespaces in Denmark or squatting village in the Netherlands, and in England and Wales,
there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters in the late 1970s. Each local situation determines the
context: in Athens, Greece, there are refugee squats; Germany has social centres; in Spain there are
many squats.

Homelessness

The state of being without a home can occur in may ways,[36] ranging from the upheavals of natural
disasters,[37] fraud, theft, arson, or war-related destruction, to the more common voluntary sale, loss
for one or more occupants on relationship breakdown, expropriation by government or legislated
cause, repossession or foreclosure to pay secured debts, eviction by landlords, disposal by time-
limited means – lease, or absolute gift. Jurisdiction-dependent means of home loss include adverse
possession, unpaid property taxation and corruption such as in circumstances of a failed state.

Personal insolvency, development or sustaining of mental illness or severe physical incapacity without
affordable domestic care commonly lead to a change of home. The underlying character of a home
may be debased by structural defects, natural subsidence, neglect or soil contamination. Refugees are
people who have fled their homes due to violence or persecution.
They may seek temporary housing in a shelter or they may claim
asylum in another country in an attempt to relocate permanently.
A dysfunctional home life commonly precipitates one's
homelessness.[36]

The dichotomy between home and homelessness is to the extent

that the concept of home, scholars have said, is dependent on
homelessness: "in a sense, without homelessness, we would not be
concerned with what home means".[36] Homeless people in San'ya district,
Tokyo, Japan
Anthropogenic significance
The connection between humans and dwelling is profound, such
that, the likes of Gaston Bachelard and Martin Heidegger consider
it an "essential characteristic" of humanity.[24] A home is
generally a place that is close to the heart of the owner, and can
become a prized possession. It has been argued that
psychologically "The strongest sense of home commonly coincides
geographically with a dwelling. Usually, the sense of home
attenuates as one moves away from that point, but it does not do
so in a fixed or regular way."[38] A person's conception of home
can be dependent on congealing conditions, such as culture,
geography or emotion; the sense of being at home may be
contingent upon the presence of multiple emotions, such as joy,
sorrow, nostalgia and pride.[39][40] Further psychological
interperation contends that homes serve the purpose of satisfying
identity-based desires and expression and that it functions as a A celebratory poster for soldiers and
"symbol of the self", bound to the events of one's life.[17][41] marines returning home
Emmanuel Levinas wrote of home as where, upon seclusion from
the greater world, a sense of self can be regained.[42]

There exist many connotations regarding the concept of a home, including of security, identity, ritual
and socialisation, varied definitions and residents may associate their home with meanings, emotions,
experiences and relationships.[9][10][43] Home has been described as an "essentially contested
concept".[44] Common connotations of home are espoused by both those with or without a home.[8] It
is the sociality and action of homes which some scholars have said conditions a house in to a home,
which is, according to Gram-Hanssen, "a phenomenon made by its residents".[45] Dysfunctional
sociality may negate the sense of a residence being a home whereas the physical contents may endow
the sense; alienated from home one may feel "metaphorically homeless".[46][47][a] Romantic or
nostalgic notions are typical in the conceptions of "ideal homes", at once a cultural and individual
concept.[12][48] An ideal working-class home in Postwar Britain was one of comfort and cleanliness,
plentiful with food and compassion.[49]

In modern America, an owned house has greater cachet as a home than other residences; debate
exists as to if a rooming house can provide a home.[10][50] Some housing scholars have contended that
a conflation of house and home is the result of popular media and capitalist interest.[12] Differing
cultures may perceive the concept of a home differently, ascribing less value to the privacy of a
residence or the residence itself – although housing issues have been seen as of great concern to
immigrants.[10][b] The home can render to men and women in significant differences: men
conditioned to experience great control and little labour and vice versa for women; homelessness too
can be subject to differences per gender.[8][36] Sociologist Shelley Mallett preposed the idea of home
as abstractions: space, feeling, praxis or "a way of being in the world".[10] Abstract notions of home
are present in the proverb "A house is not a home".[36]

Since it can be said that humans are generally creatures of habit,

the state of a person's home has been known to physiologically
influence their behavior, emotions, and overall mental health.[51]
Marianne Gullestad wrote of the home as the center of and as an
attempt to amalgamate everyday life; one's conduct there, she
said, can reflect greater culture or social values, such as gender
A video showing a child in Port
Harcourt, Nigeria aspiring for a
roles insinuating the home to be the domain of women.[10][c] To
future home be homesick is to desire belonging, said Zygmunt Bauman.[8]
Places like homes can trigger self-reflection, thoughts about who
someone is or used to be or who they might become.[53] These
types of reflections also occur in places where there is a collective historical identity, such as
Gettysburg or Ground Zero.[54] The time spent with one's home is a considerable element in
establishing one's attachment.[10] Those without significant time spent of their life in a residence
often struggle to consider home as a feature of residences.[8] The perception of one's home can extend
beyond the residence itself, to their neighbourhood, family, workplace or nation and one may feel as
though they have multiple homes; to have felt at home beyond residence can be a significant element
in one's appraisal of their life, a time in which notions of home, it has been observed, are more
profound.[10][55][56][52] The connection between home and family is pertinent, to the extent that some
scholars consider the terms to be synonymous.[12]

See also
Human habitats (Category) Homemaking
Ancestral home Housing
ARCHIVE Global List of countries by home ownership rate
Home automation List of human habitation forms
Home network Show house
Home improvement United Nations Human Settlements
Home repair Programme

Notes
a. Alienation based sense of homelessness can extend to nations and communities; Bell Hooks
wrote of an African-American sense of homeless in the American South.[36]
b. The word for home may not be present in all cultures and languages.[20]
c. Research showcases that "women's attachment to home is more pronounced than men's and
increases with the length of time spent at home".[52]

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External links
The dictionary definition of home at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Home at Wikiquote
Media related to Home at Wikimedia Commons

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