Professional Documents
Culture Documents
15. ABSORBER
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
ABDC: Abbreviation for after bottom dead center. ABMA - American Boiler Manufacturers Association. ABRASION - The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, as with sandpaper on wood. ABRASION RESISTANCE - The ability of a material to resist surface wear. ABRASIVE EROSION - Erosive wear caused by the relative motion of solid particles which are entrained in a fluid, moving nearly parallel to a solid surface. ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY - Amount of moisture in the air, indicated in kg/kg of dry air. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE - Total pressure measured from an absolute vacuum. It equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure corresponding to the barometer. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE - Air at standard conditions (70F air at sea level with a barometric pressure of 29.92 in Hg) exerts a pressure of 14.696 psi. This is the pressure in a system when the pressure gauge reads zero. So the absolute pressure of a system is the gauge pressure in pounds per square inch added to the atmospheric pressure of 14.696 psi (use 14.7 psi in environmental system work) and the symbol is "psia". ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE SCALE - A scale of temperature measurement in which zero degrees is absolute zero. TEMPERATURE: The temperature measured when absolute zero is used as a reference. Absolute zero is -273.16C or 469.69F, and is the lowest measured temperature known.
- That part of the low side of an absorption system, used for absorbing vapor refrigerant. - A process whereby a material extracts one or more substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases or liquids accompanied by the material's physical and/or chemical changes. REFRIGERATION SYSTEM - One in which the refrigerant, as it is absorbed in another liquid, maintains the pressure difference needed for successful operation of the system. REFRIGERATOR - Refrigerator that creates low temperatures by using the cooling effect formed when a refrigerant is absorbed by chemical substance. system in which the refrigerant gas evolved in the evaporator is taken up in an absorber and released in a generator upon the application of heat. contact between a rising gas and a falling liquid, so that part of the gas may be taken up by the liquid.
16. ABSORPTION
17. ABSORPTION
18. ABSORPTION
8.
20. ABSORPTION TOWER - A tower or column, which effects 21. ABT: Abbreviation for automatic bus transfer; an automatic
electric device that supplies power to vital equipment. This device will shift from the normal power supply to an alternate power supply any time the normal supply is interrupted.
9.
- The rate of change of velocity, as a function of time. Expressed in m/s. DUE TO GRAVITY - The rate of increase in velocity of a body falling freely in a vacuum. Its value varies with latitude and elevation. The International Standard is 32.174 ft. per second per second. PERIOD - In cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, the stage following the incubation period, during which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. the derivative of velocity; with respect to time.
10. ABSOLUTE
24. ACCELERATION
25. ACCELRATION - The time rate of change of velocity; i.e., 26. ACCEPTABLE 27. ACCESSIBLE
WELD - A weld that meets all of the requirements and the acceptance criteria prescribed by the welding specifications. HERMETIC - An assembly of motor and compressor, inside a single bolted housing unit. - Storage tank which receives liquid refrigerant from evaporator and prevents it from flowing into suction line before vaporizing. of absorbing 25 times its own volume of acetylene.
13. ABSOLUTE
14. ABSORBENT
28. ACCUMULATOR
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ATTACK - Caused by an incomplete flushing after an acid cleaning process of boilers or similar equipment. CLEANING - The process of cleaning the interior surfaces of steam generating units by filling the unit with dilute acid accompanied by an inhibitor to prevent corrosion and by subsequently draining, washing, and neutralizing the acid by a further wash of alkaline water. refrigerant or oil in a system, is mixed with vapor and fluids that are acidic in nature.
SLUDGE - An aerobic biological process for conversion of soluble organic matter to solid biomass, removable by gravity or filtration. STORAGE PILE - A method of stockpiling coal, sometimes called live storage. The pile is located outside the plant but adjacent to it, and usually contains four or five days of operating supply. The pile is not compacted, as it is not stored long enough to be exposed to the hazard of spontaneous combustion. - The portion of a regulating valve, which converts mechanical, fluid, thermal, or electrical energy; into mechanical motion to open or close the valve seats or other such devices.
33. ACID CONDITION IN SYSTEM - Condition in which 34. ACID 35. ACID
EMBRITTLEMENT - A form of hydrogen embrittlement that may be induced in some metals by an acid. GAS - A gas that that forms an acid when mixed with water. In petroleum processing, the most common acid gases are hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. RAIN - Atmospheric precipitation with an pH below 5.6 to 5.7. SOAK - A method of acid cleaning, in which the acid is pumped into the boiler and rests there for a period of time. - The reaction of a substance with water resulting in an increase in concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (see acid). sulfuric) to a sample to lower the pH below 2.0. The purpose of the acidification is to "fix" a sample so it will not change until it is analyzed.
48. ACTUATOR
49. ADDITIVE: A material that is added to improve fuel or oil. 50. ADIABATIC
- Occurring with no addition or loss of heat from the system under consideration. or temperature of a gas, occurring without a gain of heat or loss of heat.
51. ADIABATIC CHANGE - A change in the volume, pressure, 52. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION - Compressing a gas without
removing or adding heat.
38. ACIDIC
40. ACIDITY
56. ADIABATIC
- Represents the amount of free carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and salts (especially sulfates of iron and aluminum) which hydrolyze to give hydrogen ions in the water. The acidity is reported as millie equivalents per liter of acid, or ppm acidity as calcium carbonate, or pH, the measure of hydrogen ion concentration. - A term pertaining to sound, or the science of sound. THE LINE - A method of motor starting, which connects the motor directly to the supply line on starting or running. - Refers to the action of a controller. It defines what is done to regulate the final control element to effect control. aluminum oxide. It is used as a drier or desiccant.
FLAME TEMPERATURE - The theoretical temperature that would be attained by the products of combustion provided the entire chemical energy of the fuel, the sensible heat content of the fuel and combustion above the datum temperature were transferred to the products of combustion. This assumes: No heat loss to surroundings and no dissociation. PROCESS - A thermo-dynamic process in which no heat is extracted from or added to the system of the process. SATURATION PROCESS - A process to determine absolute or relative humidity. difference between the control cut-in and cutout points.
59. ADJUSTABLE DIFFERENTIAL - A means of changing the 60. ADJUSTABLE RESISTOR - A resistor whose value can be
mechanically changed, usually by the use of a sliding contact.
61. ADSORBENT
- A material which has the ability to cause molecules of gases, liquids or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the adsorbent physically or chemically. In water treatment, a synthetic resin
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78. AIR
CAPACITOR - Is a capacitor, which uses air as the dielectric between the plates. leakage into or out of a building or room in terms of the number of building volumes or room volumes exchanged.
62. ADSORPTION
- The adhesion of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids in more or less concentrated form, to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact. Commercial adsorbent materials have enormous internal surfaces. INHIBITORS - They are materials which caused them to be adsorbed on to the metal surface due to their polar properties. - The transfer of heat by horizontal movement of air. - Exposing to the action of air, like blowing air through water before discharging to a river.
79. AIR CHANGES - A method of expressing the amount of air 80. AIR
CLEANER - A devise used to remove air borne impurities [A device (filter) for removing unwanted solid impurities from the air before the air enters the intake manifold] as an evaporator or a condenser.
81. AIR COIL - Coil on some types of heat pumps used either 82. AIR 83. AIR 84. AIR
COMPRESSOR: A device used to increase air pressure. CONDITIONER - They are basically refrigeration devices cooling air and rooms rather then food compartments. CONDITIONER, UNITARY - An evaporator, compressor, and condenser combination; designed in one or more assemblies, the separate parts designed to be assembled together. CONDITIONING -The process of treating air to simultaneously control its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space. the treatment of air so as to control, simultaneously, its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of a conditioned space.
68. AERODYNAMIC
85. AIR
88. AIR
COOLER - A factory-encased assembly of elements whereby the temperature of air passing through the device is reduced. supply the oxygen required for complete oxidation of the fuel.
74. AIR
75. AIR BLAST TRANSFORMER - A transformer cooled 76. AIR BLANKETING - An accumulation of air in a heat
exchanger or other vessel which impedes heat transfer.
91. AIR
92. AIR DUCT - A tube or conduit for conveying air from 93. AIR
77. AIR
BLEEDER: A device that removes air from a hydraulic system. Types include a needle valve, capillary tubing to the reservoir, and a bleed plug
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94. AIR
FLOTATION - A process of accelerating sedimentation, by introducing air into the water, this lowers the density of the water, and increases the differences in the densities of the water and the suspended particles. (DAF), Dissolved Air Flotation. RATIO: The ratio (by weight or by volume) between air and fuel. GAP -The space between magnetic poles, or between the rotating and stationary assemblies in a motor or generator. HANDLER - The fan blower, heat transfer coil, filter, and housing parts, of a system. HEATER / PREHEATER - The air-heater is in the path of the boiler gases after the economiser, so that the air for combustion absorbs heat from the gases before they enter the stack. HEATER ELEMENT - When applied to Rotary airheaters, the plate bundles forming the heat exchange surfaces. through cracks in doors, windows, and other openings.
111.AIR,
RECIRCULATED - Return air passed through the conditioner before being again supplied to the conditioned space. step in treatment, in the event the temperature is too low.
114.AIRBORNE
115.AIR-COOLED 116.AIR
99. AIR
117.AIR-SENSING 118.ALCOHOL
THERMOSTAT A thermostat unit, in which the sensing element is located in the refrigerated space. BRINE - A water and alcohol solution, which remains as a liquid below 0C. scum on the surfaces of recirculated water apparatus, interfering with fluid flow and heat transfer. Lower form of plant life, usually green and blue green algae appear in cooling water systems. They are responsible for copious amounts of stringy green slime masses.
120.ALIGN:
To bring two or more components of a unit into the correct positions with respect to one another. flowing. Also referred to as live.
105.AIR-STARTING 106.AIR
125.ALKALINITY
126.ALLEN
127.ALLOWANCE: The difference between the minimum and 128.ALLOY - A substance having metal properties and being
composed of two or more chemical elements of which at
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least one is a metal (A mixture of two or more different metals, usually to produce improved characteristics)
145.AMORPHOUS
- A solid not having a repetitive threedimensional pattern of atoms. undue heating. The term formerly used to describe this characteristic was current capacity of the wire.
146.AMPACITY - A wire's ability to carry current safely, without 147.AMPERAGE - An electron or current flow of one coulomb
per second, past a given point in a circuit.
131.ALTERNATOR 132.ALTIMETER
- A device which converts mechanical energy, into alternating current. - An instrument used to measure the height above a reference point, such as ground or sea level. the range of 5.0 to 8.0 pH.
150.AMPERE
TURNS - A term used to measure magnetic force. It represents the product of amperes, times the number of turns of the coil, in an electromagnet. - The process of obtaining an output signal greater than the input signal, through auxiliary power controlled by the input signal. The process of increasing the strength, current, power, or voltage, of the signal. - The maximum instantaneous value of alternating current or voltage. It can be in either a positive or negative direction. The greatest distance through which an oscillating body moves from the mid point. - A condition in which "free" or dissolved oxygen is not present in the water. parts (The process of determining the composition of a substance, by chemical or physical methods).
133.ALUM - Is an aluminum sulfate or filter alum. Acts in 134.ALUMINA 135.AMBIENT 136.AMBIENT 137.AMBIENT 138.AMBIENT
- Aluminum oxide occasionally found as an impurity in water in very small amounts. AIR TEMPERATURE - Temperature of fluid (usually air) which surrounds object on all sides. CONDITIONS - The conditions of temperature, pressure, and humidity, existing around an instrument. TEMPERATURE - The temperature of the air surrounding the equipment. NOISE -The normal sound in a room or other location. screw or thread, commonly used on pipe fittings to assure a tight seal.
151.AMPLIFICATION
152.AMPLITUDE
153.ANAEROBIC
154.ANALYSIS - Quantitative determination of the constituent 155.ANALYSIS, ULTIMATE - Chemical analysis of solid, liquid
or gaseous fuels. In the case of coal or coke, determination of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and ash.
139.AMERICAN STANDARD PIPE THREAD - A type of 140.AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE (AWG) - A system used
in the United States for measuring the size of solid wires.
156.ANEMOMETER
velocity of a fluid.
141.AMINE
- A chemical use in water treatment as a filming or neutralizing agent to protect the metal parts. - An instrument for measuring the magnitude of electric current flow. SHUNT - A low-resistance conductor, placed in parallel (shunt) with an ammeter movement, so that most of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small portion flows through the ammeter. This extends the useful range of the meter. Chemical combination of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3). Ammonia is a very efficient refrigerant and identified as R-117.
158.ANGLE
142.AMMETER 143.AMMETER
VALVE - A type of globe valve design, having pipe openings at right angles to each other. Usually one opening on the horizontal plane and one on the vertical plane. UNITS - A unit of wave length, equal in length to one ten billionth. CALCIUM SULFATE - A dry chemical, made of calcium, sulfur, and oxygen. - A negatively charged ion such as the chloride ion, Cl-.
159.ANGSTROM
144.AMMONIA -
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178.ANTIFOULANTS
164.ANNEALING
- A process of heat treating metal, to get the desired properties of softness and ductility, (easy to form). A device, usually electromechanical, used to indicate or transmit information. See ENGINE ORDER TELEGRAPH. - In electrolysis or electrochemical corrosion, a site where metal goes into solution as a cation leaving behind an equivalent of electrons to be transferred to the opposite electron, called the cathode. - The treatment of a metal surface whereby the metal is made anodic. is an organization defining standards for computer language.
165.ANNUNCIATOR: 166.ANODE
- Are materials which prevent fouling from depositing on heat transfer equipment. Materials that prevent deposits forming; include anti- oxidants, metal coordinators, and corrosion inhibitors. Compounds that prevent deposition are surfactants. They act as detergents or dispersants. - Compounds of glycols or alcohols, that lower the freezing point of cooling water systems. balls plus an inner and outer race. The bearing is designed to roll, thus minimizing friction.
179.ANTIFREEZE
180.ANTIFRICTION BEARING: A bearing containing rollers or 181.ANTIOXIDANT - A substance which when added in small
amounts to petroleum products, will delay or inhibit undesirable changes; such as the formation of gum, sludge, and acidity, which are brought about by oxidation.
167.ANODIZING
168.ANSI - American National Standard Institute, which 169.ANSI-B.31.1 - Power Piping. 170.ANSI-B.31.5 - Refrigeration Piping. 171.ANTHRACITES
- Coals containing 90 per cent or more carbon and 10 percent or less volatile matter. They light up less readily but burn with an intense heat, without smoke and with little flame. KNOCK VALUE - A premature explosive combustion, as the detonation of the fuel air mixture in an internal combustion engine, produces a characteristic knock. The Anti Knock Value is the measure of its resistance to the condition which tends to produce this knock. means, is activated sooner than it would be without such means, to produce a smaller differential of the controlled property. Heat and cool anticipators are commonly used in thermostats.
LUBRICANT - A lubricant that is formulated to avoid scuffing. PROPERTY - The ability of the bearing material to resist seizure during momentary lubrication failure. ADDITIVE - A lubricant additive to reduce
172.ANTI
174.ANTICIPATORS
- A small heater element in twoposition temperature controllers which deliberately cause false indications of temperature in the controller in an at tempt to minimize the override of the differential and smooth out the temperature variation in the controlled space. to reduce corrosion.
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194.ARC
BRAZING - A brazing process in which the heat required is obtained from an electric arc. is produced by an arc between two electrodes.
211.ARMATURE
REGULATING RESISTORS - Are resistors, designed to regulate the speed or torque of a loaded motor, by placing a resistance in the armature or power circuit. RESISTANCE - The resistance of the wire used in the windings of the armature, measured between the rings or brushes, or from positive to negative terminals. SLOT -The groove or slot in the armature core, into which the coils or windings are placed. TESTER - Any device used for locating faults or defects in the armature winding. VARNISH - Is a liquid put on the field and armature windings, to improve the insulation of the cotton covering on the wires. the armature, and through which the current flows.
198.ARC
199.ARCHIMIDES
216.ARMATURE WINDING - All of the copper wire placed on 217.AROMATICS - A group of hydrocarbons of which benzene
is the parent. They are called "aromatics" because many of their derivatives have sweet or aromatic odorous.
219.ASHRAE
Heating,
220.ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 221.ASME APPENDIX SECTION I - Explains matter which is
mandatory, unless specifically referred to in the rules of the code, including formulas.
204.ARMATURE 205.ARMATURE
206.ARMATURE COIL - The loop or coil of copper wire, 207.ARMATURE CORE -The laminated iron part of the
armature, formed from thin sheets or disks of steel, on which the windings are placed.
208.ARMATURE
CURRENT - The current flowing from the armature of a generator, to the armature of a motor. Not including the current taken by the shunt field. DEMAGNETIZATION - The reduction in the effective magnetic lines of force, produced by the armature current.
209.ARMATURE
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229.ASME 230.ASME
PART PW SECTION I - Requirements for boilers fabricated by welding. PART PWT SECTION I - Requirements for watertube boilers.
254.ASYNCHRONOUS
generator.
GENERATOR
An
induction
255.ASYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR - An induction motor, whose speed is not synchronous with the frequency of the supply line.
256.ATDC: Abbreviation for after top dead center 257.ATMOSPHERE - Is the mixture of gases and water vapor
surrounding the earth.
258.ATMOSPHERIC 259.ATMOSPHERIC
ELECTRICITY - Is static electricity, produced between cloud fronts in the atmosphere. PRESSURE (BAROMETRIC PRESSURE) - Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere; standard atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa or 1.01325 bars or 14.696 psia or 29.921 inches of mercury at sea level. RELIEF VALVE - Automatic valve for relieving pressure in a condenser should it rise slightly above atmospheric. - The smallest complete particle of an element, which can be obtained, yet which retains all physical and chemical properties of the element. nucleus of an atom, of an element.
SECTION VI - Recommended rules for the care and operation of heating boilers. SECTION VII - Recommended rules for the care and operation of power boilers. SECTION VII APPENDIX - Consists of conversion factors for converting Imperial units to SI Units. SECTION VII SUBSECTION C1 - Rules for routine operation of power boilers. and maintaining boiler appliances.
260.ATMOSPHERIC 261.ATOM
262.ATOMIC NUMBER - The number of protons found in the 263.ATOMIC WEIGHT - The weight of an elementary atom, in
relation to the weight of an atom of hydrogen. A hydrogen atom being taken as 1.00g.
264.ATOMIZE
- Process of changing a liquid to minute particles or a fine spray. deposits caused by impurities in the water used for attemperators. (Chemicals used with attemperating water should be of the volatile type).
244.ASME SECTION VII SUBSECTION C6 - Operation 245.ASME SECTION VII SUBSECTION C7 - Control of
internal chemical conditions.
266.ATTEMPERATOR 267.ATTENUATION
- An apparatus for reducing and controlling the temperature of a superheater vapor or a fluid. - The sound reduction process in which sound energy is absorbed or diminished in intensity as the result of energy conversion from sound to motion or heat. in a resin bed; frictional wear that will affect the site of resin particles.
250.ASPIRATING
251.ASPIRATION - Production of movement in a fluid by 252.ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials.
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271.AUTOMATIC
CONTROLLER - A device that measures the value of a measured variable, and operates to correct or limit the deviation from a selected reference. Both measuring and control applications. DEFROST - System of removing ice and frost from evaporators automatically. metering device that senses low-side pressure and modulates in order to maintain low-side pressure constant.
272.AUTOMATIC
285.AVERAGING
ELEMENT - A thermostat sensing element which will respond to the average duct temperature. is movement parallel to the axis.
286.AXIAL: In a direction parallel to the axis. Axial movement 287.AXIAL EXPANSION Expansion parallel to the line of the
rotor.
274.AUTOMATIC
EXTRACTION UNIT TURBINE Bleeds off part of the main steam flow at one, two, or three points. Valved partitions between selected stages control the extracted steam pressure at the desired level. When extracted steam flowing through the unit does not produce enough shaft power to meet the demand, more steam flows through the turbine to exhaust. Located between steam supply and process steam headers. FROST CONTROL - Control which automatically cycles refrigerating system to remove frost formation on evaporator. GOVERNING SYSTEM - A system which correlates steam flow, pressure, shaft speed, and shaft output, for any one turbine unit. ICE CUBE MAKER - Refrigerating mechanism designed to automatically produce ice cubes in quantity. control, in which the controller output, changes at a rate proportional to the deviation or error. The output will continue to change as long as any deviation or error exists.
288.AXIAL
FLOW COMPRESSOR - Uses rotor blades shaped like airfoils, to bite into the air, speed it up, and push it into the subsequent stationary blade passages. These passages are shaped to form diffusers, that slow up the incoming air, and make it pressurize itself by catching up with the air ahead of it. THRUST The tendency for a turbine shaft to move axially in line with the bearings as a result of the force produced by the steam flow.
289.AXIAL
290.AXIS: The centerline running lengthwise. 291.AZEOTROPE boiling points. Having constant maximum and minimum
294.BABBIT:
An antifriction metal lining for bearings that reduces the friction between moving components. The distance (play) between two movable components.
280.AUTOTRANSFORMER
- A transformer in which both primary and secondary coils, have turns in common. The step up or step down of voltage, is accomplished by taps in common windings. CONTACTS - A set of contacts that perform a secondary function, usually in relation to the operation of a set of primary contacts. MACHINERY: Any system or unit of machinery that supports the main propulsion units or helps support the ship and the crew. Examples of auxiliary machinery are pumps, evaporators, steering engines, air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment, laundry and galley equipment, deck winches, and so forth.
295.BACKLASH: 296.BACK
281.AUXILIARY 282.AUXILIARY
PRESSURE A pressure exerted contrary to the pressure producing the main flow (Pressure in low side of refrigerating system; also called suction pressure or lowside pressure). PRESSURE TURBINE A turbine from which all the steam is exhausted at some pressure above atmospheric for use in afactory process or for central heating (The Exhaust of the turbine is used for another process instead of condrnsing the same in a condenser). opening or to seal the joint where the valve stem goes through the valve body.
297.BACK
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300.BACKGROUND
NOISE - Sound other than the wanted signal. In room acoustics, the irreducible noise level measured in the absence of any building occupants. RING - Backing in a form of a ring, generally used in welding of piping. - The counter-current flow of water through a resin bed (that is, in at the bottom of the exchange unit, out at the top) to clean and regenerate the bed after exhaustion (water treatment). Also, the process whereby a filtering mechanism is cleaned by reversing the flow through the filter. curved fan blading has the most suitable characteristics for boiler forced-d raught fans and is widely used for this purpose.
LOAD - Base load is the term applied to that portion of a station or boiler load that is practically constant for long periods. METAL - The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy. (Copper is the base metal in brass) METAL - The substrate metal that is coated or protected by a surface coating. - The ability of a substance to boost the pH after neutralizing all the acid species. OPERATION - The utilization of ion-exchange resins to treat a solution in a container wherein the removal of ions is accomplished by agitation of the solution and subsequent decanting of the treated liquid. COOLER - Heat exchanger in which water flows by gravity over the outside of the tubes or plates. EXHAUST - A special design of the exhaust end of a turbine to give extra effective area for the exhaust steam to pass to the condenser.
301.BACKING
302.BACKWASH
318.BASICITY 319.BATCH
320.BAUDELOT 321.BAUMANN
304.BACTERIA
organisms.
Microscopic
unicellular
living
305.BAFFLE
- Plate or vane used to direct or control movement of fluid or air within confined area. - A chamber containing bags for filtering solids out of gases. DRAUGHT - The use of a forced-d raught fan to force combustion air into the furnace either through the fuel bed or through the burner, coupled with the use of an induced-draught fan to draw the gases through the boiler. Thus a state of balance is maintained in the combustion chamber. VALVE: A valve in which the fluid pressure is equal on both sides (the opening and closing directions). its rolling element between the inner and outer ring (race).
322.BBDC: Abbreviation for before bottom dead center. 323.BDC: Abbreviation for bottom dead center. The position of
a reciprocating piston at its lowest point of travel.
306.BAGHOUSE 307.BALANCED
308.BALANCED
327.BEARING, ANNULAR - Usually a rolling bearing of short 328.BEARING, ANTI-FRICTION - A bearing containing a solid
lubricant.
311.BALLAST
331.BEARING, BALL - A rolling element bearing in which the 332.BEARING, BIG END - A bearing at the larger (crankshaft)
end of a connecting rod in an engine.
312.BAROMETER
333.BEARING, BIMETAL - A bearing consisting of two layers. 334.BEARING, BOTTOM END - (see bearing, big end) 335.BEARING, 336.BEARING,
BUSH - A plain bearing in which the lining is closely fitted into the housing in the form of a bush, usually surfaced with a bearing alloy. CHATTER - Vibration of a shaft journal because of excessive clearance at the bearing surfaces.
313.BARRING
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CIRCULAR STEP - A flat circular hydrostatic bearing with a central circular recess. CLEARANCE: The distance between the shaft and the bearing surface. FIXED PAD - An axial or radial load bearing equipped with fixed pads, the surface of which a are contoured to promote hydrodynamic lubrication. FLOATING - A bearing designed or mounted to permit axial displacement between shaft and housing. FLOATING RING - A type of journal bearing that includes a thin ring between the journal and the bearing. The ring floats and rotates at a fraction of the journal rotational speed.
ROLLER - A bearing in which the relatively moving parts are separated by rollers. RUBBING - A bearing in which the relatively moving parts slide without deliberate lubrication. SELF-ALIGNING - A roller-element bearing with one spherical raceway that automatically provides compensation for shaft or housing deflection or misalignment. of external lubrication. These bearings may be sealed for life after packing with grease or may contain selflubricating material.
340.BEARING, 341.BEARING,
360.BEARING,
342.BEARING, FLUID - (see hydrostatic bearing) 343.BEARING, FULL JOURNAL - A journal bearing that
surrounds the journal by a full 360.
SLEEVE - A cylindrical plain bearing used to provide radial location for a shat, which moves axially. Sleeve bearings consist of one or more layers of bearing alloys, bonded to a steel backing. or for axial alignment of a long rotating shaft.
344.BEARING,
361.BEARING, SLIDE - A bearing used or positioning a slide 362.BEARING, STEP - A plane surface bearing that supports
the lower end of a vertical shaft.
GAS - A journal or thrust bearing lubricated with gas. 180 around a journal.
364.BEARING,
TILTING PAD - A pad bearing in which the pads are free to take up a position at an angle to the opposing surface according to the hydrodynamic pressure distribution over its surface. TRUNNION - A bearing used as a pivot to swivel or turn an assembly. a column.
365.BEARING,
349.BEARING,
366.BED - A mass of ion-exchange resin particles contained in 367.BED DEPTH - The height of the resinous material in the
column after the ion exchanger has been properly conditioned for effective operation.
368.BED
EXPANSION - The effect produced during backwashing when the resin particles become separated and rise in the column. The expansion of the bed due to the increase in the space between resin particles may be controlled by regulating backwash flow (typical with water treatment).
369.BEDPLATE 370.BELLOWS
- Corrugated cylindrical container which moves as pressures change, or provides a seal during movement of parts. a bellows for providing secondary sealing.
354.BEARING,
PIVOT - An axial load bearing, radialload-type bearing which supports the end of a shaft or pivot. such as compressed metal powders, the pores
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372.BENDING
MOMENT - The algebraic sum of the couples or the moments of the external forces, or both, to the left or right of any section on a member subjected to bending by couples or transverse forces, or both. sum of elevation head, pressure head and velocity remains constant along any line of flow provided no work is done by or upon liquid in course of its flow, and decreases in proportion to energy lost in flow.
389.BLEEDER
(BLEEDER VALVE) - A valve designed to slowly relief a liquid or gas form system. from a system or cylinder by slightly opening a valve.
390.BLEEDING - Slowly reducing the pressure of liquid or gas 391.BLEEDOFF - The continuous removal of water from a recirculating water system.
392.BLEEDOFF 393.BLOCK
RATE - The rate at which water is continuously removed from a system. DIAGRAM: A diagram in which the major components of a piece of equipment or a system are represented by squares, rectangles, or other geometric figures, and the normal order of progression of a signal or current flow is represented by lines. Exhaust gases that escape past the piston rings.
375.BICARBONATE 376.BIMETAL
- An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (HC03), such as sodium bicarbonate, NaHC03. STRIP - Temperature regulating or indicating device which works on principle that two dissimilar metals with unequal expansion rates, welded together, will bend as temperatures change. COUPLE - A joint or union of two dissimilar metals.
394.BLOWBY:
395.BLOWDOWN
- In connection with boilers or cooling towers, the process of discharging a significant portion of the aqueous solution in order to remove accumulated salts, deposits and other impurities.
396.BLOWDOWN-SAFETY
377.BIMETALLIC
VALVE - The difference between the pressure at which a safety valve opens and at which it closes. 397.BLOW-OFF VALVE - A specially designed, manually operated, valve that connects to the boiler for the purpose of reducing the concentration of solids in the boiler or for draining purposes. (Often called bottom blowdown.)
398.BLOWER:
A low-pressure air pump, usually a rotary or centrifugal type of pump, that supplies air above atmospheric pressure to the combustion chambers of an internal-combustion engine. Copies of mechanical or other types of technical drawings. - Closed container in which a liquid may be heated and vaporized. blow valves to the overboard connection at the skin of the ship.
381.BLADE CLEARANCE (STEAM TURBINE) 382.BLADE DEPOSITES - Impurities carried over in the
Steam and deposited on the turbine blades as afine coating.
399.BLUEPRINTS: 400.BOILER
383.BALDE
401.BOILER BLOW PIPING: Piping from the individual boiler 402.BOILER DESIGN PRESSURE: Pressure specified by the
manufacturer, usually about 103% of normal steam drum operating pressure.
FOULING - The accumulation on turbine blades of impurities carried over from the boiler with the steam. LOSS - Loss caused by the inefficiency of blading.
384.BLADE
403.BOILER 404.BOILER
EFFICIENCY - The term Boiler efficiency" is often substituted for combustion or thermal efficiency. True boiler efficiency is the measure of fuel-to-steam efficiency. FEED WATER - Deaerated water in the piping system between the deaerating feed tank and the boiler (The total water fed to a boiler producing steam. This water is the mixture of return steam condensate and makeup water). HORSEPOWER - The work required to evaporate 34.5 lb of water per hour into steam from and at 100C.
Page 12 of 79
405.BOILER
Engineering Dictionary
406.BOILER 407.BOILER
LOAD: The steam output demanded from a boiler, generally expressed in pounds per hour (lb/hr). LOAD FACTOR - The ratio of the actual output of a boiler to the possible maximum output for the same number of steaming hours. when not in use.
424.BRAKE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY: Ratio of power output (in the form of brake horsepower) to equivalent power input (in the form of heat from fuel. device and the branch circuit outlets.
410.BOILING - (See vaporization) 411.BOILING OUT - The boiling of high alkaline water in
boiler pressure parts for the removal of oil, greases, prior to normal operation or after major repairs.
412.BOILING
POINT - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid-vapor interface. fluid changes from a liquid to a gas.
429.BRAZING, BLOCK - A brazing process in which the heat 430.BREAKER POINTS: Metal contacts that open and close a
circuit at timed intervals.
413.BOILING TEMPERATURE - Temperature at which a 414.BONNET: A cover used to guide and enclose the tail
end of a valve spindle.
417.BOTTOM
- The tendency of a material to fracture without first undergoing significant plastic deformation. - A copper-rich copper tin alloy with or without small proportions of other elements. The conducting material, usually a block of carbon, bearing against the commutator or slip rings through which the current flows in or out.
420.BOURDON
437.BTDC: Abbreviation for before top dead center. 438.BTU - British Thermal Unit. 439.BUFFER 440.BULB
- A substance used in solution, which accepts hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions, added to the solution as acids or alkalis, minimizing a change in pH. - The name given to the temperature-sensing device located in the fluid for which control or indication is provided. The bulb may be liquid-filled, gas filled, or gasand-liquid filled. Changes in temperature produce pressure
Page 13 of 79
Engineering Dictionary
455.CALCIUM
feedwater.
441.BULGE 442.BULL
- A local distortion or swelling outward caused by internal pressure on a tube wall or boiler shell due to overheating. GEAR: The largest gear in a reduction gear train-the main gear, as in a geared turbine drive.
456.CALCIUM 457.CALCIUM
CHLORIDE - A substance used to obtain calcium chloride brine. SULFATE - Chemical compound (CaSO4) which is used at a drying agent or desiccant in liquid line dryers. scale of an instrument; also of correcting or determining the error of an existing scale, or of evaluating one quantity in terms of readings of another.
459.CALORIE
- It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. - Device used to measure quantities of heat or determine specific heats. VALUE - The heat-producing value of a substance. A measure of the total heating-power of a fuel, for example coal or oil. Usually expressed as the number of kilo Jouless evolved when one kilogramme of the fuel is completely burned. component of irregular shape. It is used to change direction of the motion of another part moving against it. (For example, rotary motion is changed into reciprocating or variable motion.) contact with the cam and to which the cam motion is imparted and transmitted to the push rod.
460.CALORIMETER 461.CALORIFIC
462.CAM: A rotating
448.BUS
TRANSFER: A device for selecting either of two available sources of electrical power. It may be accomplished either manually or automatically. VALVE: A lightweight, relatively quick acting, positive shutoff valve. or damper, for conveying a fluid around an element of a system.
463.CAM FOLLOWER (VALVE LIFTER): A part that is held in 464.CAM NOSE: That portion of the cam that holds the valve
wide open. It is the high point of the cam.
449.BUTTERFLY
467.CANGE
OF STATE - Change from one phase, such as solid, liquid or gas, to another. an electric current that permits the storage of electrical energy in an electrostatic field and the release of that energy at a later time. electric charge when voltage is applied.
453.CAKING
- Coals may be broadly classed as noncaking, slightly-caking, medium-caking and strongcaking. On a furnace grate, caking coals soften and become plastic within a certain temperature range; fluid material exudes on to the surface of the coal particles; and gas pressure in the caking mass causes the fluid material to cover the surface of the pieces of coal and to act as a cement. COATING OR DEPOSIT - A layer consisting of a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide deposited on surfaces being cathodically protected against corrosion, because of increased pH adjustment to the protected surface.
469.CAPACITOR, (CONDENSER) - A device that can store an 470.CAPACITY - The adsorption activity possessed in varying
degrees by ion-exchange materials. This quality may be expressed as kilograins per cubic foot, grammilliequivalents per gram, pound-equivalents per pound, gram-milliequivalents per milliliter, and so on, where the numerators of these ratios represent the weight of the ions adsorbed and the denominators represent the weight or volume of the adsorbent.
454.CALCAREOUS
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Engineering Dictionary
controller or indicator. The cross sectional area of the capillary is extremely small compared to the cross section of the bulb so that the capillary, which is usually outside of the controlled fluid, will introduce the smallest possible error in the signal being transmitted from the bulb.
485.CASCADE
472.CAPILLARY
TUBE - The capillary tube is a metering device made from a thin tube approximately 0.5 to 6 metre long and from 0.025 to 0.090 inches in diameter which feeds liquid directly to the evaporator. Usually limited to systems of 1 ton or less, it performs all of the functions of the thermal expansion valve when properly sized. DIOXIDE - Compound of carbon and oxygen (CO2) which is sometimes used as a refrigerant. Refrigerant number is R-744. as air cleansing agent.
SYSTEMS - Arrangement in which two or more refrigerating systems are used in series; uses evaporator of one machine to cool condenser of other machine. Produces ultra-low temperatures. A housing that encloses the rotating element (rotor) of a pump or turbine. THROAT: An opening in a turbine or pump casing through which the shaft protrudes. An event or series of events in progress during which equipment damage and/or personnel injury has already occurred. The nature and speed of these events are such that proper and correct procedural steps are taken to limit damage and/or personnel injury only. POWER SYSTEM: Portable cables that are rigged to transmit power to vital equipment in an emergency. a chemical reaction, but is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction.
486.CASING: 487.CASING
473.CARBON
488.CASUALTY:
474.CARBON FILTER - Air filter using activated carbon 475.CARBON RINGS 476.CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE Colorless nonflammable and very toxic liquid used as a solvent. It should never be allowed to touch skin and fumes must not be inhaled. EXCHANGER - Ion-exchange materials of limited capacity prepared by the sulfonation of coal, lignite, peat, and so on. - An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing carbon and oxygen such as calcium carbonate. (CaC03) in water by bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium, and magnesium.
489.CASUALTY
477.CARBONACEOUS 478.CARBONATE
493.CATHODIC
PROTECTION - A method of preventing corrosion by making the metal a cathode in a conducting medium by means of a direct electrical current that is galvanic. PROTECTION - Reduction of corrosion rate by shifting the corrosion potential of the electrode towards less oxidizing potential by applying an external electromotive force. - A positively charged ion that migrates through the electrolyte toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient.
494.CATHODIC
495.CATION
496.CATION-EXCHANGE SOFTENERS -
497.CATIONIC 498.CAUSTIC
- The condition of a polymer, colloid, or large particle having exchangeable anions on its surface and an opposite, positive charge on the substrata. CRACKING - A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromium-nickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperature of 200 to 250C. by caustic cracking.
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Engineering Dictionary
500.CAUSTIC
SODA - A common water treatment chemical, sodium hydroxide. liquid, of cavities or bubbles that contain vapor or gas or both. In general, cavitation originates from decreases in static pressure in the liquid. In order to erode a solid surface by cavitation, it is necessary for the cavitation bubbles to collapse on or close to that surface.
515.CHARGING
BOARD - Specially designed panel or cabinet fitted with gauges, valves and refrigerant cylinders used for charging refrigerant and oil into refrigerating mechanisms. LAW - Gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature. VALVE - Device which permits fluid flow in one direction.
516.CHARLS 517.CHECK
502.CAVITATION 503.CELSIUS
EROSION - Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continuing exposure to cavitation. TEMPERATURE SCALE A thermometric scale in which the freezing point of water is called 0C and its boiling point 100C at normal atmospheric pressure. of a fuel or petroleum with reference to normal centane high-ignition quality fuel with an arbitrary number of 100.
518.CHELATE
- Is a molecule, similar to an ion exchanger, capable to withdraw ions from their water solutions into soluble complexes. CLEANING - Using a solvent solution to remove mill scale and corrosion products. ENERGY: Energy stored in chemicals (fuel) and released during combustion of the chemicals. - The line which feeds the boiler treatment chemicals into the boiler. with the dissolved minerals in the water to produce a relative insoluble reaction product. A typical example of this takes place with the lime-soda softening process.
519.CHEMICAL 520.CHEMICAL
521.CHEMICAL FEEDLINE
COMPRESSOR - Pump which compresses gaseous fluids by centrifugal force. FORCE - A force exerted on a rotating object in a direction outward from the center of rotation. FORCE -On a centrifugal pump, it is that force which throws water from a spinning impeller. PUMP - A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing, having an inlet and a discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived from centrifugal force. velocity and converts it to pressure head.
525.CHILL
number
based
on
509.CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - Pump which produces fluid 510.CETANE VALUE: A measure of the ease with which
diesel fuel will ignite.
526.CHILLED-WATER
SYSTEM - A re-circulating water system using water chilled in a refrigeration machine as a source for cooling. - A unit that supplies either chilled water for cooling or hot water for heating, (HVAC). as sodium chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl2).
527.CHILLER/HEATERS
STROKER - A grate formed by a moving continuous chain of cast-iron links, built in various widths to suit the boiler. OF STATE - Condition in which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas caused by the addition of heat. Or the reverse, in which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid, caused by the removal of heat. due to faulty operational procedure, in which the solution being treated follows the path of least resistance, runs through these furrows, and fails to contact active groups in other parts of the bed, (water treatment).
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Engineering Dictionary
532.CIRCUIT 533.CIRCUIT
- An electrical arrangement requiring a source of voltage, a closed loop of wiring, an electric load and some means for opening and closing it. BREAKER An electromagnetic or thermal device that opens a circuit when the current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined amount. Circuit breakers can be reset [A switch-type mechanism that opens automatically when it senses an overload (excess current)] heat exchanger (condenser or cooler) to transfer heat away from an operating component.
547.COAGULATION
- Is the process whereby finely divided particles of turbidity and color, capable of remaining in suspension indefinitely, are combined by chemical means into masses sufficiently large to effect rapid settling. - The gathering together of coagulated colloidal liquids into a single continuous phase. EQUIVALENT OF A FUEL - The amount of coal which would have to be burned to supply an amount of electricity equal to that supplied by the other fuel being compared, for example oil. SEGREGATION - The tendency for the small lumps of coal to separate out from the fine coal between the bunkers and the stoker hoppers. generated from one tonne of coal used. This figure is useful as a check on unit efficiency, but can also be misleading when coal quality varies.
548.COALESCENCE 549.COAL
534.CIRCULATING WATER: Water circulating through a 535.CIRCULATION RATIO - The ratio of water entering
a circuit to the steam generated by that passes that circuit in a unit of time.
550.COAL
536.CLARIFIER:
A water tank containing baffles that slow the rate of water flow sufficiently to allow heavy particles to settle to the bottom and light particles to rise to the surface. This separation permits easy removal, thus leaving the clarified water. The clarifier is sometimes referred to as a settling tank or sedimentation basin. found as an impurity in water.
553.CODE
INSTALLATION - Refrigeration or air conditioning installation which conforms to the local code and/or the national code for safe and efficient installations. OF CONDUCTIVITY - Measure of the relative rate at which different materials conduct heat. Copper is a good conductor of heat and, therefore, has a high coefficient of conductivity. OF EXPANSION - A measure of the change in length or volume of an oject, specifically, a change measured by the increase in length or volume of an object per unit length or volume. OF FRICTION - The dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the normal force (N) pressing these bodies together - m (f) = (F/N) OF PERFORMANCE (COP) - Ratio of work performed or accomplished as compared to the energy used under designated operating conditions.
554.CO-EFFICIENT
555.COEFFICIENT
556.COEFFICIENT 557.COEFFICIENT
FEEDWATER HEATER - An indirectcontact feedwater heater. Steam and water are separated by tubes. FEED VALVE - A valve for automatically controlling the condensate level in a condenser when feed-water is introduced directly into the condenser. RE-CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM - A system using as a heat-transfer medium water that continuously circulates through closed piping and heat exchanger without evaporation. A form of coupling that connects or disconnects a driving or driven member. - A substance that promotes the clumping of particulate matter in water, forming a larger mass and thus promoting settling of particulates and clarification of the water.
560.CO-GENERATION
545.CLUTCH:
546.COCOAGULANT
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Engineering Dictionary
IRON CONDITION: An idle plant, when all services are received from an external source such as shore or tender. JUNCTION - That part of a thermoelectric system which absorbs heat as the system operates. PROCESS - A water treatment process carried out at room temperature. START - The starting up of a turbine when cold. Such starts require a carefully worked out programme if damage is to be avoided. WALL - Refrigerator construction which has the inner lining of refrigerator serving as the cooling surface. - A state of suspension in a liquid medium in which extremely small particles are suspended and dispersed but not dissolved. - Organic matter of very fine particle size, usually in the range of 10 -5 to 10-7 cm in diameter. It tends to inhibit the formation of dense scale and results in the deposition of sludge, or causes it to remain in suspension, so that it may be blown from the boiler. ion-exchange resins in columns through which pass, either upflow or downflow, the solution to be treated.
579.COMBUSTION
CYCLE: A series of thermo-dynamic processes through which the working gas passes to produce one power stroke. The full cycle is-intake, compression, power, and exhaust. EFFICIENCY - The effectiveness of the burner to completely burn the fuel. A well designed burner will operate with as little as 10 to 20% excess air, while converting all combustibles in the fuel to useful energy. CHART - A chart showing effective temperatures with dry-bulb temperatures and humidities (and sometimes air motion) by which the effects of various air conditions on human comfort may be compared. COOLER - System used to reduce the temperature in the living space in homes. These systems are not complete air conditioners as they do not provide complete control of heating, humidifying, dehumidification, and air circulation. COOLING - Refrigeration for comfort as opposed to refrigeration for storage or manufacture. ZONE - (Average) the range of effective temperatures over which the majority (50 percent or more) of adults feels comfortable; (extreme) the range of effective temperatures over which one or more adults feel comfortable. An area on the psychrometric chart which shows conditions of temperature, humidity and sometimes air movement in which most people are comfortable. NEUTRAL - A neutral conductor that is common to, or serves, more than one circuit.
580.COMBUSTION
581.COMFORT
582.COMFORT
568.COLLOIDAL 569.COLLOIDS
583.COMFORT 584.COMFORT
585.COMMON
586.COMMUTATOR: The copper segments on the armature of a motor or generator. It is cylindrical in shape and is used to pass power into or from the brushes.
587.COMPENSATING
DEVICE: Mechanical or hydraulic action which prevents over correction of change. a system; also, the major units which, when suitably connected, comprise a system. components that make up a material and their relative proportions. - They are chemically combined elements with definite proportions of the component elements. - The use of many rows of blades in separate cylinders in a turbine, to absorb more efficiently the kinetic energy of the steam. GAUGE - Instrument for measuring pressures both above and below atmospheric pressure. REFRIGERATING SYSTEMS - System which has several compressors or compressor cylinders in series. The system is used to pump low pressure vapors to condensing pressures. TURBINE - One in which the steam is expanded in a number of separate cylinders. In a tandem
574.COMBUSTIBLE
576.COMBUSTION 577.COMBUSTION
AIR: The air delivered to a boiler furnace, engine, or gas turbine combustor to support burning of atomized fuel. CHAMBER: The chamber in which combustion mainly occurs. VOLUME: The volume of the combustion chamber (when the piston is at TDC) measured in cubic centimeters.
578.COMBUSTION-CHAMBER
594.COMPOUND
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Engineering Dictionary
compound turbine they are In line and the rotors are coupled. In a cross-compound turbine the cylinders are in two lines driving two generators.
608.COMPRESSOR,
SINGLE-STAGE - Compressor having only one compressive step between low-side pressure and high-side pressure. - The ease which a fluid may be reduced in volume by the application of pressure, depends upon the state of the fluid as well as the type of fluid itself. a unit weight of boiler or feed water. (2) The number of times that the dissolved solids have increased from the original amount in the feedwater to that in the boiler water due to evaporation in generating steam.
609.COMRESSIBILITY
596.COMPRESSION
RING: The piston rings used to reduce combustion leakage to a minimum. clearance space to the total volume of the cylinder. In refrigeration it is also used as the ratio of the absolute low-side pressure to the absolute high-side pressure.
ADIABATIC - Is compressing a gas without removing or adding heat. STROKE: That stroke of the operating cycle during which air is compressed into a smaller space creating heat by molecular action. - Pump of a refrigerating mechanism which draws a low pressure on cooling side of refrigerant cycle and squeezes or compresses the gas into the high-pressure or condensing side of the cycle. - The pump which provides the pressure differential to cause fluid to flow and in the pumping process increases pressure of the refrigerant to the high side condition. The compressor is the separation between low side and high side. DISPLACEMENT - Volume, in cubic inches, represented by the area of the compressor piston head or heads multiplied by the length of the stroke. SEAL - Leak proof seal between crankshaft and compressor body in open type compressors. with axial compressor on the first stages of these compressors. Air flow might even be reversed that point.
612.CONDENSATE
DEPRESSION: The difference between the temperature of condensate in the condenser hotwell and the saturation temperature corresponding to the vacuum maintained in the condenser. POLISHER - A device used to clean the returning condensate to the boiler feedwater system. PUMP - Device to remove condensate that collects beneath an evaporator. water
613.CONDENSATE 614.CONDENSATE
601.COMPRESSOR
615.CONDENSATION
- Process of changing a vapor into liquid by extracting heat. Condensation of steam or water vapor is effected in either steam condensers or dehumidifying coils, and the resulting water is called condensate. - Action of changing a gas or vapor to a liquid.
602.COMPRESSOR
616.CONDENSE
603.COMPRESSOR
BACK PRESSURE - The absolute pressure at the top of a condenser, usually expressed in inches of mercury. LEAKAGE - Leakage within the condenser, whereby condensate becomes contaminated by impurities contained in the circulating water. PRESSURE DROP - The difference in pressure between the exhaust-steam inlet at the top of the condenser and the condensate take-off at the bottom. structure of the condenser.
605.COMPRESSOR
TURBINE - in terms of a gas turbine arrangement, it is the turbine which drives the compressor only. CLEARANCE POCKET - Small space in a cylinder from which compressed gas is not completely expelled. This space is called the compressor clearance space or pocket. For effective operation, compressors are designed to have as small a clearance space as possible. pumping fluid by revolving blades inside cylindrical housing.
606.COMPRESSOR,
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Engineering Dictionary
624.CONDENSER
TUBE FOULING - The formation of foreign matter on the circulating-water side of the condenser-tube surface. SYSTEM - A re-circulating cooling water used as a heat transfer fluid for the condensation of a gas.
625.CONDENSER-WATER
640.CONDUCTIVITY, THERMAL -
628.CONDENSING 629.CONDENSING
TURBINE The exhaust steam of the turbine send to condenser for condensing is called as Condensing Turbine. UNIT - Part of a refrigerating mechanism which pumps vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, liquefies it in the condenser and returns it to the refrigerant control. UNIT SERVICE VALVES - Shutoff valves mounted on condensing unit to enable service technicians to install and/or service unit. UNIT, REFRIGERANT - An assembly of refrigerating components designed to compress and liquefy a specific refrigerant, consisting of one or more refrigerant compressors, refrigerant condensers, liquid receivers (when required) and regularly furnished accessories. (THERMAL) - The flow of heat along a substance, or from one substance to another by actual contact. The ability of a material to conduct or carry electrical or thermal energy. Electrical conductance is the reciprocal of the resistance of the material and is expressed in mhos. ELECTRICAL - The reciprocal (opposite) of resistance and is the current carrying ability of any wire or electrical component. Resistance is the ability to oppose the flow of current. SURFACE FILM - Time rate of heat flow per unit area under steady conditions between a surface and a fluid for unit temperature difference between the surface and fluid. - Heat transfer by actual contact between substances or from molecule to molecule within a substance (Transfer of heat by direct contact). (ELECTRICAL) - The ability of a liquid to conduct an electrical current and indicating the presence of cations and anions. Conductivity is usually expressed in Micromohs per cm.
The time rate of heat flow through unit area and unit thickness of a homogeneous material under steady conditions when a unit temperature gradient is maintained in the direction perpendicular to area. Materials are considered homogeneous when the value of the thermal conductivity is not affected by variation in thickness or in size - Substance transmitting electricity or heat. or body capable of
641.CONDUCTOR 642.CONDUIT
630.CONDENSING 631.CONDENSING
645.CONNECTED LOAD -
632.CONDUCTION
646.CONSOLE:
633.CONDUCTANCE:
634.CONDUCTANCE,
649.CONTROL
635.CONDUCTANCE,
636.CONDUCTION
650.CONTROL
637.CONDUCTIVITY
Engineering Dictionary
653.CONTROLLED
DEVICE - One which receives the converted signal from the transmission system and translates it into the appropriate action in the environmental system. For example: a valve opens or closes to regulate fluid flow in the system. - A device capable of measuring and regulating by receiving a signal from a sensing device, comparing this data with a desired value and issuing signals for corrective action. - The movement of a mass of fluid (liquid or gas) caused by differences in density in different parts of the fluid; the differences in density are caused by differences in temperature. As the fluid moves, it carries with it its contained heat energy, which is then transferred from one part of the fluid to another and from the fluid to the surroundings. FORCED - Convection resulting from forced circulation of a fluid, as by a fan, jet or pump. NATURAL - Circulation of gas or liquid (usually air or water) due to differences in density resulting from temperature changes. NOZZLE A nozzle whose bore narrows down to a smaller diameter. NOZZLE A nozzle whose bore narrows down to a smaller diameter and then gradually increases to the full bore. - Heat exchanger which removes heat from a substance. EFFECT, SENSIBLE - The difference between the total cooling effect and the dehumidifying effect, usually in watts. EFFECT, TOTAL - Difference between the total enthalpy of the dry air and water vapor mixture entering the cooler per hour and the total enthalpy of the dry air and water vapor mixture leavir~ the cooler per hour, expressed in watts. TOWER - Device for lowering the temperature of water by evaporative cooling, in which water is showered through a space through which outside air circulates. A portion of the water evaporates, its latent heat of vaporization cooling that portion of the water which does not evaporate. TOWER PRECIPITATION - The drizzle which used to be prevalent around cooling-towers: now overcome by the general use of spray eliminators. exchange of heat between air and water spray or wetted surface. The water assumes the wet-bulb temperature of the air, which remains constant during its traverse of the exchanger.
666.COOLING,
REGENERATIVE - Process of utilizing heat which must be rejected or absorbed in one part of the cycle to function usefully in another part of the cycle by heat transfer. prevent caustic gauging. Free caustic is eliminated by maintaining an equilibrium between the sodium and phosphate. Control is based on maintaining a ratio of 3.0 Na to/1.0 PO4.
654.CONTROLLER
655.CONVECTION
669.CORONA
- The passage of a small electric current through the air and insulation surrounding high-voltage equipment. Generally visible in the dark as a luminous glow surrounding the high-voltage conductors. - A device or probe employed to measure current flow in a process flow. It consists of two identical electrodes, to which a small current is applied and measured, from which corrosion rates can be calculated. - The wasting away of metal due to chemical action. In a boiler, usually caused by the presence of O2, CO2, or an acid (The chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties). ANODE - The dissolution of an metal acting as an anode. or alteration of a material by contact with substances present in the atmosphere, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur and chlorine compounds.
656.CONVECTION, 657.CONVECTION,
670.CORRATOR
671.CORROSION
658.CONVERGENT
659.CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT 660.COOLER
672.CORROSION,
661.COOLING 662.COOLING
675.CORROSION,
CATHODIC - Corrosion resulting resulting from a cathodic condition of a structure usually caused by the reaction of an amphoteric metal with the alkaline products of electrolysis. corrosion and cavitation.
663.COOLING
664.COOLING
679.CORROSION,
COUPONS - Pre-weighed metal strips installed into fluid systems for the purpose of monitoring metal losses.
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Engineering Dictionary
694.CORROSION,
681.CORROSION,
DEACTIVASION - The process of prior removal of the active corrosive constituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid by controlled corrosion of expendable metal or by other chemical means, therby making the liquids less corrosive. DEPOSIT (also called poultice corrosion) - Corrosion occuring under or around a discontinous deposit on a metallic surface. EFFECT - A change in any part of the corrosion system caused by corrosion. ELECTROCHEMICAL - Corrosion that is accompanied by a low of electrons between cathodic and anodic areas on metallic surfaces. of ductility of a metal resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visible.
HOT - An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that results from the combined effect of oxidation and ractions with sulfur compounds or other contminants such as chlorides, to form a molten salt on a metal surface that fluxes, destroys or disrupts the normal protective oxide. (commonly found in pulp mills) IMPINGEMENT - A form of erosioncorrosion generally associated with local impingement of a high velocity, flowing fluid against a solid surface. INFLUENCED - The corrosion cause by organisms due to their discharge containing sulfur compounds and the depolarization with other types of discharge due to the presence of the microorganisms. INHIBITORS - Substances that slow the rate of corrosion. INTERCRYSTALINE -(see intergranular cracking)
695.CORROSION, 696.CORROSION,
INTERGRANULAR - Localized attack occurring on the metal grain boundaries. This is commonly found with stainless steels which have been improperly heat treated. to the internal corrosion and is considered an electrochemical deterioration of the boiler surface at or below the water surface. Corrosion at discrete sites, for example, crevice corrosion, pitting, and stress-corrosion cracking. metal surface corrosion. highlighted Non-uniform corrosion of a by spotty or pitting-type
688.CORROSION, 689.CORROSION,
703.CORROSION, MICROBIAL - (see biological corrosion). 704.CORROSION, OXYGEN DEFICIENCY - A form of crevice
corrosion in which galvanic corrosion proceeds because oxygen is prevented from diffusing into the crevice.
690.CORROSION,
705.CORROSION,
706.CORROSION, POULTICE - (see corrosion, deposit) 707.CORROSION, POULTICE - A term used in the automotive
industry to describe the corrosion of vehicle body parts due to the collection of road salts and debries on ledges and in pockets that are kept moist by weather and washing.
691.CORROSION,
692.CORROSION,
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724.COVALENT
BOND - A bond in which two atoms share pair of electrons. of material or portions of structures or machines that are either too heavy to be handled by hand or cannot be handled economically by hand.
711.CORROSION,
STRESS - Preferential attack of areas under stress in a corrosive environment, where such a environment alone would not have caused corrosion. STRESS CORROSION CRACKING - Material deterioration due to cracking, by being under static stress either applied or residual. SWEET - The deterioration of metal caused by contact with carbon dioxide in water. THERMO-GALVANIC - Corrosion resulting from an electrochemical cell caused by a thermal gradient. UNIFORM - The simplest form of corrosion. It attacks all surfaces exposed to a corrodent. WEAR - A material deterioration due to the co-joint action of corrosion and mechanical action. of the water of material. The corrosivity of a water as described by the waters pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen concentration and the Langerier Index.
712.CORROSION, 713.CORROSION,
727.CRANKCASE 728.CRANKPIN:
SCAVENGING: Scavenging method that uses the pumping action of the power piston in the crankcase to pump scavenging air. The portion of the crank throw attached to the connecting rod. A rotating shaft for converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion. GEAR: The gear that is mounted to the crankshaft.
THROW: One crankpin with its two webs (the amount of offset of the rod journal). SEAL - Leak proof joint between crankshaft and compressor body. crankpin and main journal. This makes up the offset.
732.CRANKSHAFT
733.CRANK WEB: The portion of the crank throw between the 734.CRAZE CRACKING (OR CHECKING) - Irregular surface
cracking of metal associated with thermal cycling.
735.CREEP
719.COUNTERBORE:
(1) The enlargement of the end of a hole for receiving and recessing the head of a screw or bolt below or flush with the surface. (2) A tapered enlargement at the end of an engine cylinder to reduce ridging by the pistons top compression ring. fluid to be cooled flows against the direction of the coolant. In heat exchange between two fluids, opposite direction of flow, coldest portion of one meeting coldest portion of the other.
- The gradual stretching of metal under stress. For a given stress, the rate of creep increases with the temperature (Time dependent permanent strain under stress. This is used to rate the resistance of a material to plastic deformation under sustained load). ALLOY: A metal, which resists the slow plastic deformation that occurs at high temperatures when the material is under constant stress. STRENGTH - The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature. Creep strength is expressed as the stress necessary to produce 0.1% strain in 1000 hours. DYNAMIC - Creep that occurs under conditions of fluctuating load or fluctuating temperatures. The surface of the thread corresponding to the major diameter of an external thread and the minor diameter of an internal thread. - Drawer or compartment in refrigerator designed to provide high humidity along with low temperature to keep vegetables, especially leafy vegetables - cold and crisp. the atmospheric corrosion rate of some metals increase sharply.
736.CREEP-RESISTANT 737.CREEP
738.CREEP,
739.CREST:
722.COUNTERWEIGHT:
Weights that are mounted on the crankshaft opposite each crank throw. These weights reduce the vibration caused by putting the crank in practical balance and also reduce bearing loads due to inertia of moving parts. A device for securing together adjoining ends of piping, shafting, and so forth, in such a manner to permit disassembly whenever necessary.
740.CRISPER
723.COUPLING:
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742.CRITICAL
POINT - A point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical. Also, the latent heat of evaporization is zero at this point. temperature above which the fluid no longer has the properties of a liquid, regardless of further increase of pressure.
760.CYCLE
- A series of thermodynamic processes during which the working fluid can be made to undergo changes involving energy transition and is subsequently returned to its original state. REVERSIBLE - Theoretical thermodynamic cycle, composed of a series of reversible processes, which can be completely reversed. WATER TREATMENT - A complete course of ion-exchange operation. For instance, a complete cycle of cation exchange would involve regeneration of the resin with acid, rinse to remove excess acid, exhaustion, backwash, and finally regeneration. and always returns to its initial state.
761.CYCLE, 762.CYCLE,
744.CRITICAL
SPEED - The speed at which natural torsional vibrations of a crankshaft tend to reinforce themselves, causing vibration and potentially destructive stresses. TEMPERATURE - That temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. VELOCITY - The velocity above which fluid flow is turbulent. COMPOUND TURBINE See Compound Turbine.
763.CYCLES - A system that undergoes a series of processes 764.CYCLONE FURNACE - Crushed coal is burnt in a watercooled cyclone, and the hot gases pass intoasecondary furnace, where the grits and semi-molten ash are trapped before the hot gases continue to the boiler.
748.CROSS-CONNECT:
To align systems to provide flow or to exchange energy between machinery groups. PLANT: A method of operating two or more plants as one unit from a common supply.
765.CYCLES
OF CONCENTRATION - The number of times the soluble mineral salts in a water supply have been concentrated in, a system. A solid figure with two circular bases. A hollow tube which contains the actions of combustion gases and the piston in an internal-combustion reciprocating engine. supports the engines cylinder liners and heads. A cylinder block may contain passages to allow circulation of cooling water and drilled lube oil passages.
749.CROSS-CONNECTED
766.CYLINDER:
750.CRT - Cathode ray tube terminal. 751.CRYOGENIC FLUID - Substance which exists as a
liquid or gas at ultra-low temperatures - 157C.
752.CRYOGENIC
SUPERCONDUCTOR SYSTEM Uses helium to cool conductors to within few degrees of absolute zero where they offer no electric resistance. - Refrigeration which deals with producing temperatures of -157C below zero and lower. FORMATION, ZONE OF MAXIMUM: Temperature range in freezing in which most freezing takes place, i.e., about 25F to 30F for water. - Atoms arranged in a repeating and definite structure. - The separation, usually from a liquid phase on cooling, of a solid crystalline phase. (I) - The electric flow in an electric circuit, which is expressed in amperes (amps). DENSITY - The current flowing to or from a unit area of an electrode surface.
768.CYLINDER 769.CYLINDER
EXPANSION - Expansion of the turbine cylinders relative to the fixed bedplate. HEAD - Plate or cap which encloses compression end of compressor cylinder. of the engine block which make up the cylinder wall. D
753.CRYOGENICS 754.CRYSTAL
771.DALTON'S
755.CRYSTALLITES
LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE - Each constituent of a mixture of gases behaves thermodynamically as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of the individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pressure of the mixture. - A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an air outlet, air inlet or duct. dissipation of energy and causes decay in oscillations. (2) The negative feedback of an output rate of change.
772.DAMPER
759.CURTIS METHOD
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791.DECONCENTRATOR
- This is a cylindrical tank connected before the boiler to receive the boiler feedwater before entering the boiler. It is designed to promote settling of suspended solids, which then could be removed via its own blowdown device. Was used for operation with very high suspended solids. particles in suspension that charges the particles to create repulsion forces which maintain the particles in a dispersed state, thus reducing the viscocity of the suspension.
777.DEADBAND
- In HVAC, a temperature range in which neither heating nor cooling is turned on; in load management, a kilowatt range in which loads are neither shed nor restored. CENTER: Either of the two positions when the crank and connecting rod are in a straight line at the end of the stroke. Process of removing dissolved oxygen.
778.DEAD
793.DEFROST 794.DEFROST
CYCLE - Refrigerating cycle in which evaporator frost and ice accumulation is melted. TIMER - Device connected into electrical circuit which shuts unit off long enough to permit ice and frost accumulation on evaporator to melt. - Process of removing frost accumulation from evaporators. CONTROL - Device to automatically defrost evaporator. It may operate by means of a clock, door cycling mechanism or during "off" portion of refrigerating cycle. TYPE EVAPORATOR - Evaporator operating at such temperatures that ice and frost on surface melts during off part of operating cycle. DAY - A unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used in estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating load of a building in winter. For any one day, when the mean temperature is less than 65F there exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the day and 65F. The amount by which the temperature exceeds the saturation temperature (The amount by which the temperature of a superheated vapor exceeds the temperature of the saturated vapor at the same pressure). - The mechanical process of removing water vapor from the air( The condensation of water vapor from air by cooling below the dewpoint or removal of water vapor from air by chemical or physical methods). -(1) An air cooler or washer used for lowering the moisture content of the air passing through it; (2) An absorption or adsorption device for removing moisture from air.
779.DEAERATE: 780.DEAERATING
FEED TANK (DFT): A unit in the steam-water cycle used to (1) free the condensate of dissolved oxygen, (2) heat the feed water, and (3) act as a reservoir for feed water. HEATERS - Mechanical device using steam to strip dissolve gases from the boiler feedwater and heating the feedwater. - Act of separating air from substances (Removal of air and gases from boiler feed water prior to its introduction to a boiler). - An apparatus or device which is used to remove dissolved air or oxygen from water. a water supply by neutralization or ion exchange.
795.DEFROSTING 796.DEFROSTING
797.DEFROSTING 798.DEGREE
799.DEGREES OF SUPERHEAT -
- This is a corrosion process whereby one constituent of a metal alloy is preferentially removed from the alloy, leaving an altered residual microstructure. 787.DE-GASIFICATION - Removal of gases from samples of steam taken for purity test. Removal of CO2 from water as in the ion exchange method of softening.
800.DEHUMIDIFICATION
788.DEASHING
- The removal from a solution of inorganic salts by means of adsorption by ionexchange resins of both the cations and the anions that comprise the salts. See deionization. - Refers to the removal of carbon dioxide from the boiler feedwater. (dB) - A decibel is a division of a logarithmic scale for expressing the ratio of two quantities proportional to power or energy. The number of decibels denoting such a ratio is ten times the logarithm of the
801.DEHUMIDIFIER
789.DE-CARBONATION 790.DECIBEL
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- An apparatus or device used to remove the ions of dissolved salts from water. COMBUSTION - A continuation of combustion beyond the furnace. (See also Secondary Combustion.) - The probable maximum rate of water flow as determined by the number of water supply fixture units. CHARGE - That part of an electric bill based on kW demand and the demand interval, expressed in dollars per kilowatt. Demand charges offset construction and maintenance of a utility's need for a large generating capacity. kW demand level by shedding loads when the kW demand exceeds a predetermined set point.
820.DESALINATION
solids from water.
generating unit is designed, considered the maximum load to be carried. PRESSURE - The pressure specified by a manufacturer as a criterion in design. (In a boiler, it is approximately 103% of operating pressure.) [Highest or most severe pressure expected during operation. Sometimes used as the calculated operating pressure plus an allowance for safety]. TEMPERATURE: The intended operating temperature of the fresh water and lube oil at the engine outlet, at some specified rate of operation. The specified rate of operation is normal load. WORKING PRESSURE - The maximum allowable working pressure for which a specific part of a system is designed. - An apparatus or device used to remove silica from a water supply. its liquid. The liquid will evaporate and obtains the to evaporate partly from the content of the bag and thus cooling its content.
825.DESIGN
811.DEMAND LOAD -
826.DESIGN
827.DESILICIZER
814.DEMULSIBILITY
rapidly from water.
815.DENSITY
- The weight per unit volume of a substance (The ratio of the mass of a specimen of a substance to the volume of the specimen. The mass of a unit volume of a substance. When weight can be used without confusion, as synonymous with mass, density is the weight per unit volume). solid material, expressed usually in kg/m3.
830.DESUPERHEATED
STEAM: Steam from which some of the superheat has been removed. DETONATION: Burning of a portion of the fuel in the combustion chamber at a rate faster than desired (knocking). ADDITIVE - In lubrication technology, a surface active additive that helps to keep solid particles suspended in an oil CLEANING - A boiler cleaning process using an alkaline solution, primarily to remove oil and grease. OIL - A heavy duty oil containing a detergent additive. These oils are mainly used in combustion engines. - A compound mixture of cleaning agents that have both surface-active properties and suspending properties.
816.DENSITY, ABSOLUTE - Mass per unit volume of a 817.DENTAL COUPLING: A flexible coupling assembly,
consisting of a set of external/internal gear teeth, that compensates for shaft misalignment between a driver and a driven machinery component.
818.DEPOSITES 819.DEPTH:
- The collection of fine ash in boiler and super heater gas-passes, which prevents heattransfer and restricts the passage of the gases. The distance from the root of a thread to the crest, measured perpendicularly to the axis.
834.DETERGENT-DISPERSANT
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835.DEW 836.DEW
POINT - Temperature at which vapor (at 100 percent humidity) begins to condense and deposit as liquid. POINT DEPRESSION - The difference between dry bulb and dew point temperatures. which condensation begins, if air is cooled at constant pressure.
852.DIFFERENTIAL
TEMPERATURE - Differences in temperature which are present in the same pieceof metal,for instance, in a boiler drum, when large masses of metal are heated unevenly or too rapidly to allow an even distribution of heat. to convert a high-speed gas flow into low-speed flow at an increased pressure. (2) A device that spreads a fluid out in all directions and increases fluid pressure while decreasing fluid velocity [A circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet, generally located in the ceiling and com prised of deflecting members discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to promote mixing of primary air with secondary room air].
854.DIONIC 855.DIONIC
RECORDER - An instrument for recording the electrical conductivity of water. TESTER - An instrument for measuring the degree of purity of a sample of water. ACTING - Instruments that increase control pressure as the controlled variable (such as temperature or pressure) increases; while reverse acting instruments increase control pressure as the controlled variable decreases. direction only.
856.DIRECT
845.DIESEL
CYCLE (ACTUAL): Combustion induced by compression ignition, begins on a constantvolume basis and ends on a constant-pressure basis. CYCLE (TRUE): Combustion induced by compression ignition, theoretically occurs at a constant pressure. ENGINE: An engine using the diesel or semi diesel cycle of operation; air alone is compressed and diesel fuel is injected before the end of the compression stroke. Heat of compression produces ignition. - The temperature or pressure difference between cut-in and cut-out temperature or pressure of a control. CELL - An electrolytic cell, the electomagnetic force of which is due to a difference in air (oxygen) concentration at one electrode as compared with that at another electrode of the same material. (see concentration cell). EXPANSION - The expansion of the turbine shaft relative to the cylinders. SOLUTE CONCENTRATION - A potential difference between an anode and cathode
859.DIRECTIONAL
846.DIESEL 847.DIESEL
848.DIFFERENTIAL
849.DIFFERENTIAL AERATION
850.DIFFERENTIAL 851.DIFFERENTIAL
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885.DRAFT
- The difference between atmospheric pressure and some lower pressure existing in the furnace stack or gas passages of a steam generating unit. 886.DRAFT DIFFERENTIAL - The difference in static pressure between two points in a system.
887.DRAFT 888.DRIER
GAUGE - Instrument used to measure air movement by measuring air pressure differences. - Substance or device used to remove moisture from a refrigeration system.
871.DISTILLATE:
872.DISTILLATION:
891.DRIFT - Term used to describe the difference between the 892.DROOP - Terms used to describe the difference between
the set point and the actual operating or control point.
873.DISTILLING
874.DISTORTION 875.DMA
BOILER - Firetube boiler with a refractory lined back door. Door opens to allow maintenance and/or inspection. BULB - An instrument with a sensitive element to measure ambient air temperature. BULB TEMPERATURE - The temperature registered by an ordinary thermometer. The dry bulb temperature represents the measure of sensible heat, or the intensity of heat. COMPRESSION - The compression of vapor, in a vapor-liquid vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. substance made of solid carbon dioxide which changes directly from a solid to a gas (sublimates). Its subliming temperature is -78C. drum and connected to the steam outlet.
876.DOMESTIC
897.DRY
879.DOUBLE
899.DRY PIPE - A perforated or slotted pipe or box inside the 900.DRY STANDBY - A method of sealing al water and steam
connections and placing a desiccant in the unit and applying an airtight seal.
901.DRY
SYSTEM - Refrigeration system which has the evaporator liquid refrigerant mainly in the atomized or droplet condition. the vapor in a vapor-liquid mixture.
902.DRYNESS FRACTION OR QUALITY - Weight fraction of 903.DUAL SHAFT GAS TURBINE - a gas turbine which has
one turbine on one shaft driving the compressor and when the gas discharged from this turbine is directed to another turbine on a separate shaft to drive a load.
904.DUAL-TEMPERATURE
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water either for cooling, by circulating it through a chiller, or for heating, by circulating it through a boiler or heat-exchanger depending upon need.
these tubes on its way to the boiler in order to absorb waste heat from the flue gas.
921.EDDY
CURRENT TESTING - An electromagnetic nondestructive testing method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in flow caused by variations in the object are deflected into a nearby coil or coils where they are measured. CURRENTS (ELECTRICITY) The currents induced in the interior of copper strips carrying alternating current owing to variations in the magnetic flux surrounding the strip.
906.DUCTILITY
- The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing. turbine, to balance out the thrust caused by the steam flow through the blading.
922.EDDY
910.DYNAMIC 911.DYNAMIC
912.DYNAMIC
928.EFFLUENT 929.EJECTOR
913.DYNAMIC
914.DYNAMIC SUCTION HEAD - Positive static suction 915.DYNAMIC SUCTION LIFT - The sum of suction lift
and velocity head at the pump suction when the source is below pump centerline.
930.ELASTICITY:
931.ELBOW-ELL: A pipe fitting that makes an angle between 932.ELECTRA-MAGNET - If a coil of wire wound on a piece
of soft iron carries current, the iron will become magnetised. The magnetic effect is only temporary and ceases when the current is switched off.
916.DYNAMIC
Energy derived from the forced induction of electrons from one atom to another. DEFROSTING - Use of electric resistance heating coils to melt ice and frost off evaporators during defrosting. CIRCUIT - A power supply, a load, and a path for current flow are the minimum requirements for an electrical circuit.
935.ELECTRICAL
920.ECONOMIZER
- A series of tubes located in the path of flue gases. Feedwater is pumped through
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937.ELECTROCHEMICAL
REACTIONS - A metal wasting process, due to the fluid (boiler water) being subjected to an electrical current. electric welding, that melts when current is passed through it.
950.EMERGENCY
OVERSPEED GOVERNOR - A device consisting of a spring-loaded pin set in the shaft, to trip a turbine should the main governor fail to prevent overspeeding The effectiveness of a surface in emitting or absorbing radiant heat as compared with a perfect black body. molecules of the oil have been broken up and suspended in a foreign substance (usually water).
951.EMMISIVITY -
954.ENDOTHERMIC
REACTION - Pertaining to a chemical reaction which is accompanied by an absorption of heat. in high-pressure cylinders of reaction-type turbines.
941.ELECTROHYDRAULIC
STEERING: A system having a motor-driven hydraulic pump that creates the force needed to actuate the rams to position the ships rudder. by action of an electric current in a solution.
957.ENERGY -
944.ELECTROMECHANICAL
945.ELECTROREGENERATION
- Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are formed be electrical splitting of water molecules and are swept through the unit by steady, low-voltage direct current, continuously cleansing the resin beads and carrying away the unwanted salts PRECIPITATOR - A device for collecting dust, mist or fume from a gas stream, by placing an electrical charge on the particle and removing that particle onto a collecting electrode. - (1) A substance which consists of chemically united atoms of one kind. (2) An indivisible part of a logic function or circuit. Fluidic elements are interconnected to form working circuits. (3) Parts of systems; for example, filter element, valving element, and so forth (A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means to a simpler substance). HEAD - The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid because of its elevation. ion-exchange material by the use of solutions containing other ions in concentrations higher than those of the ions to be stripped.
959.ENERGY
(CONSUMPTION) CHARGE - That part of an electric bill based on kWh consumption (expressed in cents per kWh). Energy charge covers cost of utility fuel, general operating costs, and part of the amortization of the utility's equipment. [energy = power x time ] - Prime mover; device for transforming fuel or heat energy into mechanical energy. OIL - An oil used to lubricate an internal combustion engine. in a substance, also called total heat; the thermodynamic property of a substance defined as the sum of its internal energy plus the quantity Pv/J, where P = pressure of the substance, v = its volume, and J = the mechanical equivalent of heat.
946.ELECTROSTATIC
960.ENGINE 961.ENGINE
947.ELEMENT
963.ENTRAINMENT 964.ENTRAINMENT
948.ELEVATION
- The transport of water into a gas stream. In a boiler, this is carryover, in a cooling tower, drift. (HVAC) - The capture of part of the surrounding air by the air stream discharged from an outlet (some times called secondary air motion). the absolute temperature at which it is added (The term
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used in steam calculations for a figure indicating the dilution or spread of heat-energy in steam indicating the dilution or spread of heat-energy in steam or water).
981.EUTECTIC
solutions.
966.ENVIRONMENT
- The aggregate of all conditions (such as contamination, temperature, humidity, radiation, magnetic and electric fields, shock, vibration) that externally influence the performance of a material or component.
985.EVAPORATIVE
CONDENSER - A condenser which has water flowing over coils containing the refrigerant gas which is thus cooled and condensed by evaporation of that water. spray or spill water to cool a condenser. Evaporation of some of the water cools the condenser water and reduces water consumption.
987.EVAPORATIVE
COOLING - The adiabatic exchange of heat between air and a water spray or wetted surface. The water approaches the wet-bulb temperature of the air, which remains constant during its traverse of the exchanger. - The heat exchanger in which the medium being cooled, usually air or water, gives up heat to the refrigerant through the exchanger transfer surface. The liquid refrigerant boils into a gas in the process of the heat absorption. FAN - Fan which increases airflow over the heat exchange surface of evaporators. PRESSURE REGULATOR - Automatic pressure regulating valve mounted in suction line between evaporator outlet and compressor inlet. Its purpose is to maintain a predetermined pressure and temperature in the evaporator. refrigerant at all times.
972.EQUIVALENT
988.EVAPORATOR
973.EQUIVALENT
989.EVAPORATOR 990.EVAPORATOR
974.EROSION
994.EXFlLTRATION
978.EROSION-CORROSION
- The flow of air outward from a space through walls, leaks, etc. as the result of corrosion.
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1013.FAIL:
998.EXPANSION 999.EXPANSION
JOINT - Device in piping designed to allow movement of the pipe caused by the pipe's expansion and contraction. TANK - A reservoir usually above a closed re-circulating water system that is blanketed with a gas to permit expansion and contraction of water in the system during temperature changes. VALVE - Device in refrigerating system which reduces the pressure from the high side to the low side and is operated by pressure. of small internal diameter used as liquid refrigerant flow control and pressure reducer between high and low sides. Also used to transmit pressure from the sensitive bulb of some temperature controls to the operating element.
(1) The loss of control signal or power to a component. (2) The breakage or breakdown of a component or component part. conventional control during a power failure. Accomplished by a relay whose contacts are normally closed.
1014.FAIL SAFE - In load management, returning all loads to 1015.FAILURE - A rupture, break, or disintegration of a metal
or part of an HVAC system.
1000.EXPANSION
1002.EXPANSION
VALVE, THERMOSTATIC - Control valve operated by temperature and pressure within evaporator. It controls flow of refrigerant. Control bulb is attached to outlet of evaporator. REFRIGERANT SYSTEM System, which discards the refrigerant after it has evaporated. setting that is designed to be opened by a predetermined gas pressure.
1003.EXPENDABLE
1020.FAN
PERFORMANCE - A measure of fan operation in terms of volume, total pressures, static pressures, speed, power input, mechanical and static efficiency, at a stated air density. PROPELLER - A propeller or disc type wheel within a mounting ring or plate and including driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct connection. a set of air guide vanes located either before or after the wheel and including driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct connection.
1006.EXTERNAL
1021.FAN,
1009.EXTRACTION
1025.FAULT
1026.FEEDBACK:
(1) A transfer of energy from the output circuit of a device back to its input. (2) Information about a process output which is communicated to the process input.
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1027.FEEDER:
An electrical conductor or group of conductors between different generating or distributing units of a power system. the feed water before it goes to the boiler.
The temperature at which a material will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds without the benefit of an outside flame. PRESSURE: The highest pressure reached in the cylinder during combustion. RATE CONTROL - A pressure temperature or flow controller which controls the firing rate of a burner according to the deviation from pressure or temperature set point. The system may be arranged to operate the burner on-off, high-low or in proportion to load demand. A tube, in a boiler, through which the hot gases flow and transfer heat to the water on the outside of the tube. TUBE BOILER: Boilers in which the gases of combustion pass through the tubes and heat the water surrounding them. WALL - The back end of a boiler, opposite the burner, at which the hot gases change direction of flow. - A refractory brick, often made from fire clay, that is able to withstand temperature in the range of 1500 to 1600C, and is used to line furnaces. CARBON - The carbonaceous residue less the ash remaining in the test container after the volatile matter has been driven off in making the proximate analysis of a solid fuel. DISPLACEMENT PUMP - A pump in which the displacement per cycle cannot be varied.
1035.FERROUS
1053.FIREBRICK 1054.FIXED
1036.FERROUS HYDROXIDE - The reaction product of 1037.FERROUS ION - An iron atom that has a positive
electric charge of + 2(Fe2+).
1038.FIELD
WINDING. The coil used to provide the magnetizing force in motors and generators. AMINES - Amines that form a impervious non-wettable film, which acts as a barrier between the metal and the condensate and provide protection against carbon dioxide and oxygen. These amines do not neutralize carbon dioxide. fluid.
1055.FIXED
1039.FILMING
1056.FLAME - A luminous body of burning gas or vapor. 1057.FLAME DETECTOR - A device which indicates if a fuel
(liquid, gaseous, or pulverized) is burning, or if ignition has been lost. The indication may be transmitted to a signal or to a control system.
1040.FILTER - A device to remove solid material from a 1041.FILTER-DRIER - A combination device used as a
strainer and moisture remover.
1058.FLAME 1059.FLAME
PROPAGATION - FLAME PROPAGATION The term applied to the speed at which a flame travels.
1042.FILTRATION
- Is the process of passing a liquid containing suspended matter through a suitable porous material in such a manner as to effectively remove the suspended matter from the liquid. - An extended surface to increase the heat transfer area, as metal sheets attached to tubes. Section of piping and hose on discharge side of a proportional leading to a fire location. MAIN: The seawater line that provides firefighting and flushing water throughout the ship.
1043.FIN
PROPAGATION RATE - Speed of travel of ignition through a combustible mixture. 1060.FLAME SAFEGUARD - A control that sequences the burner through several stages of operation to provide proper air purge, ignition, normal operation, and shutdown for safe operation. 1061.FLAMR STABILITY - A flame is said to be stable when it main tains its correct position from the burner. 1062.FLAMMABILITY - Susceptibility to combustion.
1044.FIRELINE: 1045.FIRE
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1065.FLASH
GAS - The gas resulting from the instantaneous evaporation of refrigerant in a pressure-reducing device to cool the refrigerant to the evaporating temperature obtaining at the reduced pressure. POINT - The temperature at which a material to give off sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture. TANK - A vessel used for separating the liquid phase from the gaseous phase formed from a rise in temperature and/or a reduction of pressure on the flowing stream.
1080.FLUIDIZED
BED - A contained mass of finely divided solid that behaves like a fluid when brought into suspension in a moving gas. bearings when on barring gear. Sometimes called a turning or barring gear oil pump.
1066.FLASH 1067.FLASH
1071.FLOCCULANT
1087.FOAM
- An electrolyte added to a colloidal suspension to cause the particles to aggregate and settle out as the result of reduction in repulsion between particles. - The process of agglomerating coagulated particles into settable flocs, usually of a gelatinous nature. - The condition of liquid refrigerant returning, usually from an overfed evaporator, to the compressor through the suction line. water by developing a froth.
NOZZLE: A nozzle designed to entrain air and mix it with water and foam liquid to produce a foam blanket. (1) The amount of work accomplished when a force of 1 pound produces a displacement of 1 foot. (2) The amount of torque produced by 1 pound of effort applied at a radius of 1 foot. - The action on a body which tends to change its relative condition as to rest or motion. An arrangement of control system components using a mechanical force as the feedback signal. The feedback applied force must null the forces acting on a balanced mechanism. FEED LUBRICATION: A lubrication system that uses a pump to maintain a constant pressure. closed system through an opening such as a drain valve.
1088.FOOT-POUND:
1072.FLOCCULATION 1073.FLOODBACK
1089.FORCE
1090.FORCE-BALANCE:
1091.FORCED
1092.FORCE PUMP - A device used to inject a solution into a 1093.FORCED CIRCULATION - The circulation of water in a
boiler by mechanical means external to the boiler.
1076.FLOW,
1094.FORCED 1095.FORCED
CONVECTION - Movement of fluid by mechanical force such as fans or pumps. DRAFT COOLING TOWER - Cools water by mechanically forcing air through the tower. FAN - A fan supplying air under pressure to the fuel burning equipment. a pump to force oil to surfaces of moving parts.
1096.FORCED-DRAFT
1079.FLUID
HEAD - The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the height of a column of the fluid, or of some manometric fluid, which it would support.
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as there is less tendency for deposits to build up on these blades than on other types.
1099.FOULING 1100.FOULING
- Deposits of impurities, dirt or foreign matter that clog systems or restrict flow and interfere with heat transfer. FACTOR - The degree of interference with heat transfer. - The space provided above the resin bed in an ion-exchange column to allow for expansion of the bed during backwashing. FLOW: Flow which encounters negligible resistance. - A refrigerating device designed to lower the temperature below 0C. has not been properly wrapped and that has become hard, dry and discolored.
BACK - Condition in which liquid refrigerant flows from evaporator into suction line; usually indicated by sweating or frosting of the suction line. CONTROL - Semiautomatic - Control which starts defrost part of a cycle manually and then returns system to normal operation automatically. FREE REFRIGERATOR - Refrigerated cabinet which operates with an automatic defrost during each cycle. which maintains the evaporator at frosting temperatures during all phases of cycle.
1101.FREEBOARD 1102.FREE
1103.FREEZER
1121.FUEL
1122.FULCRUM: The pivot point of a lever. 1123.FUEL-AIR MIXTURE - Mixture of fuel and air. 1124.FUEL-AIR RATIO - The ratio of the weight, or volume, of
fuel to air.
1126.FULL-FLOW
OIL FILTER: A type of oil filter through which all engine oil passes before entering the lubrication channels.
1112.FRICTION 1113.FRICTION
HEAD - The pressure in psi or feet of the liquid pumped which represents system resistance that must be overcome. PRESSURE DROP: The decrease in the pressure of a fluid flowing through a passage attributable to the friction between the fluid and the passage walls. MIXTURE - Are substances used in laboratory methods of producing a drop in temperature. A common example is a mixture of snow and salt.
1130.FUNGUS
1131.FURNACE
1114.FRIGORIFIC
- An enclosed space provided for the combustion of fuel. 1132.FURNACE PRESSURE - Pressure occurring inside the combustion chamber; positive if greater than atmospheric, negative if less than atmospheric, and neutral if equal to atmospheric. 1133.FURNACE VOLUME - The cubic contents of the furnace or combustion chamber.
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against a series of turbine blades. The energy in the expanding gas is converted into rotary motion.
1148.GAS
TURBINE COMPRESSOR - a compressor designed foe the use with gas turbine installations. This could be centrifugal or an axial compressor. or regulating flow of gas.
1149.GAS VALVE - Device in a pipeline for starting, stopping 1150.GAS, INERT - A gas that neither experiences nor causes
chemical reaction nor undergoes a change of state in a system or process; e.g., nitrogen or helium mixed with a volatile refrigerant.
1136.GAGE
PRESSURE - : Pressure above atmospheric pressure (Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure). metals due to electrical current passing between them. The action is increased in the presence of moisture.
1151.GASIFICATION
become a gas.
1152.GAUGE
1138.GALVANIC 1139.GALVANIC
CELL - Electrolytic brought about by the difference in electric potential between two dissimilar metals. COUPLE - The connection of two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte that results in current flow through the circuit. - GALVANIZING: The process of coating one metal with another, ordinarily applied to the coating of iron or steel with zinc. The chief purpose of galvanizing is to prevent corrosion (The coating of metal with another by an electrolytic process; for example, electrolytically zinc-coat steel is called galvanized steel). Usually a highly superheated vapor which, within acceptable limits of accuracy, satisfies the perfect gas laws.
MANIFOLD - Chamber device constructed to hold both compound and high-pressure gauges. Valves control flow of fluids through. pressure.
1140.GALVANIZING
1155.GEARING: A
1156.GENERATOR: 1157.GLAND
1141.GAS -
1160.GENERATOR 1161.GENERATOR
- A machine that changes that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy. STABILITY - The term used to describe the limits within which the excitation of a generator can be controlled in order to keep it in synchronism with other generators on the interconnected system. GFCI - Ground fault (circuit) interrupter - a device that senses ground faults and reacts by opening the circuit. to minimise steam or air leakage where the shaft passes through the casing.
1162.GFI,
1145.GAS
LUBRICATION - A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding surfaces cause the formation of a gas film having sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces. REFRIGERATION CYCLE - Where the refrigerant remains in the gaseous phase throughout. TURBINE - An engine in which gas , under pressure is formed by combustion, is directed
1163.GLAND - Devices fitted to turbines (or other machinery) 1164.GLAND SEALING - The use of steam to seal the turbine
glands at the point where the shaft passes through the casing.
1146.GAS 1147.GAS
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1185.GRIT
ARRESTOR - A means of extracting grit from boiler gases before they are discharged to the chimney. combination of concentration. earth or "ground". localized corrosion and stress
1166.GOVERNOR:
1186.GROOVING - A form of deterioration of boiler plate by a 1187.GROUND - Zero voltage, or any point connected to the 1188.GROUND BED - Cathodic protection, an interconnected
group of impressed-current anodes that absorbs the damage caused by generated electric current
1169.GRAIN
BOUNDARIES - Referring to the junction of crystallites. OF MOISTURE - The unit of measurement of actual moisture contained in a sample of air. (7000 grains - one pound of water). gr/gal = 17.1 mg/L.
1189.GROUND
BUS - A busbar in a panel or elsewhere, deliberately connected to ground. May be used either as an evaporator or as a condenser.
1170.GRAINS
1190.GROUND COIL - Heat exchanger buried in the ground. 1191.GROUND CONDUCTOR - Conductor run in an electrical
system, which is deliberately connected to the ground electrode. Purpose is to provide a ground point throughout the system. Insulation color green. Also called "green ground".
1173.GRAM-MILLIQUIVALENTS
1192.GROUND
ground.
of carbon having a slippery feel and black color with metallic luster. Used for a lubricant. - The attraction exerted by the earths mass on objects at its surface. HEAD: A supply of fluid above the suction level of a pump; also called static head. SPECIFIC - Density compared to density of standard material; reference usually to water or to air. - A lubricant composed of an oil thickened with a soap or other thickener to a solid or semisolid consistency. BLOCK - A grease that is sufficiently hard to retain its shape in block or stick form. SODA BASED - A grease prepared from lubricating oil and sodium soap. LIQUOR - The liquor resulting from dissolved molten smelt from Kraft recovery furnace in water. - Naturally occurring materials, composed primarily of complex silicates, which possess ion-exchange properties.
1194.GROUT
- To force sealing material into a soil, sand or confined small space; or the sealing material used in grouting. regulating shutter above a chain grate is an adjustable plate extending across the grate. It controls the thickness of the fuel-bed fed on to the grate. H
1177.GRAVITY, 1178.GREASE
1182.GREENSAND
1200.HALOGENS 1201.HARD
1202.HARDENING:
The treatment or heating and cooling (quenching) of metal to harden the surface.
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INDEX - The measure of grindability compared to a standard coal having a Hardgrove Index of 100. - Are generally referred to the presence of calcium and magnesium content of the water. - The scale-forming and latherinhibiting qualities which water, high in calcium and magnesium ions, possesses. CONTROL - An action designed to remove hardness and at the same time to produce an equivalent amount of suspended solids. OF CALCIUM CARBONATE - The expression ascribed to the value obtained when the hardness-forming salts are calculated in terms of equivalent quantities of calcium carbonate; a convenient method of reducing all salts to a common basic for comparison. - Pressure, usually expressed in feet of water, inches of mercury or millimeters of mercury. - The measure of the pressure of water expressed in feet of height of water: 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water. sum of the static and velocity heads at the point of measurement.
1219.HEAT
CONDUCTOR - A material capable of readily conducting heat. The opposite of an insulator or insulation. heat into mechanical energy.
1220.HEAT CYCLE - The cycle of events in the conversion of 1221.HEAT DROP - The difference between the heat contents
of the steam at the turbine inlet and at the exhaust.
1225.HEAT LEAKAGE - Flow of heat through a substance. 1226.HEAT 1227.HEAT 1228.HEAT 1229.HEAT
OF COMPRESSION - Mechanical energy of pressure changed into energy of heat. OF CONDENSATION - The latent heat given up by a substance as it changes from a gas to a liquid. OF FUSION - The latent heat absorbed when a substance changes from a solid state to a liquid state. OF RESPIRATION - Process by which oxygen and carbohydrates are assimilated by a substance; also when carbon dioxide and water are given off by a substance. OF VAPORIZATION - The latent heat absorbed by a substance as it changes from a liquid to a vapor. but containing a refrigerants.
1208.HEAD 1209.HEAD
1230.HEAT
1212.HEAD 1213.HEAD
1231.HEAT PIPE - A refrigeration device with no moving parts, 1232.HEAT PUMP - A device used to transfer heat from a low
temperature to a high temperature medium also a reversed cycle in which work is the input and heat is rejected to a sink at a higher temperature than the source.
1233.HEAT
1216.HEADLOSS
PUMP - A refrigerating system employed to transfer heat into a space or substance. The condenser provides the heat while the evaporator is arranged to pick up heat from air, water, etc. By shifting the flow of air or other fluid, a heat pump system may also be used to cool the space. RELEASE RATE - Rate that describes the heat available per square foot of heat-absorbing surface in the furnace or per cubic foot of volume. SINK - Relatively cold surface capable of absorbing heat. TRANSFER - Flow of heat by conduction, convection and radiation. substance to another. Heat may be transferred by
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Engineering Dictionary
COMPRESSOR - Compressor which has the driving motor sealed inside the compressor housing. The motor operates in an atmosphere of the refrigerant. MOTOR - Compressor drive motor sealed within same casing which contains compressor. SYSTEM - Refrigeration system which has a compressor driven by a motor contained in compressor dome or housing. - A unit in the metric system used to measure frequency in cycles per second. Its symbol is Hz. - Hydrogen-induced cracking. (Same as hydrogen embrittlement) are based on cents per kWh per kW demand contain a hidden demand charge. A low load factor for a building then penalizes the energy user through this "hidden" charge.
1242.HEAT
TRANSFER COEFICIENT - The property indicating the temperature difference for a given amount of heat to flow between a hot surface and a gas cooring the surface. MEDIUM - The fluid, often water, which acts as the agent or medium in a heat exchanger through which heat is exchanged from one side to the other. COIL - Heat transfer device consisting of a coil of piping, which releases heat. CONTROL - Device which controls temperature of a heat transfer unit which releases heat. SURFACE - The exposed surface of a heating unit in a heat exchanger which is directly exposed to the heat of the flue gases (That surface which is exposed to the heating medium for absorption and transfer of heat to the medium). a coil spring.
1259.HIDE-OUT 1260.HIGH
- Is the accumulation of chemicals on surfaces, in crevices or in deposits within the system during normal operation. LIMIT CONTROL - A device which normally monitors the condition of the controlled medium and interrupts system operation if the monitored condition be comes excessive, for example a high level of fluid in a storage tank. to condenser pressure or higher; the system from the compression side of the compressor through the condenser to the expansion point of the evaporator.
1243.HEAT-TRANSFER
1262.HIGH-PRESSURE 1263.HIGH-SIDE
CUT-OUT - Electrical control switch operated by the high-side pressure which automatically opens electrical circuit if too high pressure is reached. FLOAT - Refrigerant control mechanism which controls the level of the liquid refrigerant in the highpressure side of mechanism. vacuum in the 1000 to 1 micron range.HOT DECK - The heating section of a multizone system.
1264.HIGH-VACUUM PUMP - Mechanism which can create a 1265.HOGGING - Bending of a turbine or other shaft upwards
above its centre line.
1251.HENRY
- The unit of self-inductance or mutual inductance in the metric system. Its symbol is H.
1268.HOT
GAS DEFROST - Defrosting system in which hot refrigerant gas from the high side is directed through evaporator for short period of time and at predetermined intervals in order to remove frost from evaporator.
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JUNCTION - That part of thermoelectric circuit which releases heat. PROCESS - A water treatment process, when the water is heated above the room temperature. PROCESS PHOSPHATE SOFTENING - A process whereby the calcium and magnesium salts containing, constituting the hardness of water, are chemically precipitated and removed with phosphate in conjunction with caustic soda. WELL - A tank used to receive condensate from various sources on its passage back to the boiler through a feedwater system. HEATING BOILER - A boiler in which no steam is generated and from which hot water is circulated for heating purposes and then returned to the boiler. RE-CIRCULATING SYSTEM - A heating system using water as a heat-transfer medium through a heat exchanger or boiler to terminal heating unit. - Hydrogen stress cracking.HSCC Hydrogen- assisted stress-corrosion cracking. -
with load limit. The speed variation will reappear when the engine is returned to governor control (A surge of engine speed to higher number of revolutions per minute, followed by a drop to normal engines speed without manual movement of the trottle. Is often caused by a faulty or improperly adjusted governor).
1272.HOT
1289.HYDRATION
1273.HOT-WATER
1290.HYDRAULIC
1274.HOT-WATER
1291.HYDRAULIC COUPLING - A fluid connection between a 1292.HYDRAULIC HEAD - The force exerted by a column of
liquid expressed by the height of the liquid above the point at which the pressure is measured. Although head refers to a distance or height, it is used to express pressure, since the force of the liquid column is directly proportional to its height. Also called head or hydrostatic head.
1275.HSC
1276.HUMIDIFIER - A device to add moisture to air. 1277.HUMIDIFYING - Adding of moisture to the air. 1278.HUMIDIFYING
EFFECT - The latent heat of vaporization of water at the average evaporating temperature times the weight of water evaporated per unit of time. - A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity, used for the automatic control of relative humidity.
- Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in various combinations. - A chemical now largely taking the place of sodium sulphite used for removal of oxygen from feed and boiler waters. COOLED GENERATOR The generator stator winding is cooled with Hydrogen. CYCLE - A complete course of cationexchange operation in which the adsorbent is employed in the hydrogen or free acid form. DAMAGE - A type of corrosion occurring beneath a relative dense deposit. This type of damage can only occur if hydrogen was present in the metal. Failure takes place at thick edges in the form of fracture, rather then thinning. Hydrogen produces the corrosion reaction, moving into underlying metal, causing decarburization and intergranular fissuring of the structure. Damages usually result in larger pieces of metal being blown away, rather then just bursting. INDUCED CRACKING - Caused by the introduction of hydrogen during the welding process. ION - A portion of the molecule of water containing one atom of hydrogen which has a positive electric charge.
1279.HUMIDISTAT
1298.HYDROGEN 1299.HYDROGEN
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1300.HYDROGEN-ION
CONCENTRATION - The degree or quantity of hydrogen ions in a water solution. the shaft of a hydrogen-cooled alternator to prevent the escape of hydrogen.
1320.IMPELLER - A rotating set of vanes designed to impart 1321.IMPINGEMENT - High-velocity flow of water or gas over
a metal surface, causing premature failure by abrasion.
1304.HYDROMETER 1305.HYDRONIC
1322.IMPULSE
LINES: Piping that connects a sensing element to the point at which it is desired to sense pressure, flow, temperature, etc.
1309.HYDROSTATIC 1310.HYDROXYL
TEST: A test using pressurized water to detect leaks in a closed system. - The term used to describe the anionic radical (OH-) which is responsible for the alkalinity of a solution. - Instrument used to measure degree of moisture in the atmosphere. and release moisture and change physical dimensions as its moisture content changes. I
GASES - Gases such as carbon dioxide which, like air, will not condense into a liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. HORSEPOWER (ihp): The power transmitted to the pistons by the gas in the cylinders. THERMAL EFFICIENCY: The ratio of indicated horsepower to equivalent power input in the form of heat from fuel. cylinder pressure during the cycle.
1311.HYGROMETER
1313.ICE
CREAM CABINET - Commercial refrigerator which operates at approximately -18C; used for storage of ice cream. COMPRESSION: When the heat generated by compression in an internal-combustion engine ignites the fuel (as in a diesel engine). SPARK: When the mixture of air and fuel in an internal-combustion engine is ignited by an electric spark (as in a gasoline engine). TEMPERATURE - Lowest temperature of a fuel at which combustion becomes selfsustaining. when it is injected into the compressed-air charge in a diesel cylinder. It is measured by an index called the cetane number.
1332.INDUCED
DRAUGHT - The draught it developed by a fan drawing the gases through the boiler and discharging to the chimney. - An effect occurring in a coil or winding which when alternating current flows in the coil, increases the voltage above that which is needed to pass a direct current of a similar value through the coil. the jet action of the primary air stream discharging from a controlled device.
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1333.INDUCTANCE
Engineering Dictionary
1335.INDUCTION
HEATING - Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying alternating current. LOADS - Loads whose voltage and current are out-of-phase. True power consumption for inductive loads is calculated by multiplying its voltage, current, and the power factor of the load. - INDUCTION: The act or process of pro-ducing voltages by the relative motion of a magnetic field across a conductor (A fundamental element of electrical systems constructed of numerous turns of wire around a ferromagnetic or air core). or cause chemical reactions.
kilowatt level. If the actual kilowatt level exceeds a designated set point, loads will be shed until the actual rate drops below the set point.
1350.INSULATION
1336.INDUCTIVE
- A material of low thermal conductivity used to reduce heat losses. THERMAL - Material which is a poor conductor of heat; used to retard or slow down flow of heat through wall or partition. - A material of such low electrical conductivity that a flow of current through it can usually be neglected. Similarly, a material of low thermal conductivity, such as that used to insulate structures. SYSTEM: Combination of components designed to supply air required for combustion. Essential to completeness, as an integral part. (The valve stem is an integral part of the valve.)
1351.INSULATION, 1352.INSULATOR
1337.INDUCTOR
1353.INTAKE
1338.INERT GAS - A gas that does not readily enter into 1339.INFILTRATION
wall, crack, etc. - Air flowing inward as through a
1354.INTEGRAL:
1340.INFLUENT
exchange unit.
1341.INHIBITOR
- Any substance which retards or prevents such chemical reactions as corrosion or oxidation (An additive used to retard undesirable chemical action in a product. It is added in small quantities to gasolines to prevent oxidation and gum formation, to lubricating oils to stop color change, and to corrosive environments to decrease corrosive action) NOZZLE: A device which protrudes into the combustion chamber and delivers fuel to the cylinder. SYSTEM: A system designed to deliver fuel to the cylinder at the proper time and in the proper quantity under various engine loads and speeds. are arranged in one straight line.
1357.INTERCOOLED
CYCLE - Refers to a gas turbine employing two compressors. The compressed air from the first compressor is cooled before being discharged to second compressor. - Removal of heat from compressed gas between the compression stages. that occurs between the grains or crystal in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. Contrast with transgranular cracking.
1358.INTERCOOLING
1342.INJECTION 1343.INJECTION
1361.INTERSTAGE
DIFFERENTIAL - In a multistage HVAC system, the change in temperature at the thermostat needed to turn additional heating or cooling equipment on. electric charge, either positive (cation) or negative (anion).
1365.IONIC STRENGTH - A measure of strength of a solution 1366.IONIZATION - The process of separation of a molecule
into its electrically charged atoms or parts.
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the construction of HVAC and plumbing equipment; the major component of steel.
1368.IRON 1369.IRON
BACTERIA - Are filementous organisms encountered in iron-bearing water. LOSS - The electrical loss in the iron core when subjected to an alternating magnetic field. PROCESS - A process carried out reversibly without energy interchange as heat. Also a processes carried out with no entropy change. OR ISOPIESTIC PROCESS - A process carried out at constant pressure. PROCESS OR ISOMETRIC- A process during which the specific volume remains constant. - A device for making or breaking a circuit only when it is dead. The contacts may work in oil or in air. constant volume.
1387.JOULE
1370.ISENTROPIC 1371.ISOBARIC
- The unit used to measure heat, work, and energy in the metric system. Its symbol is J. It is the amount of energy required to move an object of 1 kg mass to a height of 1 m. Also called a newton-metre. EFFECT - The change in gas temperature which occurs when the gas is expanded adiabatically from a higher pressure to a lower pressure. The effect for most gases, except hydrogen and helium, is a cooling of the gas. (That part of a shaft or axle that rotates relative to a radial bearing).
1388.JOULE-THOMSON
1372.ISOCHORIC 1373.ISOLATOR
1391.KATA
THERMOMETER Large-bulb alcohol thermometer used to measure air speed or atmospheric conditions by means of cooling effect. of measurement equals the Celsius degree and according to which absolute zero is 0 degree, the equivalent of -273.16C. Water freezes at 273.16 K. and boils at 373.16 K. The relationship - TK = TC + 273.16
1377.JACKBOX:
A receptacle, usually secured to a bulkhead, in which telephone jacks are mounted. an insulative covering.
1378.JACKET: An outer case such as a water jacket or 1379.JACKET WATER: Water used as a coolant in the
cooling system of an engine (usually chemically treated distilled water).
1393.KENOTOMETER
- An instrument in common use In power stations for measuring condenser back-pressure in inches of mercury.
1380.JACKING:
Mechanically rotating an engine or reduction gear at very low speed. small quantities of high-pressure oil for lifting turbine shafts off their bearings and maintaining an oil film when low-speed barring is in progress.
1397.KILOGRAIN - A unit of weight; 1000 grains. 1398.KILOVOLT AMPERE - Product of the voltage times the
current. Different from kilowatts because of inductive loads in an electrical system. Abbreviated: kVA kilo watts is equal to KVA times power factor. Kilowatt: 1000 watts. Abbreviated: kW.
1383.JET
COMPRESSOR - A device employing a ventury tube so that a high pressure stream flowing through the nozzle creates a lower pressure or a vacuum into which the gas to be compressed flows. The gas is discharged from the nozzle with the expanded high-pressure medium. achieved by mixing the steam with a spray of water.
1399.KILOWATT
- A metric unit of power equal to approximately 1.34 horsepower. - A measure of electrical energy consumption. 1000 watts being consumed per hour. Abbreviated: kWh.
1400.KILOWATT-HOUR
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Engineering Dictionary
water supply toward corrosion or scaling. A positive index indicates scaling tendencies; a negative one means corrosion tendencies. (Langlier Index = pH - pHs, where pH = actual pH of water and pHs = pH at which water having the same alkalinity and calcium content is just saturated with calcium carbonate.
1403.KING
VALVE - Liquid receiver (refrigeration only) service valve. SECOND LAW - The law stating that, at each instant of time the increase of voltage around a close loop in a network is equal to the algebraic sum of the voltage drop. - In a spark ignition engine, uneven burning of the fuel/air charge that causes violent, explosive combustion and an audible metallic hammering noise. Knock results from premature ignition of the last part of the charge to burn. PROCESS - A wood-pulping process in which sodium sulfate is used in the caustic soda pulp-digestion liquor. Also called Kraft pulping or sulfate pulping. DEMAND - The maximum rate of electric power usage required to operate a facility during a period of time, usually a month or billing period. Often called "demand". CONSUMPTION - The amount of electric energy used over a period of time; the number of kWh used per month. Often called "consumption". L
1415.LATENT
1404.KIRCHOFFS
HEAT - Heat energy absorbed in process of changing form of substance (melting, vaporization, fusion) without change in temperature or pressure. released (lost) by a pound of a substance to change its state from a vapor (gas) to a liquid.
1405.KNOCK
1406.KRAFT
1407.kW
1408.kWh
1409.LABYRINTH
PACKING / SEAL: A soft metal ring or rings arranged inside a casing throat in such a manner that the inside diametrical edges will form a series of seals along the surface of the rotating shaft. The edges fit either close to the surface of the shaft or in grooves machined in the shaft. at one point in the system, on some other condition to which it is related. Also, the delay in action of the sensing element of a control, due to the time required for the sensing element to reach equilibrium with the property being controlled; i.e., temperature lag, flow lag, etc.
1424.LEAVING
1411.LAMBERT
SEAL: The hydraulic equivalent of labyrinth packing. which the stream filaments glide along the pipe axially with essentially no transverse mixing.
1412.LAMINAR FLOW - A non-turbulent flow regime in 1413.LANGELIER SATURATION INDEX - An index (SI)
based upon the pH of saturation of calcium carbonate; used to determine the tendencies of a
1427.LIGHT
CRUDE OIL - A crude oil of relatively high API gravity (usually 40C degrees or higher).
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1428.LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE - A low current and voltage light used as an indicator on load management equipment. Abbreviated: LED.
infiltrate the discontinuity, removing the excess penetrant, and then applying a developing agent that causes the penetrant to seep back out of the discontinuity and register as an indication.
1444.LIQUID 1445.LIQUID
RECEIVER - Cylinder (container) connected to condenser outlet for storage of liquid refrigerant in a system. RECEIVER SERVICE VALVE - Two or threeway manual valve located at the outlet of the receiver and used for installation and service purposes. It is sometimes called the king valve. VALVE REFRIGERANT CYLINDER Dual hand valve on refrigerant cylinders, which is used to release either gas or liquid refrigerant from the cylinder.
1431.LIME-SODA
1432.LIMIT
1446.LIQUID-VAPOR
CONTROL - A switching device that completes or breaks an electrical circuit at predetermined pressures or temperatures. Also known as an interlock. See interlock. 1433.LINING - The material used on the furnace side of a furnace wall. It is usually of high grade refractory tile or brick or plastic refractory material.
1434.LINE
VOLTAGE - In the control industry, the normal electric supply voltages, which are usually 120 or 240 volts. to a liquid. (The term liquefaction is usually used instead of condensation when referring to substances which are in a gaseous state at ordinary pressures and temperatures.)
1449.LOAD - The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a 1450.LOAD (AIR CONDITIONING) - The amount of heat per
unit time imposed on a refrigeration system or the required rate of heat removal.
1451.LOAD
1437.LIQUID
ABSORBENT - Chemical in liquid form which has the property to "take on" or absorb other fluids. Glycol is such a liquid and widely use in the petroleum chemical industry action of an impingement stream of a fluid.
FACTOR - The ratio of the average load in a given period to the maximum load carried during that period. 1452.LOAD SHEDDING - Load on the system is shed if insufficient generating plant is available to meet the demand for current. 1453.LOAD SUPPRESSION - Automatic equipment for reducing the load on a turbine should the condenser vacuum fall to a predetermined level.
1438.LIQUID IMPINGEMENT - Material removal due to 1439.LIQUID INDICATOR - Device located in liquid line
which provides a glass window through which liquid flow may be watched.
1440.LIQUID
LINE - Tube which carries liquid refrigerant from the condenser or liquid receiver to the refrigerant control mechanism. for charging from the high side of the refrigeration system.
nut that is turned down over the regular nut on a bolt to lock the regular nut against turning off. (2) A thin nut placed on a pipe to hold packing at a joint or used on both sides of a bulkhead through which a pipe passes to secure tightness.
1441.LIQUID LINE CHARGING VALVE - The line used 1442.LIQUID NITROGEN - Nitrogen in liquid form which
is used as a low temperature refrigerant in expendable or chemical refrigerating systems.
1458.LONGITUDINAL 1459.LOW
1443.LIQUID
PENETRANT INSPECTION - A type of nondestructive inspection that locates discontinuities that are open to the surface of a metal by first allowing a penetrating dye or fluorescent liquid to
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properties of the surfaces and by the properties of the lubricant other than bulk viscosity.
1460.LOW
TEMPERATURE CUTOUT, REFRIGERATON - A pressure or temperature actuated device with sensing element in the evaporator, which will shut the system down at its control setting to prevent freezing chilled water or to prevent coil frosting. Direct expansion equipment may not use this device. supply of 25 volts or less.
DRY FILM - Lubrication that involves the application of a thin film of solid lubricant to the surface or surfaces to be lubricated. FLOOD - A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is supplied in a continuos stream at low pressure and subsequently drains away. FULL FILM - A type of lubrication wherein the solid surfaces are separated completely by an elstohydrodynamic fluid film. MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC Hydrodynamic lubrication in which a significant force contribution arises from electromagnetic interaction. MELT - Lubrication provided by steady lubricating species. Also phase-change
1461.LOW VOLTAGE - In the control industry, a power 1462.LOW WATER CUTOFF - Safety device that shuts
off the boiler/burner in the event of low water, preventing pressure vessel failure.
1463.LOW-SIDE
FLOAT VALVE - Refrigerant control valve operated by level of liquid refrigerant in lowpressure side of system. of refrigerating cycle.
1464.LOW-SIDE PRESSURE - Pressure in cooling side 1465.LOW-SIDE PRESSURE CONTROL - Device used
to keep low side evaporating pressure from dropping below certain pressure.
1483.LUBRICATION,
1466.LOOP 1467.LUBE
SEAL: A vertical U-bend in drain piping in which a water level is maintained to create an airtight seal. OIL PURIFIER: A unit that removes water and sediment from lubricating oil by centrifugal force. - A substance - usually petroleum based, that is used to reduce friction between two moving parts. BONDED FILM - (see lubricant, bonded solid).
MIST - Lubrication by an oil mist produced by injecting oil into a gas stream.
1468.LUBRICANT
BONDED SOLID - A solid lubricant dispersed in a continuous matrix of a binder or attached to a surface by an adhesive material. CHLORINATED - A lubricant containing a chlorine compound that reacts with a rubbing surface at elevated temperatures to protect it from sliding damage, (see extreme pressure lubricant). SYNTHETIC - A lubricant produced by synthesis rather than by extraction or refinement. AERODYNAMIC (see gas (see lubrication).
SPLASH - A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is splashed onto the moving parts. THICK FILM - (also known as flood THIN FILM - (also known as boundary
1472.LUBRICANT,
1491.LUBRICATION,
lubrication).
1473.LUBRICATION, 1474.LUBRICATION,
1492.LUBRICATION,
VAPOR-PHASE - A type of lubrication in which one or more gaseous reactants are supplied to the vicinity of the surface to be lubricated and which subsequently react to form a lubricious deposit on that surface. WASTE - A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is delivered to a bearing surface by cloth waste or yarn.
1493.LUBRICATION,
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Engineering Dictionary
1495.LUBRICITY 1496.LUG: An
- The ability of a lubricant to reduce wear and friction, other than by its pure viscous properties. earlike projection that is frequently split, such as the clamping lug on the tailstock of a lathe. M
1497.MACHINABILITY:
The ease with which a metal may be turned, planed, milled, or other-wise shaped. an amount of stock from the surface of metal to produce a finished surface.
1515.MANUAL
FROST CONTROL - Manual control used to change operation of refrigerating system to produce defrosting conditions.
1503.MAGNETIC
PARTICLE INSPECTION - A nondestructive method of inspection for determining the extent of surface cracks and similar imperfection in ferromagnetic materials. POLE -The area on a magnetized part at which the magnetic field leaves or enters the part. It is the point of maximum attraction in a magnet. REFRIGERATION - Where very low temperatures are obtained by using paramagnetic salts with magnets. SEPERATOR - A magnetic device incorporated In a conveyor system to attract and remove any tramp iron in the coal. current and has a permanent magnet as its field.
1518.MASS
- The quantity of matter in a body as measured by the ratio of the force required to produce a given acceleration, to the acceleration. from one point.
1504.MAGNETIC
1519.MASTER (CENTRAL) CONTROL - Control of all outlets 1520.MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE - The
maximum gauge pressure permissible in a completed boiler. The MAWP of the completed boiler shall be less than or equal to the lowest design pressure determined for any of its parts. This pressure is based upon either proof tests or calculations for every pressure part of the boiler using nominal thickness exclusive of allowances for corrosion and thickness required for loadings other than pressure. It is the basis for the pressure setting of the pressure relieving devices protecting the boiler. 1521.MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS LOAD - The maximum load which can be maintained for a specified period. 1522.MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS DEMAND - The sudden load demand on a boiler beyond which an unbalanced condition may be established in the boiler's internal flow pattern and/or surface release conditions.
1505.MAGNETIC 1506.MAGNETIC
1509.MALLEABILITY
1523.MAXIMUM
OPERATING PRESSURE: The highest pressure that can exist in a system or subsystem under normal operating conditions. that can exist in a system or sub-system during any condition.
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Engineering Dictionary
1525.MCM
- Thousand circular mill used to describe large wire sizes. EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (MEP): The calculated combustion in pounds per square inch (average) during the power stroke, minus the pounds per square inch (average) of the remaining three strokes. INDICATED PRESSURE (MIP): The net mean gas pressure acting on the piston to produce work. ADVANTAGE (MA): The advantage (leverage) gained by the use of devices, such as wheels, to open large valves and chain falls; blocks and tackles to lift heavy weights; and wrenches to tighten nuts on bolts. ATOMIZING OIL BURNER - A burner which uses the pressure of the oil for atomization. the firesides of boilers by scraping and wire brushing.
1539.MELTING
at
atmospheric
1526.MEAN
1540.MEMBRANE
- A barrier, usually thin, that permits the passage only of particles up to a certain size or of special nature.
1527.MEAN
1528.MECHANICAL
1543.METALLURGICAL
1529.MECHANICAL
1544.MHO: The unit of conductance; the reciprocal of an ohm. 1545.MICA - A silicate material used with high pressure gauge
glasses on boilers.
1546.MICHELL
THRUST BEARING A bearing for locating the axial position of a turbine rotor. A collar on the shaft runs between pads faced with white-metal.
1549.MICROFILTRATION
1550.MICRON - A unit of length, the thousandth part of 1 mm 1551.MICROMHO: Electrical unit used with salinity indicators
for measuring the conductivity of water.
1535.MECHANICAL
1552.MICROPROCESSOr
1536.MECHANICAL
- A small computer used in load management to analyze energy demand and consumption such that loads are turned on and off according to a predetermined program.
1553.MILD STEEL - A low-carbon steel of ordinary production. 1554.MILLI: A prefix meaning one-thousandth. 1555.MILL SCALE - A natural black iron oxide coating loosely
adhering to the interior of new piping or tubes.
1537.MECHANICAL
1556.MINERAL
- A naturally occurring inorganic substance having specified chemical composition and crystalline structure. BOILER - Fire pressure vessels which do not exceed the following limits: 16 in. inside diameter of shell; 42 in., overall length to outside of heads at center; 20 sq ft water heating surface; or 100 psi maximum allowable working pressure.
1538.MELTING
1557.MINIATURE
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Engineering Dictionary
1558.MISCIBILITY
- The ability of two liquids, not mutually soluble, to mix. cation and anion exchange resin in the same housing.
1575.MOTOR
GENERATOR SET: A machine consisting of a motor mechanically coupled to a generator and usually mounted on the same base. type located at the lower extremity of a water tube boiler and fitted with blowoff valve.
1561.MIXTURE
substances.
1562.MODULATING
- Type of device or control which tends to adjust by increments (minute changes) rather than by either "full on" or "full off" operation. automatic control in which the action of the final control element is proportional to the deviation, from set point, of the controlled medium. REFRIGERATION CYCLE Refrigerating system of variable capacity. rigidity or stiffness of a material. -
1578.MULTIPLE 1579.MULTIPLE
1564.MODULATING
1580.MULTI-SHAT
1581.MULTISTAGE
1582.MULTISTAGE
1568.MOLLIER
1583.NAPHTA
- A volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon distilled from petroleum and used as a solvent or fuel. CIRCULATION - The circulation of a boiler caused by differences in density. Also referred as thermal or thermally induced circulation. only by temperature differences (density changes).
1584.NATURAL
1569.MONOMER
1585.NATURAL CONVECTION - Movement of a fluid caused 1586.NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER - Cools water by
moving air at low velocities.
1570.MONITORING
1571.MOTOR:
1587.NATURAL
1572.MOTOER
GAS - A highly compressible, highly expandable mixture of hydrocarbons having a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in gaseous form. Besides hydrocarbon gases, natural gas may contain quantities of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. - A term used to describe a diesel engine in which air flows into the engine by means of atmospheric pressure only. DISTILLATE DIESEL FUEL: The fuel normally used in diesel engines. The most commonly used for boilers and diesel engines is naval distillate (NATO symbol F-76), but other fuels such as JP-5 (NATO symbol F-44) and naval distillate lower pour point (NATO symbol F-75) are also used.
1574.MOTOR
CONTROLLER: A device (or group of devices) that governs, in some predetermined manner, the operation of the motor to which it is connected.
Engineering Dictionary
1608.NOMINAL
SIZE TUBING - Tubing measurement which has an inside diameter the same as iron pipe of the same stated size. HARDNESS - Hardness in water caused by chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates of calcium and magnesium. INSTALLATION - Functional refrigerating system installed where there are no local, state, or national refrigeration codes in force. - Gaseous material not liquefied when associated water vapor is condensed in the same environment. such as ultrasonic or radiographic inspection, for determining the quality of a material without permanently altering anything (Testing plant parts, such as drums, tubes, headers and welds, for soundness by means of electronic apparatus and other methods, with out necessarily dismantling the parts concerned).
1609.NON-CARBONATED 1610.NON-CODE
1592.NEGATIVE
CHARGE - The electrical potential which an atom acquires when it gains one or more electrons; a characteristic of an anion. oil, light, heat, and oxidation.
1611.NON-CONDENSABLES
1595.NEUTRAL - The circuit conductor that is normally 1596.NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER - An ASTM number
given to quenching oils that reflect the oils tendency toward oxidation and sludging.
1597.NEUTRALIZER
- A substance that will combine with an acid or alkali chemically, thus removing the acidity or alkalinity. AMINES - Are amines used to neutralize the acid generated by the dissolution of carbon dioxide. A newton is the force required to accelerate an object of 1 kilogram mass to a velocity of 1 meter per second in 1 second.
1614.NON-FROSTING
1598.NEUTRALIZING
EVAPORATOR - Evaporator which never collects frost or ice on its surface. Uses only thermostatic expansion valves. REFRIGERATION - Those that obtain the required high and low pressure by some method other than a mechanical compressor. thermally unstable which reverts to normal silica when heated. Difficult to detect, but may be present when boiler feedwater shows none, but boiler water reads silica.
1615.NON-MECHANICAL
1601.NITROGEN
BLANKETING - Used with wet standby, where the space above the water level is filled with nitrogen at about 5 to 10 psig in order to keep the oxygen out. DIOXIDE - Mildly poisonous gas (NO2) often found in smog or automobile exhaust
1602.NITROGEN
1619.NORMALLY
OPEN - (OR NORMALYCLOSED) The position of a valve, damper, relay contacts, or switch when external power or pressure is not being applied to the device. Valves and dampers usually are returned to a "normal" position by a spring. OPERATING PRESSURE: The approximate pressure at which an essentially constant-pressure system operates. This pressure is used for the systems basic pressure identification. METAL: Metal that is composed primarily of a metallic element, or elements other than iron. To heat steel to a temperature slightly above its critical point and then allow it to cool slowly in air. - Abbreviation for all of the family of oxides of nitrogen.
1620.NOMINAL
1605.NO-FROST
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Engineering Dictionary
1640.OIL 1641.OIL
1625.NOZZLE
AREA: Smallest opening (area) of a nozzle that is at a right angle to the direction of flow.
RING LUBRICATION - A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts. A ring of larger diameter rotates with the shaft and collects oils from a container below. SEPARATOR - Device used to remove oil from gaseous refrigerant or steam. oil pump to prevent dirt and other particles from getting into moving parts.
1644.OIL, MULTIGRADE - An oil having relative little change 1645.OIL, NEUTRAL - A lubricating oil obtained by distillation,
not treated with acid or with alkali.
1629.NUCLEATING SITES
O
1646.OIL,
of oil.
1630.OCCLUSION 1631.OCTANE
- An absorption process by which one solid material adheres strongly to another, sometimes occurring by coprecipitation. RATING - A classification of gasoline according to its antiknock qualities. The higher the octane number or rating, the greater are the antiknock qualities of the gasoline. in absorption machines to reduce surface tension in the absorber.
1651.OPEN
1652.OPEN CYCLE - A gas turbine arrangement, in were the 1653.OPEN RE-CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM - A system,
using continuously circulated water as a heat-transfer medium, in which the water is exposed at one point to the atmosphere for either discharge or absorption of heat.
1635.OHMS
LAW - The relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. It states that current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Expressed algebraically, in DC circuits I=E/R; in AC circuits I=E/Z. - A liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral, or synthetic origin that feels slippery to the touch. top of refrigerant liquid may prevent if from evaporating at its normal pressure temperature.
1636.OIL
1654.OPERATING
1637.OIL BINDING - Condition in which an oil layer on 1638.OIL GROOVE - A channel or channels in a bearing
to improve oil flow through the bearing.
POINT - The value of the controlled condition at which the controller actually operates. Also called control point. system works under normal conditions. This pressure may be positive or negative (vacuum).
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Engineering Dictionary
1675.OVERHAUL:
To inspect, repair, and put in proper condition for operation. A load greater than the rated load of an engine or electrical device. ANTICIPATORY DEVICE - If the generator rejects load and is disconnected from the busbars, sensing devices come Into action to close the steam throttle valves in about half the time the speed governor would take. TRIP Stopping the Turbine at a specified Speed Value( generally 110% of rated speed). - The reaction of an element or substance with oxygen, e.g., iron is oxidized by reaction with oxygen to form rust (iron oxide). STABILITY - The ability of an oil to resist oxidation. Improved by the addition of oxidation inhibitors. chlorine, that will readily add (take on) electrons.
1659.OPTICAL
PYROMETER - An instrument to measure visually the temperature of a glowing body or of a flame. Often used also to measure furnace temperatures. the growth of biological organisms such as fungi, algae, and slime bacteria.
1676.OVERLOAD:
1677.OVERSPEED
1663.ORIFICE 1664.ORSAT
1681.OXIDIZING AGENT - Any substance such as oxygen, or 1682.OXIDIZING ATMOSPHERE - A furnace atmosphere with
an oversupply of oxygen that tends to oxidize materials placed in it.
ANALYZER - A furnace atmosphere analysis device in which gases are absorbed selectively (volumetric basis) by passing them through a series of pre-selected solvents. vibration.
1683.OXIDIZING
BIOCIDE - An agent, such as chlorine, which will kill bacteria by the chemical process of oxidation. WELDING - An oxyfuel gas welding process in which the fuel gas is acetylene. ATTACK - Corrosion or pitting in a boiler caused by oxygen. CONCENTRATION CELL - (see differential aeration cell). in contact with the media of higher oxygen concentration becomes the cathodic area, and the area with the lower oxygen concentration becomes the anode.
1667.OSMOSIS
- The passage of water through permeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration; the water passes into the more concentrated solution. COMBUSTION CYCLE: Combustion induced by spark ignition occurring at constant volume. The basic combustion cycle of a gasoline engine. SIGNAL: The pressure or flow of fluid leaving the output port of a fluidic device. AIR OPENING (HVAC) - Any opening used as an entry for air from outdoors. DEVICE - A device such as a fuse or a circuit breaker designed to protect a circuit against excessive current by opening the circuit. A pipe installed at a top of a tank to enable the liquid within to be discharged to another vessel when the tank is filled to capacity. cur rent flowing than the circuit was designed to carry.
1668.OTTO
1669.OUTPUT
1670.OUTSIDE
from
which
1671.OVERCURRENT
PITTING - Damage caused due to the presence of oxygen in the feedwater. Damage results are small pit-like holes in the metal. SCAVENGER - A substance that will absorb oxygen by chemical reaction. storage or air conditioning installations as an odor eliminator. Can be toxic in certain concentrations. P
1672.OVERFLOW PIPE -
1692.PACKAGED
BOILER - A boiler supplied with all of its components - burner, controls and auxiliary equipment, designed as a single engineered package, and ready for on-site installation.
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Engineering Dictionary
1693.PACKAGE
UNITS, (REFRIGERATION) Complete refrigerating system including compressor, condenser and evaporator located in the refrigerated space. COLUMN - A tower filled with small objects, designed to obtain large surfaces per volume between rising vapors and a descending liquid. - Material made usually of woven animal, plant, mineral or metal fiber and some type of lubricant, placed in rings around the shaft of a pump and used to control leakage from the stuffing box. - The fill in a confined space in a stripping vessel, ranging from simple shaped units such as rocks or slats to complex shapes that provide large surface area per unit volume. GLAND - The metal part that compresses and holds packing in place in a stuffing box. CIRCUIT - One where all the elements are connected across the voltage source. Therefore, the voltage on each element is the same but the current through each may be different. OPERATION: Two or more units operating simultaneously and connected so their output forms a common supply, as opposed to series or independent operation. of discs carried on the valve stem and thereby movable into the space between the valve seats.
1707.PASCAL'S
LAW - Pressure imposed upon a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. (ANODIC) INHIBITORS - A material capable of forming a protective oxide film on metal surfaces. - The process of rendering a metal surface chemically inactive, either by electrochemical polarization or by contact with a passivating agent. - A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes the potential of a metal to a more noble (positive) value. - A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes the potential of a metal to a more positive value. anode is a metal in that active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive state.
1694.PACKED
1695.PACKING
1696.PACKING
1697.PACKING
1712.PASSIVE-ACTIVE CELL - A corrosion cell in which the 1713.PASSIVITY - A condition on metal surfaces that inhibits
electrochemical action between the environment, such as with boiler water. metal and its
1698.PARALLEL
1699.PARALLEL
1714.PASS-OUT
TURBINE - A turbine from which some of the steam is extracted for use in a factory process or for central heating. The remaining steam is passed to a condenser as in a condensing turbine.
1718.PEAKING 1719.PELTIER
LOAD - Is the electrical load drawn on the system during high power usage. Usually on very hot or cold days or during the supper hour. EFFECT - When direct current is passed through two adjacent metals one junction will become cooler and the other will become warmer. This principle is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration. SUPERHEATER - A superheater in which the tubes are Installed vertically. COMBUSTION - The complete oxidation of all the combustible constituents of a fuel, utilizing all the oxygen supplied.
1705.PARTICULATE:
Minute particles or quantities of solid matter resulting from incomplete combustion. Carbon, sulphur, ash, and various other compounds are all referred to as particulate, either collectively or individually, when discharged into a flue or into the atmosphere. The accepted metric unit of measurement or pressure and stress component in the measurement of viscosity. A Pascal is equal to a -
1720.PENDANT 1721.PERFECT
1706.PASCAL
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Engineering Dictionary
1722.PERFECT
1740.PILOT
1725.PETROGRAPHIC
VALVE: A small valve disk and seat, usually located within a larger disk, which controls the operation of another valve or system.
1728.pH
1744.PINION: A gear that meshes with a larger gear. 1745.PINTLE-TYPE NOZZLE: A closed-type nozzle having a
projection on the end of the fuel valve which extends into the orifice when the valve is closed.
1729.PHANTOM
or hollow body for conducting a liquid or gas. Dimensions of a pipe are designated by nominal (approximate) outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness. An assembly of pipe or tubing, valves, and fittings that forms the transferring part of a system. water pipe.
1732.PHOSPHATE 1733.PHYSICAL
1748.PIPE SCALE - Rust or mill scale found on the interior of 1749.PIT - Corrosion localized in a small spot. 1750.PITOTE
TUBE - An open ended tube arrangement to face against the current of a stream of fluid; used in measuring the velocity head of a flowing medium.
1734.PHOSPHATE
1751.PITS - Petroleum Industry Training Service. (Canada) 1752.PISTON: A cylindrical plug which slides up and down in
the cylinder and which is connected to the connecting rod.
TREATMENT - Refers to the treatment of removing dissolved gases from the boiler feedwater, using steam. DRAWING: A drawing, which gives the real appearance of an object showing general location, function, and appearance of parts and assemblies. iron ore in the blast furnace.
1756.PISTON 1757.PISTON
LANDS: The spaces in pistons between the ring grooves. PIN (WRIST PIN): A cylindrical alloy pin that passes through the piston bore and connects the connecting rod to the piston.
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Engineering Dictionary
1758.PISTON
RING: A split ring of the expansion type placed in a groove of the piston to seal the space between the piston and the wall. the ends of a piston ring.
1777.POLAR
TIMING DIAGRAM: A graphic method of illustrating the events of an engine cycle with respect to crankshaft rotation. (See figures 2-1 and 2-2.) - In corrosion, to develop a barrier on the anodic or cathodic surface, disrupting the corrosion process. - An electrical connection point. In a panel, the point of connection. On a device, the terminal that connects to the power. - A water-soluble polymer that is highly charged with cationic or anionic sites. Used as an aid with coagulants. - A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of many molecules of the same characteristics; for example, polyvinyl chloride is a polymer of the molecule vinyl chloride. DISPERSANT - A water-soluble polymer that acts as a suspending agent; that is, it promotes suspension of particles in water so that they resist settling. - A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of phosphate ions, hence a polymer of phosphate. PROCESS - A nonadiabatic reversible process characterized by the equation of path, pv = constant. which was used to cool its content.
1778.POLARIZE 1779.POLE
1780.POLYELECTROLYTE 1781.POLYMER
1765.PITOT
1782.POLYMERIC
1766.PITTING
1783.POLYPHOSPHATE 1784.POLYTHROPIC
1787.POSITIVE
1788.POTABLE
1789.POTENTIAL
1774.pOH - An expression of the alkalinity of a solution; 1775.POINT, CRITICAL - Of a substance, state point at
which liquid and vapor have identical properties; critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume are the terms given to the temperature, pressure, and volume at the critical point. Above the critical temperature or
1790.POTENTIAL
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Engineering Dictionary
are able to coat and protect surfaces. They are less durable then the passivating type inhibitors.
1804.PRECIPITATION
1805.PRECISION INSERT BEARING: A precision type of bearing consisting of an upper and lower shell.
1793.POUR-POINT
DEPRESSANT - An additive that lowers the pour point of a lubricant. expending energy. The unit of electrical power is the watt; the unit of mechanical power is horsepower. Expressed in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), and is equal to:
1807.PREDICTING
METHOD - A method for determining when load shedding should occur. A formula is used to arrive at a preset kilowatt limit. Then the actual amount of energy accumulated during the utility's demand intervals is measured. A projection is made of the actual rate of energy usage during the rest of the interval. If the predicted value exceeds the preset limit, loads will be shed. - A condition in an internal combustion engine characterized by a knocking sound and caused by the fuel-air mixture having been ignited to soon because of an abnormal condition. CHAMBER: A portion of the combustion chamber connected to the cylinder through a narrow throat. Fuel is injected into and is partly burned in the pre-combustion chamber. Heat released by this partial burning causes the contents of the pre-combustion chamber to be ejected into the cylinder with considerable turbulence. - The normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or gas, per unit of area, on the wall of its container.
1795.POWER
ELEMENT - Sensitive element of a temperature-operated control. volt amperes of an AC circuit to the wattage (power = volt-amperes x power factor). Power factor also is the ratio of the circuit resistance (R) to the impedance (Z) expressed as a decimal between zero and one (pf = R/Z). When the power factor equals one, all consumed power produces useful work. (In an alternating current circuit, the factor by which the product of current and voltage must be multiplied to give the true power. It can vary between unity and zero).
1808.PREIGNITION
1809.PRECOMBUSTION
1810.PRESSURE
1797.POWER
FACTOR CHARGE - A utility charge for "poor" power factor. It is more expensive to provide power to a facility with a poor power factor (usually less than 0.8). FACTOR CORRECTION - Installing capacitors on the utility services supply line to improve the power factor of the building. the turbine oil system. It supplies oil for governor operation of the control and emergency trip valves.
1798.POWER
1799.POWER OIL SYSTEM - The high-pressure part of 1800.PPB (PARTS PER BILLION) - equals 0.001 ppm 1801.PPM
(PARTS PER MILLION): Concentration of the number of parts of a substance dissolved in a million parts of another substance. Used to measure the salt content of water. If 1 pound of sea salt were dissolved in l,000,000 pounds of water, the sea salt concentration would be 1.00 ppm. - An insoluble reaction product; in an aqueous chemical reaction, usually a crystalline compound that grows in size to become settable. are chemicals which form insoluble precipitates that
GAUGE - Instrument for measuring the pressure exerted by the contents on its container. HEAD - The height to which liquid can be raised by a given pressure (sometimes referred to as pump head). MILL - Mills In which the air carrying the coal within the mill is under pressure and not under suction as in a suction type mill. MOTOR CONTROL - Device which opens and closes an electrical circuit as pressures change. OPERATED THERMOMETER Temperature indicator which is controlled by bellows, a capillary or remote sensitive bulb.
1802.PRECIPITATE
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Engineering Dictionary
1819.PRESSURE
REGULATOR, SUCTION (REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS) - An automatic valve designed to limit the suction pressure to prevent motor overload. open when pressure in the system exceeds a certain limit.
1834.PRESSURE,
VAPOR - The partial pressure exerted by the water vapor contained in air. DIAGRAM - Graph of refrigerant pressure, heat and temperature properties. (Mollier's diagram.) - A control which reacts to pressure changes in the evaporator.
1835.PRESSURE-HEAT 1836.PRESSURESTAT
1822.PRESSURE-TIME 1823.PRESSURE
1841.PRIMARY
HYDROSTATIC - The normal force per unit area that would be exerted by a moving fluid on an infinitesimally small body immersed in it if the body were carried along with the fluid. OPERATING - Pressure at which a system is operating. PARTIAL - Portion of total gas pressure of a mixture attributable to one component. SATURATION- The saturation pressure for a pure substance for any given temperature is that pressure at which vapor and liquid, or vapor and solid, can coexist in stable equilibrium. STATIC - The normal force per unit area that would be exerted by a moving fluid on a small body immersed in it if the body were carried along with the fluid. Practically, it is the normal force per unit are at a small hole in a wall of the duct through which the fluid flows (piezometer) or on the surface of a stationary tube at a point where the disturbances, created by inserting the tube, cancel. It is supposed that the thermodynamic properties of a moving fluid depend on static pressure in exactly the same manner as those of the same fluid at rest depend upon its uniform hydrostatic pressure
CONTROL - A device which directly or indirectly controls the control agent in response to needs indicated by the controller. Typically a motor, valve, relay, etc. ELEMENT - The portion of the controller which first uses energy derived from the controlled medium to produce a condition representing the value of the controlled variable; for example, a thermostat bimetal. SYSTEM - A closed water system in which the water is circulated directly through a chiller for cooling or heat exchanger or boiler for heating. MOVER - An engine or other device by which natural source of energy is converted into mechanical energy. (BOILER) - The phenomenon in which the level of water in a boiler is changed by bouncing rapidly. The result is, that boiler water will enter the steam flow. pump or pipe system by the fluid being pumped.
1842.PRIMARY
1843.PRIMARY 1844.PRIME
1845.PRIMING
1832.PRESSURE,
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Engineering Dictionary
1849.PROPELLER 1850.PROPELLER
ARCH: The arched section of the stern frame above the propeller. GUARD: A framework fitted somewhat below the deck line on narrow, high-speed vessels with large screws, designed to overhang and thus protect the tips of the propeller blades. THRUST: The effort delivered by a propeller in pushing a vessel ahead. a proportional positioning controller through which the controlled variable must pass to move the final control element through its full operating range. Commonly used equivalents are "throttling range" and "modulating range".
1864.PULSATION
DAMPENER - Any gas or liquid charged, chambered device that minimizes periodic increases and decreases in pressure. TECHNIQUES - Corrosion detecting processes which, by recording the action of ultrasonic waves artificially introduced into production structures, can determine metal thickness and detect flaws. or raises it to a higher level.
1865.PULSE-ECHO
1851.PROPELLER
1853.PROPULSION
PLANT: The entire propulsion plant or system, including prime movers and those auxiliaries essential to their operation. is connected electrically to the circuit or apparatus to be protected, to enable the circuit to be isolated from the supply on the occurrence of a fault. The fuse disconnects itself the occurrence of a fault. The fuse disconnects itself when it blows. The coil or relay operates to 'trip a circuit breaker or contactor.
1869.PUMP, 1870.PUMP,
1855.PSI
- Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure measured in pounds per square inch. measured in pounds per square inch absolute. Absolute pressure equals gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. The "A" indicates that the gauge pressure is reading in absolute.
1874.PURPLE-K-POWDER
1858.PSYCHROMETER 1859.PSYCHROMETER
An instrument for ascertaining the humidity or hygrometric state of the atmosphere. OR WET BULB HYGROMETER An instrument for measuring the relative humidity of atmospheric air. CHART A chart that shows relationship between the temperature, pressure and moisture content of the air. MEASUREMENT Measurement of temperature pressure and humidity using a psychometric chart. - The study of air-vapor mixtures.
1880.RACEWAY
- An expression indicating action of removing refrigerant from all or part of a refrigeration system.
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Engineering Dictionary
1881.RADIAL
BEARINGS: Bearings designed to carry loads applied in a plant perpendicular to the axis of the shaft and used to prevent movement in a radial direction. - Expansion outwards from the line of the rotor and at right-angles to it. THRUST Thrust in the direction of radius called radial thrust. to carry a combination of radial and thrust loads. The loads are applied both radially and axially with a resultant angular component.
1899.RATE
ACTION: That action of a control system component whose output is proportional to the rate of change in its input for slowly changing signals and proportional to the input for rapidly changing signals.
- Expansion outwards from the line of the rotor and at right-angles to it. FLOW - Steam-flow outwards to the casing from the line of the rotor and at right-angles to it. TIP FAN BLADE - Open radial-bladed fans are used for exhauster fans. HEATING - : Heat transferred without physical contact between the emitting region and the receiving region. waves.
1904.RAW
MAKEUP WATER - Untreated water fed to a system to replace that lost. feedwater or water in its natural state, prior to any treatment.
1888.RADIANT
1907.REACTION
1889.RADIATION - Transfer of heat by electromagnetic 1890.RADIATION LOSSES (STEAM TURBINE) 1891.RADIUS: A straight line from the center of a circle
or sphere to its circumference or surface.
1892.RAM AIR
- Air forced through the condenser due to the rapid movement of steam from the turbine exit. in which the cross-sectional area of the piston rod is more than one-half the cross-sectional area of the movable piston-like element. The piston used is also referred to as a PLUNGER.
1895.RANKINE 1896.RANKINE
plus 491.60.
SCALE - Name given the absolute (Fahrenheit) scale. Zero (0) R on this scale is -460F. TEMPERATURE - Degrees Fahrenheit
1897.RANKING
CYCLE - An ideal steam cycle giving the theoretical limit of efficiency for conventional steam power plant. Named after the engineer. MEMBRANE - A metal membrane (pressure relief device) designed to rapture at a predetermined pressure.
1916.RECORDING 1917.RECTIFIER
DC current.
1898.RAPTURE
THERMOMETER Temperature measuring instrument which has a pen marking a moving chart. - A device used to convert AC current into
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Engineering Dictionary
CAPACITY - The ability of a system to remove heat as compared with the cooling effect produced by melting of ice. EFFECT - The amount of heat transferred by one kg of refrigerant as it circulates in the refrigeration system. - Controlled transfer of heat from a lower temperature to a higher temperature region. OIL - Specially prepared oil used in refrigerator mechanism which circulates, to some extent, with refrigerant. temperature to a high temperature medium.
1919.RED
WATER - Water that has a red, cloudy appearance caused by suspended red iron oxide. POTENTIAL - A process designed to determine if a corrosion process will occur. usually determined by measuring the time taken for a standard volume of oil to run through astandard orifice at a given temperature.
1920.REDOX
1922.REDUCING 1923.REDUCING
ELBOW - A fitting that makes an angle between two joints of pipe and that decreases in diameter from one end to the other. ATMOSPHERE - An atmosphere which tends to 1) promote the removal of oxygen from a chemical compound; 2) promote the reduction of immersed materials. pipes of different diameters.
1927.REDUCTION 1928.REED
1943.REGENERATIVE 1944.REGENERATIVE
1929.REFRACTORY
1930.REFRIGERANT
1945.REGISTER: A grille equipped with an integral damper or 1946.REJUVENATION - (see regeneration) 1947.REHEAT
(REHEAT CYCLE) - The exhaust steam from the high-pressure cylinder of a turbine is passed through the reheater section of the boiler. It is thereby reheated, usually to its original temperature, before entering the intermediate-pressure cylinder of the turbine for further work. MACHINE - A turbo-generator working on a reheat cycle. holds relative to the maximum moisture the air can hold at the same temperature.
1931.REFRIGERANT
in a system.
1948.REHEAT
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Engineering Dictionary
1950.RELATIVE 1951.RELATIVE
HUMIDITY (RH): The ratio of water vapor in the air as compared to the maximum amount of water vapor that may be contained. HUMIDITY -The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the amount of water vapor present in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the amount required to saturate the air at that temperature. - An electromechanical switch that opens or closes contacts in response to some controlled action. Relay contacts can be normally open (NO) and/ or normally closed (NC). Relays may be electric, pneumatic, or a combination of both. THERMAL - A switching relay in which a small heater warms a bimetal element which bends to provide the switching force. VALVE - : A pressure control valve used to limit system pressure Safety device on a sealed system. It opens to release fluids before dangerous pressure is reached. Also called pressure relief valve. OPERATING GEAR: Flexible cables or shafts attached to valve wheels so the valves can be operated from another compartment. SYSTEM - Refrigerating system in which condensing unit is away from space to be cooled. TEMPERATURE SET POINT: Ability to set a temperature control point for a space from outside the space. Often used in public areas. of automatically adjusting the control point of a given controller to compensate for changes in outdoor temperature. The hot deck control point is normally reset upward as the outdoor temperature drops. The cold deck control point is normally reset downward as the outdoor temperature increases. RATIO - The ratio of change in outdoor temperature to the change in control point temperature. For example, a 2:1 reset ratio means that the control point will increase 1 degree for every 2 degrees change in outdoor temperature. sulfite, acid., etc.
1964.RESISTIVE
LOADS - Electrical loads whose power factor is one. Usually contain heating elements. the thrust of off-centre weight is added to the effect of the natural frequency of vibration. This normally occurs at some definite speed, according to the design of the particular shaft.
1952.RELAY
1967.RESTRICTOR
- A device for producing a deliberate pressure drop or resistance in a line by reducing the crosssectional flow area. retorts and banks of tuyere plates. The retorts are rectangular and gradually reduce in depth from front to rear of the grate. The coal is raised up and over the tuyere plates, through which the air for combustion is forced.
1953.RELAY,
1954.RELIEF
1969.RETURN 1970.RETURN
returned
from
conditioned
or
FLOW OIL BURNER - A mechanical atomizing oil burner in which part of the oil supplied to the atomizer is withdrawn and returned to storage or to the oil line supplying the atomizer. CONDENSATE - That steam produced by a boiler which returns to the boiler after it has condensed. CYCLE DEFROST - Method of heating evaporator for defrosting. Valves move hot gas from compressor into evaporator. CYCLE REFRIGERATION - A refrigeration system which uses reject heat to produce warmth. DEIONIZATION - The use of an anionexchange unit and a cation-exchange unit-in that order-to remove all ions from solution. application of pressure) the flow of water in the natural process of osmosis so that it passes from the more concentrated to the more dilute solution.
1958.RESET - A process
1959.RESET
1962.RESISTANCE
1963.RESISTANCE,
Engineering Dictionary
1979.RING
LUBRICATED SLEEVE BEARING - A bearing lubricated by a loose running ring which dips into and lifts oil from a well. a flushing out of excess regenerant solution.
1996.SACRIFICIAL
ANODES - Coupling of a more active metal to a structure resulting in a galvanic current flow through the corroding electrolyte. a metal in an electrolyte by galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal. A form of cathodic protection.
1982.ROOT: The surface of the thread corresponding to 1983.ROOT VALVE: A valve located where a branch line
comes off the main line.
1999.SADDLE VALVE (TAP-A-LINE) - Valve body shaped so 2000.SADDLE VALVE (TAP-A-LINE) - Valve body shaped so
it may be silver brazed or clamped onto a refrigerant tubing surface.
1984.ROTOR
generator.
1985.ROTOR
BALABCING - Checking of a shaft or rotor for smooth running, and correcting the balance, where necessary, by the addition of counter-balance weights. COMPRESSOR - Mechanism which pumps fluid by using rotating motion. OIL BURNER - A burner in which atomization is accomplished by feeding oil to the inside of a rapidly rotating cup. turbine.
1986.ROTARY 1987.ROTARY
2003.SAFETY
VALVE: An automatic, quick opening and closing valve that has a reset pressure lower than the lift pressure. of a container before rupture pressures are reached.
2007.SAGGING
1991.RUDDER
- Bending of a turbine or other shaft downwards below its centre line. 2008.SALIENT POLE MACHINE - A machine which has a rotor whose poles project from the central shaft or hub.
2010.SALINOMETER: 2011.SALT
A hydrometer that measures the concentration of salt in a solution. SPITTING - The ability of an anion exchanger to convert a salt solution to caustic; the ability of a cation exchanger to convert a salt solution to acid. moisture.
2012.SATURATED AIR - When the air cannot hold any more 2013.SATURATED 2014.SATURATED
LIQUID - A liquid which is at saturation pressure and saturation temperature; in other words, a liquid which is at its boiling point for any given pressure. VAPOR - A vapor which is at saturation pressure and saturation temperature. A saturated vapor
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Engineering Dictionary
cannot be superheated as long as it is in contact with the liquid from which it is being generated.
attachment of the piping. Suction sea chests are fitted with strainers or gratings.
2015.SATURATION 2016.SATURATION
- Condition existing when substance contains all of another substance it can hold for that temperature and pressure. INDEX - The relation of calcium carbonate to the pH, alkalinity, and hardness of a water to determine its scale forming tendency. given temperature a pure substance starts to boil.
2030.SEA COCK,
SEA CONNECTION: A sea valve secured to the plating of the vessel below the waterline for use in flooding tanks, magazines, and so forth, to supply water to pumps and for similar purposes. The water in the sea. Seawater is an aqueous solution of various minerals and salts (chlorides). In suspension also, but not dissolved in the water, may be various types of vegetable and animal growths, including, in many cases, bacteria and organisms harmful or actually dangerous to health. instead of springs or bellows, to provide the closing force.
2031.SEAWATER:
2017.SATURATION PRESSURE - The point, where at a 2018.SATURATION TEMPERATURE - The point, where
at a given pressure a pure substance starts to boil.
2032.SEAL, MAGNETIC - A seal that uses magnetic material, 2033.SEAL, ROTARY - A mechanical seal that rotates with a
shaft and is used with a stationary mating ring.
2019.SAYBOLT
UNIVERSAL VISCOSITY - A commercial measure of viscosity expressed as a time in seconds required for 60 mL of a fluid to flow through the orifice of the standard Saybolt universal viscometer at a given temperature under specific conditions; used for the lighter petroleum products and lubrication oils. - Surface oxidation, consisting of partially adherent layers of corrosion products, left on metals by heating or casting in air or in other oxidizing atmosphere. Also a deposit on a heat-transfer surface resulting from precipitation of salts present in water in contact with that surface, forming a hard, dense material. CAUSING ELEMENTS - Calcium and magnesium elements forming scale. REMOVAL - Waterside, removal of scale using either the mechanical, the water treatment or the acid cleaning process. AIR: Increased amount of air available as a result of blower action used to fill an engine cylinder with a fresh charge of air and, during the process, to aid in clearing the cylinder of the gases of combustion.
2020.SCALE
2035.SECONDARY AIR
- Air for combustion supplied to the furnace to supplement the primary air. which is circulated to distance units where air is to be cooled in individual rooms.
2021.SCALE 2022.SCALE
2038.SECONDARY 2039.SECTION:
2023.SCAVENGING
EFFECT - When two different adjacent metals are heated, an electric current is generated between the metals. a substance without changing its state (Heat which causes a change in temperature of a substance).
2027.SCREW
PUMP - Compressor constructed of two mated revolving screws. - An apparatus for the removal of solids from gases by entrainment in water. CHEST: An arrangement for supplying seawater to engines, condensers, and pumps and for discharging wastewater from the ship to the sea. It is a cast fitting or a built-up structure located below the waterline of the vessel and having means for
2028.SCRUBBER 2029.SEA
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Engineering Dictionary
2046.SENSING
DEVICE - A device that keeps track of the measured condition and its fluctuations so that when sufficient variation occurs it will originate the signal to revise the operation of the system and offset the change. Example: a thermostat "bulb". A sensing de vice may be an integral part of a controller. group of elements. The sensing element performs the initial measurement operation.
2062.SET
POINT - The value of the controlled condition at which the instrument is set to operate. water treatment to settle sediments and to clarify.
2065.SHAFT AXIAL POSITION - The position of the shaft in 2066.SHAFT 2067.SHAFT 2068.SHAFT
a shaft. ECCENTRICITY - Radial displacement, at the point of measurement, from the true central position of a shaft. CYLINDER DIFFERENTIAL - Relative difference in expansion and contraction of the turbine shaft and cylinder. SEAL - Device used to prevent leakage between shaft and housing.
2049.SENSITIVITY: 2050.SENSOR:
A component that senses physical variables and produces a signal to be observed or to actuate other elements in a control system. Temperature, sound, pressure and position sensors are examples. an audible sound; does not have substantial pressure-relieving capacity.
2069.SHAFT RISING GEAR - A jacking device for supporting 2070.SHORT RAIN CLEANING - A method of cleaning fouled
tube surfaces by raining a large quantity of steel shot over the surfaces periodically.
screw with a slotted, alien, or square head used to hold a part in place. ALLEY: A watertight passage, housing the propeller shafting from the engine room to the bulkhead at which the stern tube commences. FREEZING - Refrigeration at temperatures slightly below freezing, with moderate air circulation.
2073.SHARP
2056.SEQUESTRANT 2057.SERIES
- A substance that holds a mineral or metal in solution beyond its saturation point. CIRCUIT - One with all the elements connected end to end. The current is the same throughout but the voltage can be different across each element. serve a building.
2076.SHED
MODE - A method of demand control that reduces kW demand through shedding and restoring loads. which flows water through tubes built into cylindrical evaporator or vice versa.
2058.SERVICE DROP - The overhead service wires that 2059.SERVICE SWITCH - Disconnect switches or circuit
breakers. Purpose is to completely disconnect the building from the electric service.
2079.SHELL-AND-TUBE
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Engineering Dictionary
2080.SHIELDED
CABLE - Special cable used with equipment that generates a low voltage output. Used to minimize the effects of frequency "noise" on the output signal. to true up a machine or inserted in bearings to permit adjustment after wear of the bearing.
2098.SIMPLEX
cylinder.
2081.SHIM: A thin layer of metal or other material used 2082.SHOCK DOSAGE - The feeding of treatment to a
system all in one slug or dose rather than gradually (also called a slug dosage).
SHAFT GAS TURBINE - A gas turbine arrangement in which the compressor and the gas turbine are all coupled to one shaft. STAGE COMPRESSOR - Compressor having only one compressive step between inlet and outlet. CONDENSER - Condenser using the outer surface of the cabinet as the heat radiating medium. - Arises from high furnace temperatures, which cause particles of ash to melt and stick to furnace walls and other parts. A casing fitted over a line or shaft for protection against wear or corrosion. from a bacterial growth.
2084.SHORT 2085.SHORT
CIRCUIT - A direct connection of low resistive value that can significant alter the behavior of an element or system. CYCLING - Unit runs and then stops at short intervals; generally this excessive cycling rate is hard on the system equipment. TURBINES - Also referred to as the sealing strip on turbine blades. Its purpose is to supply rigidity to the blades, lessen vibration and provide sealing between stages. PUMPS - The front and/or back of an impeller.
2103.SLAG
2104.SLEEVE:
2086.SHROUD,
2087.SHROUD, 2088.SHUNT
current.
2089.SHUTOFF 2090.SIGHT
VALVE: A valve which operates fully open or fully closed. GLASS - Glass tube or glass window in refrigerating mechanism. It shows amount of refrigerant or oil in system and indicates presence of gas bubbles in liquid line. - Silicon dioxide (Si02), a mineral found naturally as quartz or in complex combination with other elements such as silicates. GEL - Absorbent chemical compound used as a drier. When heated, moisture is released and compound may be reused.
2108.SLIP
RING - Rings mounted on but insulated from a shaft, as in the rotor of an alternating current machine. The coils of the rotor are connected to the rings and carbon brushes rubbing against the latter carry the current. - A deposit on a heat-transfer surface that does not have the hard, crystalline structure of a scale but is softer and less dense. - A unit of measure for mass in the English system, which equals 14.6 kg in the SI system. - Condition in which mass of liquid enters compressor causing hammering. - A water containing high concentration of suspended solids, usually over 5000 mg/L. EROSION - Material removal due to the combined action of corrosion and wear. to show the density of smoke in the base of a chimney or other convenient point.
2091.SILICA 2092.SILICA
2109.SLUDGE 2110.SLUG
2093.SILICA, COLLOIDAL - Silica in colloidal form. 2094.SILICA, REACTIVE 2095.SILICA, VOLATILE - Silica carryover with steam. 2096.SILT
DENSITY INDEX - A measure of the tendency of a water to foul a reverse osmosis membrane, based on time flow through a membrane filter at constant pressure. CYCLE - Referring to the gas turbine cycle consisting only of compression, combustion and expansion.
2097.SIMPLE
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Engineering Dictionary
2116.SODA
BASE GREASE - A grease with a high melting temperature, used in high-speed bearings of the anti-friction type. Not suitable for wet or moist conditions. produce a refrigerant. brine solution, used a secondary
2134.SOUR 2135.SOUR
GAS - A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs. WATER - Waste water containing malodorous materials, usually sulfur compounds. material as a result of internal stresses.
2136.SPALLING - The breaking off of the surface of refractory 2137.SPARGER - An extension into the bottom of a tank of a
pipe which has a distribution nozzle on the end for mixing one fluid with another.
2138.SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE - Measures the ability of a water to conduct electricity. Conductivity increases with total dissolved solids and is therefore used to estimate dissolved solids present in the water. DENSITY - Weight per unit volume of a substance.
2121.SOFT
WATER - Water that is free of magnesium or calcium salts. - The removal of hardness (calcium and magnesium) from water. HEAT - Heat created by visible and invisible energy waves from the sun. - A powerful coil with steel plunger used for closing circuit-breakers. The coil usually operates by direct current, and is only energised during the closing period. core. It serves as a valve or operates a valve.
2122.SOFTENING 2123.SOLAR
GRAVITY - The density of a substance compared to the density of a standard material such as water. HEAT - Ratio of quantity of heat required to raise temperature of a body 1 degree to that required to raise temperature of equal mass of water 1 degree. HEAT (Cp) - The ratio of the mount of heat required to raise a mass of material 1 degree in temperature to the amount required to raise n eual mass of reference substance, usually water, 1 degree in temperature. HUMIDITY - Ratio of weight of vapor to the weight of gas in a unit volume of an air-water vapor mixture. VOLUME - Volume per unit mass of a substance.
2124.SOLENOID
2143.SPECIFIC 2144.SPECIFIC
2145.SPECIFIED
2127.SOLID COUPLING: A device that joins two shafts 2128.SOLID STATE HALOGEN LEAK DETECTOR - An
electronic leak detector for all halogen. related refrigerants.
PERFORMANCE - Power station plant is usually guaranteed by the contractor to produce a certain standard of performance. This is known as the specified performance. picked up by the prime mover from no load to full load without manually changing the speed setting.
2146.SPEED DROOP: A progressive drop in speed as load is 2147.SPEED-LIMITING GOVERNOR: A device for limiting the
speed of a prime mover.
2148.SPEED-REGULATING 2149.SPLASH
GOVERNOR: A device that maintains a constant speed on an engine that is operating under varying load conditions. SYSTEM, OILING - Method of lubricating moving parts by agitating or splashing oil in the crankcase. so that they are divided into two or more separate and complete units.
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2153.SPRAY
CARRYOVER - Are referred to a mist or fog and are a degree of atomization of the boiler water and carried with the steam. This type of carryover is to be prevented by the drum internals. COOLING - Method of refrigerating by spraying expendable refrigerant or by spraying refrigerated water. ELIMINATORS - Inclined battens or packing in a cooling tower to prevent spray being carried to atmosphere by the draught through the tower. MANIFOLD - A pipe, or extension of a water line, that has several openings fitted with nozzles which spray water. UNIT - A cooling circuit that sprays water over cooling coils through inflowing air to humidify or dehumidify that air, as required. CIRCUIT - An open coolingwater circuit which sprays water and cools by evaporation, for example, a cooling tower, all evaporative condenser, an air washer, or a spray-coil unit. NOZZLE - A nozzle from which a liquid fuel is discharged in the form of a spray. The divergence of the air stream in a horizontal or vertical plane after it leaves the outlet. crushed coal into the furnace by means of rotary blades while a chain grate runs from the rear wail towards the front.
2154.SPRAY 2155.SPRAY
2172.STANDARD
AIR CONDITIONS - Standard air density has been set at 0.075 Ib/cu ft. This corresponds approximately to dry air at 70F and 29.92 in Hg. In metric units, the standard air density is 1.2041 kg/m3 at 20C and at 101.325 kPa. CONDITIONS - The standard conditions referred to in environmental system work for air are: dry air at 70F and at an atmospheric pressure of 29.92 inches mercury (in Hg). For water, standard conditions are 68F at the same barometric pressure. At these standard conditions, the density of air is 0.075 pounds per cubic feet and the density of water is 62.4 pounds per cubic foot. ft at sea level (29.92" Barometric Pressure) and 70 F. & DELTA - The names applied to the two more usual methods of interconnecting windings in a threephase generator, motor or transformer. solid. Liquids used in environmental systems are water, thermal fluids such as ethylene glycol solutions, and refrigerants in the liquid state. Gases are steam, evaporated refrigerants and the air-water vapor mixture found in the atmosphere. Some substances, including commonly used refrigerants, may exist in any of three states. A simple example is water, which may be solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas (steam or water vapor).
2156.SPRAY
2173.STANDARD
2157.SPRAY-COIL
2158.SPRAY-COOLING
2159.SPRAY
2160.SPREAD:
2162.SPRING
BEARINGS: Bearings positioned at varying intervals along a propulsion shaft to help keep it in alignment and to support its weight. ability of a governor to correct a speed disturbance with a minimum of corrective motions. DIAGRAM - A chart to show the operator the limits of stability defined for the satisfactory operation of the generator. INDEX - An imperical modification of the saturation index used to predict scaling or corrosive tendencies in water systems.
2177.STATIC
of a fluid.
HEAD - The pressure due to the weight of a fluid above the point of measurement.
2178.STATIC PRESSURE - The measure of potential energy 2179.STATIC SUCTION HEAD - The positive vertical height in
feet from the pump centerline to the top of the level of the liquid source.
2180.STATIC
SUCTION LIFT - The distance in feet between the pump centerline and the source of liquid below the pump centerline.
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2183.STATOR
FRAME - The main structure which supports the stator core and windings.
2201.STEP-TOOTHED
LABYRINTH: Labyrinth type packing having each alternate tooth ring installed on the shaft and running in close proximity to the fixed packing ring. shaft where it emerges from the ship. (2) A watertight enclosure for the propeller shaft.
2188.STEAM
DRUM - A pressure chamber located at the upper extremity of a boiler circulatory system, in which the steam is generated in the boiler and separated from the water. JET REFRIGERATION - Refrigerating system which uses a steam venturi to create high vacuum (low pressure) on a water container causing water to evaporate at low temperature. the steam.
- The ratio of chemical substances reacting in the water that correspond to their combining weights in the theoretical chemical reaction. PRESSURE AUTOMISER - A type of oil burner. Oil is fed under pressure into tangential ports and after spinning in a vortex chamber is emitted as a cone. the boiler passes straight through the turbine and thence to the condenser and reheat Is not used.
2189.STEAM
2190.STEAM PURITY - Refers to all matter but water in 2191.STEAM SEPARATOR - A device for removing the
entrained water from steam. 2192.STEAM SOAKING - A method of softening the hard deposits on the external surfaces of boiler tubes. 2193.STEAM TRACING (ELECTRIC TRACING) - A method of heating pipelines carrying fuel oil by means of steam pipes or electric heating placed in contact with the oil pipe along its length under the lagging. The heat is to make the oil flow easily. 2194.STEAM TRAP - A device fitted at the lowest point of a heating pipework system, to provide automatic drainage of water. 2195.STEAM TURBINE - A heat engine used to convert the heat-energy in steam to mechanical energy 2196.STEAM PRESSURE CONTROL - Adjustments to give correct steam pressure at all times, either manually or by an automatic system. 2197.STEAM PURUTY METER - An instrument for detecting impurities carried over in the steam.
2210.STRATIFIED 2211.STRESS
AIR: Unmixed air in a duct that is in thermal layers that have temperature variations of more than five degrees. RAPTURE - A general type of damage referring to carbon steel tubing, when heated above 450C. Material will plastically deform (creep) and then rapture. BOX - That portion of the pump which houses the packing or mechanical seal, The stuffing box is usually referred to as the dry portion of the pump, and is located in back of the impeller and around the shaft. - The difference between the temperature of a pure condensable fluid below saturation and the temperature at the liquid saturated state, at the same pressure. - The process of cooling a liquid to a temperature below its saturation temperature for any given saturation pressure. gas without appearance of liquid.
2212.STUFFING
2213.SUBCOOLING
2198.STEAM
QUALITY - The percentage by weight of vapor in a steam and water mixture. CONDENSER - That part of a steam-absorption machine in which the water refrigerant is condensed by cooling-tower water and returned to the evaporator or chiller. or air-conditioning machine which uses, as a refrigerant, water evaporated by absorption in a brine
2214.SUBCOOLING
2199.STEAM-ABSORPTION
2215.SUBLIMATION - A change of state directly from solid to 2216.SUBLIMATION - Condition where a substance changes
from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.
2217.SUBSONIC SPEEDS
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2234.SUPERCRITICAL 2218.SUCTION
HEAD - The positive pressure on the pump inlet when the source of liquid supply is above the pump centerline. lift and friction head in the suction piping when the source of liquid is below the pump centerline (A pumping condition where the eye of the impeller of the pump is above the surface of the water from which the pump is pumping).
STEAM PRESSURE - Pressures above the critical pressure of 3,206 lb./sq. in. absolute. This is the pressure at which the value of latent heat Is at zero. - The heat added to a fluid above its saturation point.
2235.SUPERHEAT
2236.SUPERHEATED
condense.
2220.SUCTION
LINE - Tube or pipe used to carry refrigerant gas from evaporator to compressor. side of a refrigerating system.
2239.SUPERHEATING
2223.SUCTION
2240.SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION - A solution of a salt or 2241.SUPERSONIC AIR FLOW 2242.SURFACE BLOWDOWN - Removal of water, foam, etc.
from the surface at the water level in a boiler.
2224.SUCTION
2225.SUCTION SIDE - Low-pressure side of the system 2226.SULFATE - A compound, ion, or salt of sulfur and
oxygen, such as sodium sulfate (Na2S04).
2243.SURFACE
2227.SULFITE
DECOMPOSITION - Sodium sulfite, which is used as an oxygen scavenger, may decomposes with higher temperatures and concentration. The decomposition results in forming sulfur dioxide and thus leading to an acidic anhydride causing corrosion. - A specific acidic group (SO3H) on which depends the exchange activity of certain cation adsorbents.
CONDENSER - A condenser where cooling water flows through tubes but does not mix with the steam condensing on the outer surfaces of the tubes. unit. Extended heating surface (or extended surface), consisting of fins, pins, or ribs which receive heat by conduction from the prime surface. Prime surface: heating surface having the heating medium on one side and air (or extended surface) on the other.
2228.SULFONIC
2232.SUPERCHARGE:
2233.SUPERCHARGER:
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Engineering Dictionary
2250.SURGE
TANK - Container connected to the lowpressure side of a refrigerating system which increases gas volume and reduces rate of pressure change. SOLIDS - Un-dissolved solids in boiler water.
2263.SYSTEM,
CLOSED - A heating or refrigerating piping system in which circulating water or brine is completely enclosed, under pressure above atmospheric, and shut off from the atmosphere except for an expansion tank. DUCT - A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping, etc. designed to guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or more locations. A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome the resistance to flow of the system and causes air or gas to flow through the system. Some components of a typical system are louvers, grilles, diffusers, filters, heating and cooling coils energy recovery de vices, burner assemblies, volume dampers, mixing boxes, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related fittings. FLOODED - A system in which only part of the refrigerant passing over the heat transfer surface is evaporated, and the portion not evaporated is separated from the vapor and recirculated. UNITARY - A complete, factory-assembled and factory-tested refrigerating system comprising one or more assemblies which may be shipped as one unit or separately but which are designed to be used together. CURVE - A graphic presentation of the pressure vs. volume flow rate characteristics of a particular system. T
2251.SUSPENDED 2252.SWAMP
2264.SYSTEM,
COOLER - Evaporative type cooler in which air is drawn through porous mats soaked with water. - The expansion of an ion-exchange which occurs when the reactive groups on the resin are converted from one form to another. mounted disk swung from the top by a horizontal pin. A liquid exerting pressure against the disk will cause it to open, allowing a flow. Pressure exerted in the opposite direction will close the valve, ensuring only one direction of flow.
2253.SWELLING
2265.SYSTEM,
2266.SYSTEM,
2255.SWINGING
LOAD - A load that changes at relatively short intervals. automatic protective devices, used to distribute the electrical power throughout the ship.
2256.SWITCHBOARD: A panel or group of panels with 2257.SYNCHRONIZE: (1) To make two or more events
or operations occur at the proper time with respect to each other. (2) To adjust two engines to run at the same speed.
2267.SYSTEMS
2269.TAlL PIPE - Outlet pipe from the evaporator. 2270.TAIL SHAFT: The
the propeller. aft section of the shaft that receives
2259.SYNERGISM
- The combined action of several chemicals which produce an effect greater than the additive effects of each. the shaft to prevent seawater from leaking into the ship along the shaft.
2271.TAKE
LEADS: A method of determining bearing and other clearances. Mostly replaced by other methods such as plastigage and bearing shell thickness measurements.
2274.TANNINS 2275.TDC
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Engineering Dictionary
to the engine room, steering gear room, or elsewhere about the ship.
2291.TENSILE
STRENGTH - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart.
2292.TENSILE STRESS - A stress that causes two parts of an 2293.TENSION - The force or load that produces elongation. 2294.TERMINAL
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE - The temperature-difference between the exhaust steam and the cooling-water at the top of the condenser or point where the cooling water leaves. VELOCITY - The maximum air stream velocity at the end of the throw. FIRST LAW - (1 ) When work is expanded in generating heat, the quantity of heat produced is proportional to the work expended; and, conversely, when heat is employed in the performance of work, the quantity of heat which disappears is proportional to the work done (Joule); (2) If a system is caused to change from an initial state to a final state by adiabatic means only, the work done is the same for all adiabatic paths connecting the two states (Zemansky); (3) In any power cycle or refrigeration cycle, the net heat absorbed by the working substance is exactly equal to the net work done. machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from a body of lower temperature to one of higher temperature (Clausius); (2) It is impossible to derive mechanical work from heat taken from a body unless there is available a body of lower temperature into which the residue not so
2282.TEMPERATURE 2283.TEMPERATURE
CONTROL - Temperatureoperated thermostatic device which automatically opens or closes a circuit. CRITICAL - The saturation temperature corresponding to the critical state of the substance at which the properties of the liquid and vapor are identical.
2295.TERMINAL 2296.THE
2284.Temperature, Absolute Zero: The zero point on the absolute temperature scale, 459.69 degrees below the zero of the Fahrenheit scale, 273.16 degrees be low the zero of the Celsius scale.
2285.TEMPERATURE,
DEWPOINT - The temperature at which the condensation of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of humidity and pressure as the temperature of the vapor is reduced. The temperature corresponding to saturation (100 percent relative humidity) for a given absolute humidity at constant pressure. a gas or mixture of gases indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction for radiation.
2298.TERTIARY
2288.TEMPERATURE,
AIR - Air for combustion supplied to the furnace to supplement the primary and secondary air. 2299.THEORETICAL AIR - The quantity of air required for perfect combustion. 2300.THEORETICAL DRAFT - The draft, which would be available at the base of a stack if there were no friction or acceleration losses in the stack. 2301.THEORETICAL FLAME TEMPERATURE - See "Adiabatic Flame Temperature."
SATURATION The temperature at which no further moisture can be added to the air water vapor mixture. Equals dew point temperature. WET BULB - Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is the temperature at which liquid or solid water, by evaporating into air, can bring the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. Wet bulb temperature (without qualification) is the temperature indicated by a wet bulb psychrometer constructed and used according to specifications. INDEX - Actual temperature and humidity of air sample compared to air at standard conditions.
2302.THERM - Quantity of heat equal to 100000 Btu. 2303.THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY - The rate at which heat is
transferred through an object.
2289.TEMPERATURE,
2304.THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY - The rate of heat flow, under steady conditions, through unit area, per unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular to the area. It is given in the SI nits s watts per meter Kelvin (W/m K). - Ratio of shaft work out of a system to the heat energy into the system.
2305.THERMAL EFFICIENCY
2290.TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY
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2322.THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOMETER Electrical instrument using thermocouple as source of electrical flow, connected to millimeter calibrated in temperature degrees. with bimetal disk controlled by temperature changes.
2307.THERMAL
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE - The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at temperature different from that of the other. (see also thermocouple). ENERGY: Energy contained in or derived from, heat. EQUILIBRIUM - When two bodies originally at different temperatures, have attained the same temperature a material with change in temperature.
2308.THERMAL 2309.THERMAL
2328.THERMOELECTRICITY
2331.THERMOPILE 2332.THERMO
2315.THERMISTOR
- Number of thermocouples used in series to create a higher voltage. SIPHON - A means of securing circulation; often used in cooling bearings. - Device, which senses ambient temperature, conditions and, in turn, acts to control a circuit. CONTROL - Device which operates system or part of system based on temperature change. VALVE - Valve temperature change response elements. controlled by
2333.THERMOSTAT
2319.THERMOCOUPLE
WATER VALVE - Valve used to control flow of water through system, actuated (made to work) by temperature difference. Used in units such as water-cooled compressor and/or condenser.
2320.THERMOCOUPLE
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2360.TOTAL 2361.TOTAL
2343.THROTTLE
VALVE: A type of valve especially designed to control rate of flow. to produce a pressure drop with flow (An irreversible adiabatic steady flow process in which the fluid is caused to flow through an obstruction in a pipe with a resulting drop in pressure).
AIR - Total air for complete combustion is the theoretical quantity necessary, plus the correct amount of excess air. DYNAMIC HEAD - Dynamic discharge head (static discharge head, plus friction head, plus velocity head) plus dynamic suction lift, or dynamic discharge head minus dynamic suction head.
2346.THRUST
ADJUSTING GEAR - Equipment for controlling, within strictly defined limits, the axial position of a turbine rotor. (longitudinal) movement of the shaft.
2364.TOTAL
2347.THRUST BEARINGS: Bearings that limit the axial 2348.THRUST COLLAR POSITION INDICATOR 2349.TILLER: An
arm attached to the rudder head for operating the rudder. includes a clock mechanism. Unit automatically controls room temperature and changes temperature range depending on time of day.
HEAT (ENTHALPY) - Total heat is the sum of the sensible heat and latent heat in an exchange process. In many cases, the addition or subtraction of latent and sensible heat at terminal coils appears simultaneously. Total heat also is called enthalpy, both of which can be defined as the quantity of heat energy contained in that substance. SOLIDS - Are the sum of the dissolved and suspended solids. SOLIDS CONCENTRATION - The weight of dissolved and suspended impurities in a unit weight of boiler water, usually expressed in ppm. to withstand shock as well as to be deformed without breaking.
2365.TOTAL 2366.TOTAL
2367.TOUGHNESS: The property of a material that enables it 2368.TOWER FILL - The interior structure of a cooling tower
over which the water flows.
2351.TIMING
GEARS: Gears attached to the crankshaft, camshaft, idler shaft, or injection pump to provide a means to drive the camshaft and injection pump and to regulate the speed and performance.
2369.TRACE
CONSTITUENTS - Materials present at a concentration less than 0.01 mg/L. steam or electric heating elements.
2370.TRACE HEAT - The heating of oil in a pipe by means of 2371.TRANCSMITTANCE, THERMA (U FACTOR) - The time
rate of heat flow per unit area under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids.
2354.TOLERANCE: 2355.TON
The amount that a manufactured part may vary from its specified size. REFRIGERATION UNIT - Unit which removes same amount of heat in 24 hours as melting of 1 ton of ice. refrigeration system that can freeze 1 tonne (1000 kg) of liquid water at 0C into ice at 0C in 24 hour is said to be 1 tone.
2372.TRANSDUCER
- The means by which the controller converts the signal from the sensing device into the means necessary to have the appropriate effect on the controlled device. For example, a change in air pressure in the pneumatic transmission piping. VALVE: A manually operated direction valve used to switch automatic control systems from automatic to manual operation and vice versa. coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer
2357.TOOL
2373.TRANSFER
STEEL - Any steel used o make tools for cutting, forming, or otherwise shaping a material into a final part.
2358.TOPPING TURBINE
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energy from one circuit to another. Also, an electrical device used to step up or step down an a.c. voltage.
2391.TURBIDITY 2392.TURBIDITY
2375.TRANSIENT
CONSTITUENTS - Are those constituents which change in concentration or activity by changes in the aquatic environment. The change my be due to oxidation potentials, biological activities, etc.. - An active semiconductor device capable of providing power amplification and having three or more terminals. - A receptacle for the collection of undesirable material. - A process whereby impurities are removed from water; also a substance added to water to improve its physical or chemical properties. - The science concerned with the design, friction, lubrication and wear of contacting surfaces that move relative to each other (as in bearings, cams, or gears). WHEEL: A steering wheel in the steering engine room or emergency steering station of a ship, used in case of emergency.
- The measure of suspended matter in, a water sample which contributes to the reflection of light or cloudiness. UNIT - The unit of measure of suspended matter in water. It is the measure of light compared against light reflected by a reference standard as defined by the standard methods of water analysis in, APHA. (1) A rotary motor actuated by the reaction, impulse, or both, of a flow of pressurized fluid. A turbine usually consists of a series of curved vanes on a centrally rotating shaft. (2) A multi bladed rotor, driven by steam, hot gas, or water. CYLINDER - The casing assembly of a turbine which houses the fixed blades and the rotor. by a turbo-generator usually in kilojoules per kilowatt hour.
2376.TRANSISTOR 2377.TRAP
2393.TURBINE:
2378.TREATMENT 2379.TRIBOLOGY
2394.TURBINE
2380.TRICK 2381.TRIM
- Ancillary boiler components, like water level controls, pressure controls, and temperature controls. 2382.TRIP COIL - A smaller and less powerful coil with plunger, used for tripping the mechanism which holds the circuit-breaker in the closed position. 2383.TUBE BALL MILL - A low-speed mill in the form of a drum rotating on a horizontal axis. Small steel balls within the mill act as the coal-grinding medium. 2384.TUBE NEST - The general assembly of condenser of feed heater tubes. 2385.TUBE PLATE - Fixing and supporting plates for condenser tubes.
2400.TURBULATOR
- Spiral wound or spiral shaped piece located in the liquid tube of a heat exchanger.
2401.TURBULENCE: Air in the combustion space in motion. 2402.TURBULENT BURNER - A burner in which fuel and air
are mixed and discharged into the furnace in such a manner as to produce turbulent flow from the burner. 2403.TURNDOWN RATIO - The ratio between full output and minimum output of an oil burner (Ratio of maximum to minimum fuel or steam input or boiler output).
2388.TUBERCLE
- A protective crust of corrosion products (rust) which builds up over a pit caused by the loss of metal due to corrosion. - A corrosion process that produces hard knob-like mounds of corrosive products on metal surfaces, increasing friction and reducing flow in a water distribution system. Water-cooled condensing unit in which a small tube is placed inside large unit. Refrigerant passes through outer tube, water through the inner tube.
2389.TUBERCULATION
2406.TWO-WAY
outlet port.
2390.TUBE-WITHIN-A-TUBE
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fracture. It is determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
2424.VACUUM 2425.VACUUM
DELOADING - A turbine is protected against falling vacuum by an oil-operated device to reduce the load on the machine. PUMP - Special high efficiency device used for creating high vacuums for testing or drying purposes. that can be opened or closed to control or stop the flow of a liquid, gas, or vapor from one place to another place. GUIDE: A hollow-sized shaft pressed into the cylinder head to keep the valve in proper alignment. KEEPER (VALVE RETAINER): A device designed to lock the valve-spring retainer to the valve stem. LASH: Clearance between the top of the valve stem and the valve-lifting mechanism. closed to the fully open position.
2410.UNDERDEPOSIT
ATTACK - Corrosion under or around a localized deposit on a metal surface (a form of crevice corrosion). - A room unit which performs part or all of the air conditioning functions. It may or may not be used with a central fan system. INJECTOR: A diesel engine injector that combines a pump and a fuel-spray nozzle in a single unit. equalizing high-side and low-side pressures for a brief time during starting and for controlling compressor capacity by rendering one or more cylinders ineffective.
2430.VALVE LIFT: The distance a valve moves from the fully 2431.VALVE,
MODULATING - A valve which can be positioned anywhere between fully on and fully off to proportion the rate of flow in response to a modulating controller (see modulating control). sharp pointed, needle like plug that is driven into the and out of a cone shaped seat to accurately control a relatively small rate of flow of a fluid.
2415.UNSTABLE:
That action of an automatic control system and controller process that is characterized by a continuous cycling of one or more system variables for a degree greater than a specified maximum. in which solutions are passed in at the bottom and out at the top of the container.
2433.VALVE
2416.UPFLOW - The operation of an ion-exchange unit 2417.UPFLOW FILTER - A unit containing a single filter
medium, usually with graded sand.
OVERLAP: The period of crankshaft rotation during which both the intake and exhaust valves are open. It is measured in degrees. POP - A spring loaded safety valve that opens automatically when pressure exceeds the limits for which the valve is set. It is used a safety device on pressurized vessels and other equipment to prevent damage from excessive pressure, also called relief valve or a safety valve. of fluid in a line or opens or shuts of the flow of fluid completely. When open, the sealing surface of the valve is moved away from a seat. When closed, the sealing surface contacts the seat to shut of the flow. Poppet valves are used extensively as pneumatic controls and as intake and exhaust valves in most internal combustion engines.
2434.VALVE,
2418.UPFLOW
FURNACE - A furnace in which the heated air flows upward as it leaves the furnace. - The inlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc.. TRANSFORMER - Primary and secondary coils of wire which reduce (step down) the utility supply volt age for use within a facility. MANOMETER - A U-shaped section of plastic or glass tubing that is partially filled with water or mercury. They are used to measure the lower pressure ranges of gases. V
2436.VALVE,
PRESSURE RELIEF - A valve designed to minimize the possibility of explosion when air temperature surrounding a refrigeration system may rise to a point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to increase to a danger point.
2422.VACUUM
pressure.
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2452.VAPOR,
WATER - Water used commonly in air conditioning parlance to refer to steam in the atmosphere. CARRYOVER - Referring to impurities carried over with the steam and then forming a deposit on turbine bladings. This type of carryover is difficult to prevent. DISPLACEMENT: The type of pump or motor in which the volume of fluid delivered per cycle can be varied. A vector quantity which denotes, at once, the time rate and the direction of a linear motion.
2439.VALVE
SEAT: The surface, normally curved, against which the valve disks operating face comes to rest to provide a seal against leakage of liquid, gas, or vapor. SEAT INSERT: Metal ring inserted into a valve seat, made of a special metal that can withstand operating temperature satisfactorily. SPRING: The compression-type spring that closes the valve when the valve-operating cam assumes a closed-valve position. fully on or fully off with no positions between. Also called an "on-off valve".
2453.VAPOROUS
2440.VALVE 2441.VALVE
2454.VARIABLE
2455.VELOCITY -
2458.VELOCITY
PRESSURE - The measure of the kinetic energy of a fluid. TERMINAL - The highest sustained air stream velocity existing in the mixed air path at the end of the throw. just below the orifice, when the jet stream contracts to its minimum.
2459.VELOCITY,
2460.VENA CONTRACTA - The place along the axis of flow, 2461.VENT - An opening in a vessel or other enclosed space
for the removal of gas or vapor.
2446.VAPOR
BARRIER - A moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where it may condense due to lower temperature. LOCK - A condition where liquid flow is impeded by vapor trapped in a liquid line. organic nitrite compound, a powder which vaporizes slowly to protect ferrous metal from contact with oxygen.
2462.VENTILATION 2463.VENTURI
2447.VAPOR
- The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means, to or from a space; such air may or may not have been conditioned. TUBE METER - A flow meter used to determine the rate of flow and employing a venturi tube as the primary element for creating differential pressure in flowing gases or liquids. FINES - The fins in a vernier-type labyrinth steam gland.
2464.VERNIER
2465.VERTICAL
PULVERISED FUEL BURNER - Used for low-volatile coals which burn with a long flame where turbulence is not required. to prevent it from flowing.
2450.VAPOR,
SATURATED - Vapor in equilibrium with its liquid; i.e., when the numbers per unit time of molecules passing in two directions through the surface dividing the two phases are equal. SUPERHEATED - Vapor at a temperature which is higher than the saturation temperature (i.e., boiling point) at the existing pressure.
2466.VISCOSITY - The internal resistance of a fluid that tends 2467.VISCOSITY INDEX - A commonly used measure of the
change in viscosity of a fluid with temperature. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the relative change in viscosity with temperature.
2451.VAPOR,
2468.VITAL
CIRCUITS: Electrical circuits that provide power or lighting to equipment and spaces necessary for propulsion, ship control, and communications.
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2469.VITAL
HEAT - The heat generated by fruits and vegetables in storage; caused by ripening.
2484.
WALK-IN-COOLER - A large commercial refrigerated space often found in supermarkets or places for whole sale distribution. WATER - The used water and solids from industrial processes that flow to a treatment plant. - A tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid in its pure state.
2485.WASTE 2486.WATER
2474.VOLATILITY
2489.WATER
DRUM: A tank at the bottom of a boiler, sometimes called MUD DRUM, that equalizes distribution of water to the generating tubes and collects loose scale and other solids in boiler water. HAMMER - Banging of pipes caused by the shock of closing valves (faucets). HARDNESS - Among the substances found in raw water are salts of calcium and magnesium. Water containing large amounts of these salts is termed 'hard'. JACKET: Internal passages and cavities cast into the cylinder block of engines and air compressors through which water is circulated around and adjacent to friction (heat) areas. LUBRICANT - Water used as a lubricant; for example, in a mechanical seal on a centrifugal water pump. through the tubes where it is heated by the gases of combustion.
2475.VOLT
2476.VOLTAGE
2477.VOLTAGE 2478.VOLTAIC
2493.WATER
2494.WATER TUBE BOILER: Boiler in which the water flows 2495.WATER SEALED GLAND The gland of valves sealed
by the pressurized water. Generally used in the vacuum pulling device, in air valve.
2479.VOLTAGE
SOFTENER - A device or system used to remove calcium and magnesium hardness minerals from a water supply. TUBE - A boiler tube through which the fluid under pressure flows. The products of combustion surround the tube. VAPOR - In air conditioning, the water in the atmosphere. WALL - The walls of tubes surrounding the combustion chamber, taking the place of the flrebrick walls used in earlier types of water-tube boilers. WASHING - A method of off-load boiler cleaning, carried out by using hoses and large quantities of water at fairly high pressure.
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2501.WATER,
BRAKISH - (1) Water having less salt than sea water, but undrinkable. (2) Water having salinity values ranging from about 0.5 to 17 parts per thousand.
2516.WINCH:
2504.WATER-ICE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM - Heat is 2505.WATERLEG - That space that is full of boiler water
between two parallel plates. It usually forms one or more sides of internally fired boilers.
A hoisting or pulling machine fitted with a horizontal single or double drum. A small drum is generally fitted on one or both ends of the shaft supporting the hoisting drum. These small drums are called gypsies, or winch heads. The hoisting drums either are fitted with a friction brake or are directly keyed to the shaft. They are in the form of a spool and carry the working wire rope. The driving power is usually electricity, but hand power is also used. A winch is used principally for handling, hoisting, and lowering cargo from a dock or lighter to the hold of a ship and vice versa. - The mechanical loss when circulating the cooling medium (air or hydrogen) through the generator. DRIFT - That water lost from an open recirculating-water system by means of wind blown through the spray area that carries water out of the system. This is not the same as loss by evaporation, since such a loss can occur even without evaporation.
2517.WINDAGE 2518.WINDAGE
2506.WATERWALL
- A row of water tubes lining a furnace or combustion chamber, exposed to the radiant heat of the fire. current flow of one ampere under one volt of pressure; or one joule per second in SI units.
2509.WEDGE SLUICE VALVE - A type of valve in which 2510.WEEP - A term usually applied to a minute leak in
a boiler joint, which forms droplets (or tears) of water very slowly.
2522.WIPED
BEARINGS: A bearing in which the babbit has melted because of excess heat. designed to compress gas, with piston motion parallel to crankshaft.
2511.WEIGHT
TO POWER RATIO - It is the weight of the machine producing work. For example - the gas turbine is capable of producing more horse power per given mass of its machinery, then the same amount of horse power produced by a machine having many times that mass. BULB - Device used in measurement of relative humidity. Evaporation of moisture lowers temperature of wet bulb compared to dry bulb temperature in same area. BULB TEMPERATURE (WB) - The temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a saturated wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air. The wet bulb temperature also represents the dew point temperature of the air, where the moisture of the air condenses on a cold surface. STANDBY - Boiler is filled completely with water or maintained at normal operating level with a positive nitrogen pressure of 35 to 70 kPa. DEPRESSION - The difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature.
2525.WORKING
2512.WET
2513.WET
2526.WORK
2527.WORM,
2514.WET
2515.WET-BULB
2529.YOKE:
A frame or bar having its center portion bored and keyed or otherwise constructed for attachment to the rudder stock. Steering effort from the steering gear is applied to each end of the yoke for the purpose of turning the rudder.
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2530.ZEOLITE 2531.ZEOLITE
- A natural mineral (hydrous silicates) that has the capacity to absorb hardness, calcium, and magnesium ions from water. SOFTENING - Refers to the process, where zeolite chemicals are capable to exchange ions with the hardness causing impurities of the water. FITTING: A small fitting to which a grease gun can be applied to force lubricating grease into bearings or moving parts of machinery. POTENTIAL - The difference in voltage between the surface of the diffuse layer surrounding a colloidal particle and the bulk liquid beyond. input is minimum.
2532.ZERK 2533.ZETA
2536.ZONING
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