International Journal of Steel Structures 15(2): 365-374 (2015)

DOI 10.1007/s13296-015-6008-3

www.springer.com/journal/13296

Study on Inelastic Buckling and Residual Strength of

H-Section Steel Column Member
Daniel Y. Abebe1, Sijeong Jeong1, Jeonghyun Jang1, Jaehyouk Choi2,*, and Jeong-Ung Park3
1
Graduate School of Architectural Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
2
Associate Professor, School of Architectural Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
3
Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea

Abstract

The inelastic buckling behavior and residual strength of H-section steel column member under axial compression loading is
evaluated in this study considering different parameters. The parameters that were examined are the slenderness ratio, end
constraint condition, buckling strength of the column members; the post buckling compressive resistance including strain
hardening effect and axial deformation. Non linear finite element analysis was carried out for each of these parameters in this
study on H-section column members. The FE analysis conducted was verified through compression loading test by comparing
the inelastic deformation shape and buckling load-axial deformation relationship and satisfactory results were found.

Keywords: H-section steel column, residual strength, inelastic buckling, post buckling, constraint condition, FEM, slenderness
ratio

1. Introduction collapse loading energy, also known as the potential

When a column member reaches at its critical load, the
structural element effectively fails and becomes incapable
of sustaining the load. However, if there is sufficient
residual strength, the member will have the capacity to
resist load after buckling (Park et al., 2011). Steel members
have a tendency of plastic deformation. This property of
steel is good for progressive collapse prevention of
structures. According to ASCE 7-02 (2002), a progressive
collapse event is defined as ‘the spread of an initial local
failure from element to element where it eventually result
in the collapse of the entire structure or large part of the
structure will be disproportionately affected by an
abnormal load. Accidentally falling objects on the building
structures are among these abnormal loads which causes
progressive collapse of buildings. Local failure of a
primary structural component induced by any external
loading, falling object, may cause critical damage. This
external loading may also lead to a partial or full collapse
of the building (Lee et al., 2009). In order to absorb the
Received March 2, 2014; accepted January 5, 2015;
published online June 30, 2015
© KSSC and Springer 2015
*Corresponding author
Tel: +82-6-2230-7615, Fax: +82-6-2230-7155
E-mail: jh_choi@chosun.ac.kr
energy of the falling object, into plastic deformation
energy of a steel column, it is necessary to clearly identify
the behavior of inelastic deformation and post-buckling
residual strength of the steel column members. Once the
load-deformation relation is known, as described in Figs.
1(a) and (b), it is considered as appropriate conditions for
preventing progressive collapse (JSSC, II Research, 2005).
Figures 1(a) and (b) show the released potential energy
that is absorbed along the load-deformation relationship
and when the weight of the falling members that are
included in the stationary vertical load respectively. It is
obvious that the column members buckle when the
strength exceeds the plastic limit. However, if the residual
strength of the column member is greater than the applied
force, progressive collapse will not occur. The applied
force is actually the sum of falling objects and stationary
loads.
The strength of a steel column is usually governed by
the stability of local or global buckling (Yu and Schafer,
2003). Local buckling refers to a phenomena for a plate
failure. It depends on the strength of a plate, such as the
Young’s modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio (υ) and the ratio of
the width-thickness of the section. On the other hand, the
global buckling behavior of a steel column depends on a
number of factors that include: the yield strength, slenderness
ratio, residual stress and initial crookedness. In this study,
nonlinear FE analysis was conducted to evaluate the
behavior of inelastic column members by considering
366 Daniel Y. Abebe et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 15(2), 365-374, 2015

Figure 2. Buckling behavior of column member.

than Cc and its behavior can be determined by an inelastic

buckling curve given by:

Py 2
Pcr = P y 1 – -------------
2
- ( KL ) (2)
4π EI

On the other hand, the slenderness ratio for elastic

column is greater than Cc. The behavior of elasticity
buckled column member is given by the Euler formula as
in Eq. (3):
2
π EI
Pcr = --------------2 (3)
( KL )

where E: is young’s modulus, I and KL are moment of

inertia and effective length of the column member
Figure 1. Survival condition for single floor against the respectively.
weight of falling members. The critical stress (σ cr) for the inelastic and elastic
column can be obtained by dividing Eq. (2) and Eq. (3)
to the cross-sectional area respectively. The resulting
different boundary conditions. Boundary condition of critical stress becomes:
column member is the influential parameter for both local
2
and global buckling strengths so its effect on inelastic σy ( KL )
σcr = σy 1 – -------------------
2 2
(4)
buckling behavior of column needs to be studied. The 4π Er
effect of slenderness ratio on column strength and
2
cumulative energy absorbed by column members is also πE
σcr = -------------------2 (5)
reviewed. ( KL ⁄ r )

2. Buckling Behavior of Column Members
The buckling of column member occurs when the
member in the compression becomes unstable due to its
slenderness and applied load (Owens and Knowles,
1994). The general mean adapted to determine the
slenderness ratio to distinguish inelastic buckling and
elastic buckling of steel columns is given by:
2
2π E
Cc = ------------
σy
For an inelastic column, the slenderness ratio is less
The general buckling behavior curve of a column
member in terms of its effective length (KL) and applied
load (P) is plotted in Fig. 2. This curve, which is also
known as column strength curve, is composed both
inelastic and elastic buckling region.
The buckling shape of inelastic column when the axial
compression force (P) and axial deformation (∆) forms a
plastic hinge at the mid-length of the member for the pin
ended and three plastic hinges are formed for fixed ended
column member is shown Figs. 3(a) and (b) respectively.
(1)
For fixed ended model shown in Fig. 3(b), the plastic hinges
at the top and bottom are formed where the difference in
curvature is occurred during buckling. The difference in
 Study on Inelastic Buckling and Residual Strength of H-Section Steel Column Member 367

Figure 3. Buckling models with different boundary conditions for (a) Pinned model (b) fixed ended model.

curvature is due to the rigidity of the boundary condition.

From the condition of moment equilibrium of the half
column as shown in a free body diagram of Fig. 3, the
axial load and from the buckling geometry, the axial
shortening for pin and fixed ended column model given
in Eqs. (6) and (7) respectively (Zdenek and Yong, 2002).
∆=L (1−cosθ) (6)
∆=L (1−cosθ)/2 (7)
where θ: the plastic rotation L: length of column member.
The corresponding axial load for pin and fixed ended
column models expressed in terms of the plastic moment Figure 4. Typical inelastic buckling curve.
(Mp) is given in Eqs. (8) and (9) respectively.
P=Mp/Lsinθ (8) The plastic moment is given in terms of plastic section
P=2Mp/Lsinθ (9) modulus (Zp) and yield strength (σy) as:
For eliminating the plastic rotation θ, the sinθ can be Mp=Zp*σy (14)
derived from the free body diagram geometry for pinned
The yield strength is calculated as in Eq. (15) in terms
and fixed ended model as in Eqs. (10) and (11) respectively.
the yield force (Py) and the cross sectional area (A).
2
sinθ = ( 2L∆ – ∆ ) ⁄ L (10) P
σy = -----y (15)
2 A
sinθ = ( 2 L∆ – ∆ ) ⁄ L (11)
Substituting Eq. (14) and Eq. (15) in Eq. (12) and Eq.
Substituting Eq. (10) in Eqs. (8) and (11) in Eq. (9), the
(13), the relationship between axial deformation and axial
relationship between axial load (P) and axial strain (∆/L)
load will be expressed as in Eq. (16) and Eq.(17) for
for pinned and fixed ended column model is expressed in
respective pinned and fixed ended column model (AIJ,
Eq. (12) and Eq. (13) respectively.
1998; Abebe et al., 2013; Abebe et al., 2013).
2Mp
P = -------------------------------------------
- ∆ 2Z 2 1 -⎞ 2
--- = 1 – 1 – ⎛ --------p⎞ ⋅ ⎛ -----------
(12)
2 (16)
L 1 – [1 – (∆ ⁄ L)] L ⎝ LA ⎠ ⎝ P ⁄ P y⎠
2Mp
P = -------------------------------------------- (13) ∆ 1 1 ⎛ 2Z p⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
2 --- = --- – --- – -------- ⋅ ------------ (17)
1 1
L --- – --- – ( ∆ ⁄ L ) L 2 4 ⎝ LA ⎠ ⎝ P ⁄ P y⎠
4 2
368 Daniel Y. Abebe et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 15(2), 365-374, 2015

Figure 5. 3-D analysis model.

The typical inelastic buckling curve is shown in Fig. 4

which illustrates the load that induce buckling in inelastic
columns is less than the critical buckling load.

3. Finite Element Analysis

3.1. Material modeling
A 3D finite element analysis model shown in Fig. 5 has
been created using commercial software ABAQUS 6.10
(2011) to evaluate the inelastic buckling behavior of H-
section steel column member. The analysis specimen is
modeled in shell and meshed S4R quadrilateral through
mesh generation by Python script. This because the S4R
mesh type can uniformly reduce the integration to avoid
any shear and membrane locking. A reasonable mesh size
was tied in order to provide accurate result with less
computational time. Material nonlinearity of steel is taken
into account during material modeling by specifying a
stress-strain curve in terms of true stress and plastic strain
with the appropriate input format for ABAQUS. In the
plasto range, the important behavior of structural steel to
be considered is the strain hardening behavior of the
material. Thus, a combined kinematic and isotropic strain
hardening model was used. The structural steel components,
conventional mild steel (SS400) used, are modeled as an
elasto-plastic material. For the material SS400, the Young’s
modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 205,000 MPa and 0.3
respectively. The yield and ultimate stresses were 345 and
511 MPa, respectively. The ultimate strength is reached at
a strain of 15.51% and it has a maximum elongation of
24%.
The initial geometrical imperfection has also been
taken in to account during the FE analysis introducing
imperfections up to 6 mode. The process and steps of
analysis including imperfection is shown in Fig. 6.
3.2. Boundary and loading condition
A total of 22 boundary nodes were created to generate
and control the constraint and loading conditions. Half of
the nodes (11) were used in boundary 1and the remaining
Figure 6. Analysis algorithm.
half nodes (11) on the boundary 2, as in Fig. 5. The same
loading and boundary condition shown in Fig. 3 is used
in FE analysis. For fixed ended column model, all the
translational and rotational components are fixed at
boundary 1 and at the boundary 2 only translation in Z-
direction is free in Fig. 5. For pin ended model, two types
of constraint conditions depending on the constraining
rotation in weak and strong axis is considered. In both
cases, the translation components used is the same as that
used in fixed ended column model at both boundary 1
and 2. The rotational components are free in X and Y-
direction fixing the other direction for the constraining
rotation in weak and strong axis respectively at both
boundary 1 and 2. The load is applied at boundary 2 in Z-
direction by controlling the axial deformation (∆) up to
0.2L where, L: is the length of column member.
4. Verification of Analysis Model
To verify the conducted analysis, compression loading
test was carried out on pin ended H-section steel column.
The material configuration, the constraint and loading
conditions used in the experiment were the same as that
used in the pin ended FE analysis model. The test set up,
 Study on Inelastic Buckling and Residual Strength of H-Section Steel Column Member
Figure 7. Loading test set up.
loading condition and the overview of test specimen is
shown in Fig. 7. The inelastic buckling capacity and
residual strength in large-deformation range is evaluated
by compression loading test and the result is compared
with the results obtained from the FE analysis. Table 1
illustrates the cross-sectional property of test specimen
used to verify the analyses model. The governing slenderness
KL KL
ratio is taken as max ⎛ ---------x, ---------y⎞ according to LRFD
⎝ rx π ry π ⎠
Specifications Appendix E3.
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Effect of boundary condition on failure mode
Inelastic buckling occurs when part of the cross section
yields, resulting in a decrease of stiffness for the column
(Dowling et al., 1992). All specimens are loaded up to
failure. Local buckling of flanges is observed at mid-
height of the specimen. High stresses and strains develop
in the corner areas once the local buckling occurs at the
mid-height. These strain localization in the corner areas
leads to inelastic buckling. Figures 8(a) and (b) show the
comparison of the deformation mode of FE analysis and
loading test results buckled in weak and strong axis
respectively. The deformation mode of fixed ended
analysis model presented in Fig. 8(c) where three plastic
hinges formed. As discussed by Sheidaii and Baharminejad
(2012) and Yang et al. (2006), initial imperfection is
sensitive during evaluation of the inelastic buckling
Table 1. Section properties of test specimen
Area
Dimensions Radius of Gyration
(mm2)
rx ry
100×100×6×8 mm 2019
24.7 41.8
369
behavior. In this study, the imperfection is defined up to
6 modes as shown in the analysis algorithm of Fig. 6 to
get the deformation shape presented in Figs. 8(a)-(c) for all
boundary conditions.
The comparison of normalized load-axial deformation
relationship of compression loading test and FE analysis
result for different boundary conditions is shown in Fig.
9. As it could be referred from the figure, one can observe
that the FE analysis results are in good agreement with
the result obtained from compression loading test result
both in elastic and inelastic (post-buckling) region. In
both experimental and analytical results, after attaining
the maximum buckling load, the resisting capacity decreases
in post-buckling range with different rate depending on
the boundary conditions. In a large inelastic deformation
level, it is assumed that strain hardening is developed
resulting in larger forces to be resisted. However, for pin
ended inelastic column member, once the member yields,
the resisting capacity decreases rapidly as shown in Fig.
9. For fixed ended model, the resisting capacity keeps
constant, did not increase as it was assumed, for short
period (for axial strain of 0.18-1.25%) after attaining the
maximum resisting capacity. We note that the constant
force kept for the fixed ended model is not the effect of
the strain hardening but it was the behavior of fixed end
boundary condition.
The load-deformation relationship identified in this study
can be applied to the prevention of progressive collapse
of structure. A similar study was also conducted by
Zdenek and Yong (2002) that focused on how the world
Moment of Area Plastic section
Slenderness ratio
(mm4) (mm3)
KL/rx Kl/ry Ix Iy Zx Zy
23 14 1.34×106 3.83×106 8.76×104 4.12×104
370 Daniel Y. Abebe et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 15(2), 365-374, 2015

Figure 9. Load-displacement relationship.

equal to the potential energy of one or two of the

building's floors released. In this case, the scale of the
potential energy reaches 8.4 times that of the plastic
energy absorbed by the structure immediately below.
Zdenek concludes that the WTC were unable to absorb
the potential energy that was released. The plastic energy
refers to the area under the load-displacement
relationship. Thus, knowing the load-displacement
relationship of column member is the first step to prevent
progressive collapse of structure as it allow us to know
the possible potential energy to be absorbed by the
column member.

5.2. Evaluation of crack susceptibility depending on

the boundary condition
The indexes mainly used to evaluate the crack susceptibility
are stress triaxiality, PEEQ Index and rupture index,
described here below. These indexes are usually drawn or
plotted in terms of location. However, we tried to present
with respect to axial strain which is converted from
pseudo time of FE analysis output.
Stress Triaxiality ratio (τ): is known to greatly
influence the amount of plastic strain which a material
may undergo before ductile failure occurs. A number of
researchers took this fracture criteria effect into consideration
in to predict failure. It is defined mathematically as the
ratio of hydrostatic pressure, or mean stress, to the von
Mises equivalent stress as shown in Eq. (18). This ratio is
an important quantity when considering ductile rupture of
steel material. High triaxiality (0.75<σm/σe <1.5) can
cause a large reduction in the rupture strain of metals.
Very high triaxiality (σm/σe >1.5) can result in brittle
behavior (Lemaitre, 1996).

σ 1 ⁄ 3 ( σ1 + σ2 + σ3 )
τ = -----m- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (18)
σe 1 2 2 2
--- ( σ1 – σ2 ) + ( σ2 – σ3 ) + ( σ3 – σ1 )
Figure 8. Inelastic buckling mode. 2

PEEQ Index: is used to measure the local ductility

trade centers (WTC) were collapsed. Accordingly, the which is defined as the plastic equivalent strain divided
potential energy in the upper section of the building is by the yield strain.
 Study on Inelastic Buckling and Residual Strength of H-Section Steel Column Member
Figure 10. Index measurement location.
p
ε
PEEQ Index= ----e
εy
p
where εe : is plastic equivalent strain which is given by
using the plastic strain components (εij) in directions i and
j as in Eq. (20) and ε y: is the strain at yield.
εe = 2
p
--- εij εij
3
Rupture Index (RI): is defined by the ratio of PEEQ
index to Stress triaxiality. RI can be used to compare
between the potential for ductile fracture of different
critical points.
PEEQ Index
Rupture Index= ------------------------------
exp ( –1.5τ )
The measurement location of these indices are
calculated are shown in Fig. 10 that are selected at the
expected crack initiation points by looking at the
maximum equivalent stresses and plastic strains. As shown
in the Fig. 10, the location of crack initiation is different
depending on the boundary condition; however, it is
obvious that the crack occurs at the plastic hinges. These
locations, as indicated in the figure, includes: flange in
tension (A), flange in compression (B) and center of web
(C). Figures 11-13 presents the calculated indexes versus
axial strain for the three different constraint conditions
considered. The possible cracking initiation points are
identified by comparing the calculated indices at these
locations. For instance, looking at Figs. 11 and 13, for
constraint rotation in weak axis and for fixed ended
model, the crack was observed at flanges in tension side
(point A). The initiated crack that was observed at the
surface around the end of flange in tension will propagate
to the web-flange joint then leads to final failure. Figure
371
(19)
(20)
Figure 11. Indexes calculated for at plastic hinge of
column member buckled in weak axis.
(21)
12 shows the results for constraint rotation in strong axis
where a crack has been initiated at the center of web
(point C).
From the calculated indexes, the dimension for the H-
section of steel column has to be revised depending on
the constraint conditions. Because the possible reason for
the rapid decrease of post-buckling curve is assumed to
be the early yielding and crack of these critical locations.
Thus, for constraint rotation in weak axis and for fixed
ended model, the flange thickness needs to be increased.
However, for constraint rotation in strong axis, it is the
web that requires revision so that the failure could occur
uniformly throughout the member at the plastic hinge.
5.3. Effect of Slenderness ratio
The effect of slenderness ratio on the inelastic buckling
of column member is reviewed. According to part 4 of
AISC/LRFD (AISC, 2001), the slenderness parameter
(λc) is defined as:
372 Daniel Y. Abebe et al. / International Journal of Steel Structures, 15(2), 365-374, 2015
Figure 12. Indexes calculated for at plastic hinge of
column member buckled in strong axis.
σ
λc = ------y- (22)
σcr
By substituting λc of Eq. (22) in Eq. (2), then the
slenderness parameter becomes:
KL σ
λc = ------- -----y (23)
rπ E
Figure 14 shows the relationship between column
strength and slenderness parameter (λc). Based on the
analytical result, it was found that the column strength
decreases with increasing slenderness ratio. For slenderness
ratio, λc >1 , the rate of strength for the degradation of the
column is high. Table 2 summarizes the relationship
between the buckling strength of the column member and
the slenderness parameter. The relationship between the
cumulative energy absorbed by column members, calculated
from load-deformation curve, and slenderness parameter
Figure 13. Indexes calculated for at plastic hinge of
column member both end fixed.
is presented in Fig. 15. As shown in the Fig. 15, the
cumulative energy decreases rapidly for slenderness
parameter of less than 0.305.
6. Conclusion
A total of 34 FE analysis were conducted to evaluate
the inelastic behavior of H-section steel column by
considering the slenderness and constraint conditions as
parameters. The analyzed model was verified with the
results of compression loading test. Based on the comparison
result, both the inelastic buckling mode and load-
deformation (P-∆) relationship were in good agreement.
The load-displacement relationship of H-section steel
column is identified up to the final collapse. This helps to
know the possible amount of total plastic energy that
could be absorbed by the column member. This in turn
assists, as first step, to prevent progressive collapse of the
structure. However, the design strategy of using this method
for progressive collapse prevention is under research.
 Study on Inelastic Buckling and Residual Strength of H-Section Steel Column Member 373

Figure 14. Effect of slenderness ratio on column strength. Figure 15. Effect of slenderness ratio on cumulative energy.

The effect of slenderness ratio on inelastic buckling
behavior was also reviewed. High stresses and strains
were developed at the plastic hinges in all analysis specimens
considered. For column members of slenderness parameter,
λc <1, local buckling of flange was observed before the
final collapse. The buckling strength of the column
member varies depending on the boundary condition and
slenderness ratio. It is found that strain hardening behavior
of steel has no significant effect on the post buckling
compressive resistance of H-section steel column member.
In order to evaluate the crack susceptibility location,
different indices were calculated and the possible crack
initiation points were identified. From the calculated
indices, we suggest that the H-section of the column to be
revised depending on the different constraint conditions
considered. This revision will make the uniform column
failure so that the plastic energy absorbed could be
increased because the decreasing rate of resisting capacity
in the post-buckling region due to an early failure of a
web for constraining rotation strong axis and a flange in
a tension side for constraining rotation in weak axis and
for fixed ended model will be decreased.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by research fund from
Chosun University, 2015.
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Table 2. Comparison of buckling strength of column member

Slenderness Calculated Analytical Test

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0.205 718.525 0.990 722.639 0.996
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