Q1. What are the different types of Biomedical Images?

Mention their origin, characteristics, capturing instruments, specification of images, applications, and
sample figure.
Capturing
S. N. Name of Image Origin Characteristics Applications Specification of images?? Sample Image
Instruments
1. X-rays detects the shadow of the bones 14" x 36" 14" x 17"
Electromagnetic Radiation Gray image whose contrast to visualize the skeleton of human body. 14" x 14" 11" x 14"
of wavelength 0.01 to 10 depend on the absorption Fluorescent thin Film 10" x 12" 7" x 17"
1 X-ray Image 2. Chest X-ray detects pneumonia, lung
nm by cathode ray tube or coefficient of the imaging and X-ray tube 9.5" x 9.5" 8" x 10"
X-ray tube subject cancer or pulmonary edema, etc.

1. A technology that uses 1. The 2D CT image X-ray Tomographic 1. Unlike x-ray imaging, CT enables The CT data consists of axial CT
computer-processed X- corresponds to a 3D section Machine includes: direct imaging and differentiation of soft scans of the entire body taken at 1 mm
rays to produce sectional of the patient X-ray Source, X-ray tissue structures, such as liver, lung tissue, intervals at a resolution of 512 pixels
images. 2. CT slice thickness is 1 to Fan Beam, Detector and fat. by 512 pixels where each pixel is
10 mm Array and Data made up of 12 bits of grey tone. The
CT Scan Image 2. Tomography is a method 3. The 2D array of pixels in Acquisition System[5] 2. CT is especially useful in searching for axial anatomical images are 2048
(Computer to represent a single slice the CT image corresponds large space occupying lesions, tumours pixels by 1216 pixels where each pixel
Tomography Scan) of the body on radiographic to an equal number of 3D and metastasis and can not only reveal is defined by 24 bits of color, each
2
film. voxels (volume elements) their presence, but also the size, spatial image consisting of about 7.5
in the patient location and extent of a tumour. [6] megabytes of data. The anatomical
3. Synthesis of multiple X- cross-sections are also at 1 mm
ray images of a ‘slice’. intervals and coincide with the CT
axial images. There are 1871 cross-
sections for each mode, CT and
anatomy, obtained from the male
cadaver. [9]
Using MRI scans, physicians can diagnose The male dataset consists of axial MR
1. MRI is entirely
1. MRI Stands for or monitor treatments for a variety of images of the head and neck taken at 4
dependent on digital MRI imaging requires:
Magnetic Resonance medical conditions, including: mm intervals and longitudinal sections
processing of the measured
Imaging. 1. Abnormalities of the brain and spinal of the remainder of the body also at 4
data that have to be 1. Power supply for
2. Basically MRI is the cord mm intervals. The resolution of the
converted to the image Magnetism
exchange of energy 2. Tumors, cysts, and other abnormalities MR images is 256 pixels by 256
form by means of specific
MRI Image between elementary in various parts of the body pixels. Each pixel has 12 bits of grey
3 algorithms [2]. 2. Strong Magnetic
particles placed in a strong 3. Diseases of the liver and other tone.
Field
magnetic field and the abdominal organs
2. MRI produces 3-D
irradiating electromagnetic 4. Causes of pelvic pain in women (e.g.
images of the human body 3. Data acquisition and
field of a particular fibroids, endometriosis)
[1]. processing unit for
frequency which is 5. Suspected uterine abnormalities in
imaging.
governed by the laws of women undergoing evaluation for
3. MRI is digital Image
Quantum Mechanics. infertility.[7]
4 Ultrasound Imaging
3D real time image from
Needs Ultrasound-based diagnostic  B mode, M mode, Colour mode or
echo signal, Colour
1. piezoelectric imaging technique used for visualizing different combination mode image.
Doppler ultrasound image
crystal-based internal body structures  The Image may be of 3D or 4D
produce colour image.
transducer to form including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels image.
Ultrasound Image Very high frequency ultrasound beam and and internal organs for possible pathology  The image may be of Panoramic
Ultrasound Image is always
Also called (generally 1 to 18 to receive the returned or lesions. [8] Image also.
a digital image
Sonographic Image megahertz) sound to image signal from the tissue.  The still image is in JPG, BMP or
2. Computer assisted Measurement of blood velocity TIF format. [10]
Images from the ultrasound
data acquisition and  Gray scale and Colour Image
scanner are transferred and
processing to display Imaging of uterus and ovaries in women
displayed using the
digital Image. and testicle in Men
DICOM standard
5 Nuclear Image
(PET & SPECT)  Temporal resolution of PET image
PET: Positron is 30-40sec.
Emission 1. To measure Blood perfusion in the
Tomography Tomograhic or slice Image  Basically Colour Image
brain
SPECT: Single 2. For the diagnosis of tumour in various
Photon Emission Gamma rays of Colour Image in 2D and Gamma Camera and  2D presentation of 3D Image or
function
Computed Radioisotopes or radio 3D form Computer Assisted tomographic Image [11].
3. For the assessment of cardiac functions
Tomography nuclides Image Processor
4. To detect the function of liver,
Computer Processed
formation of bile, metabolism and
Digital Image
synthesis of various protein.

Plz visit: http://www.alliancemedical.co.uk/types-of-scan

http://www.medicalimaging.org/about-mita/medical-imaging-primer/
The global medical image classification by modalities, image type, indications and end-users include:

Global medical image by modalities

 X-ray
 Ultrasound
  Computed Tomography (CT)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Nuclear Imaging (PET & SPECT)

Global medical image by image type

 2D
 3D
 4D

Global medical image by indications

 Radiology
 Cardiology
 Oncology
 Neurology
 Obstetrics & gynecology
 Breast mammography

Global medical image by end-users

 Hospitals
 Diagnostic centers
 Research centers

References:
[1] Atam P. Dhawan, Medical Image Analysis, IEEE Press Series in Biomedical Engineering, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 2011.
[2] Jiˇrí Jan, Medical Image Processing, Reconstruction and Restoration: Concepts and Methods, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

[3] http://faculty.etsu.edu/blanton/15_-_Computed_Tomography_I.ppt

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography#Types_of_machines

[5] http://www.google.com.bd/imgres?imgurl=http://www.analogic.com/Collateral/Images/English-US/products/DMS_DAS.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.analogic.com/products-medical-computer-
tomography.htm&h=481&w=690&tbnid=w-oZlTrCU

[6] http://www.imaginis.com/ct-scan/applications-and-clinical-benefits-of-ct-imaging

[7] http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm200086.html

[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography

[9] http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/getting_data.html

[10] http://sonowied.de/fileadmin/sonowied/produkte/sonoscape/s40/downloads/Specification%20S40.pdf

[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography

[12]