Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use an Oracle INSTEAD OF trigger to insert data into

tables via a non-updatable view.

What is an instead of trigger in Oracle

An INSTEAD OF trigger is a trigger that allows you to update data in tables via their view which cannot
be modified directly through DML statements.

When you issue a DML statement such as INSERT , UPDATE , or DELETE to a non-updatable view,
Oracle will issue an error. Check it out for more information on the updatable view.

If the view has an INSTEAD OF trigger, it will automatically skip the DML statement and execute other
DML statements instead.

Note that an INSTEAD OF trigger is fired for each row of the view that gets modified.

In Oracle, you can create an INSTEAD OF trigger for a view only. You cannot create an INSTEAD OF
trigger for a table.

The following illustrates the syntax of creating an INSTEAD OF trigger:


CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name
INSTEAD OF {INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE}
ON view_name
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
EXCEPTION
...
END;
In this syntax:

First, specify the name of the trigger after the CREATE TRIGGER keywords. Use OR REPLACE if you
want to modify an existing trigger.

Second, use the INSTEAD OF keywords followed by an operation such as INSERT , UPDATE , and
DELETE .

Third, specify the name of the view with which the trigger is associated.

Finally, specify the code that executes instead of the INSERT , UPDATE , and DELETE .

Oracle INSTEAD OF trigger example

We will use the customers and contacts tables from the sample database for the demonstration.

First, create a view based on the customers and contacts tables:


CREATE VIEW vw_customers AS
SELECT
name,
address,
website,
credit_limit,
first_name,
last_name,
email,
phone
FROM
 customers
INNER JOIN contacts USING (customer_id);

Next, attempt to insert a new customer and contact into the underlying tables via the view
vw_customers :


INSERT INTO
vw_customers(
name,
address,
website,
credit_limit,
first_name,
last_name,
email,
phone
)
VALUES(
'Lam Research',
'Fremont, California, USA',
'https://www.lamresearch.com/',
2000,
'John',
'Smith',
'john.smith@lamresearch.com',
'+1-510-572-0200'
);

Oracle issued the following error:


SQL Error: ORA-01779: cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table
01779. 00000 - "cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table"
*Cause: An attempt was made to insert or update columns of a join view which
map to a non-key-preserved table.
*Action: Modify the underlying base tables directly.
Then, create an INSTEAD OF trigger on the view vw_customers :


CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER new_customer_trg
INSTEAD OF INSERT ON vw_customers
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
l_customer_id NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- insert a new customer first
INSERT INTO customers(name, address, website, credit_limit)
VALUES(:NEW.NAME, :NEW.address, :NEW.website, :NEW.credit_limit)
RETURNING customer_id INTO l_customer_id;

-- insert the contact

INSERT INTO contacts(first_name, last_name, email, phone, customer_id)
VALUES(:NEW.first_name, :NEW.last_name, :NEW.email, :NEW.phone, l_customer_id);
END;

In this trigger, we inserted a new customer, get customer id, and use that id to insert a new contact.

After that, execute the following statement again:


INSERT INTO
vw_customers(
name,
address,
website,
credit_limit,
first_name,
last_name,
email,
phone
)
VALUES(
'Lam Research',
'Fremont, California, USA',
 'https://www.lamresearch.com/',
2000,
'John',
'Smith',
'john.smith@lamresearch.com',
'+1-510-572-0200'
);

This picture illustrates the INSTEAD OF trigger:

Finally, verify data from the customers table:


SELECT * FROM customers
ORDER BY customer_id DESC
FETCH FIRST ROWS ONLY;

Here is the output:

As you can see, the new customer has been inserted successfully.

This statement returns the contact of the new customer: