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    18 views11 pages

    Martin J 2002 Organizational Culture Map

    Uploaded by

    Leafar Verdant

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    warts ope however: Although it may st appr tht ctrl researches lange etal stout the theoretic conchsons they daw from {het rescareyosowa n Chapier there maybe waste understand ‘rytee diferencerbaveocarredandhow adrocatesof diferent the- ketlspproaches might combine tee nights andleum from each othe. edn ne ent ahd ciecaelseran fn acne orto ‘Sbiercomem oh Se nappa int wn ener eget ieee teeta te a tn ch on Se a esheets pinto "thei cil pie in om eb ae eg een ed veces ee 3. Ovgowsnshonal €u Wwe; Napiing the Terrain, can is chapter focus on theory hole dlr: What theoreti [penpetve wil you edo ether aa reader or aa esenchet Mot orpnizationalcataereearciers ave answered thisquetion DY ‘oping onc of tre theoretic perspectives the ntegration die- RENCE Srteumentaton viewpoints lath chap | define andre Seen e proring cach there perpertos.tshow, Wing “clope how snd why ednoats ofthese tree perspectives dangee ‘eth eck other co vehemently T et the tags, review some ofthe ‘rententina cltre trata, summing pat ofthe rge volt Teh bec ede ooh some definitions Defining Theee Theoretical Views ‘of Calturesin Organizations Sn tpt Tif Cane ‘Biledt_Conplenestary of Te Thera Respects 1 on those manifestation of cule —_____twurson bien eee ture thet have maul gonsistninterpretations. An integration por ‘Siewrete Opinio ake tel of culture sees colensasfathough not aeesiilyunaninity), cr oa . throughout an organization. From theintegration perspective, culture sion song cindy aay encom ‘sutubichis dee ambiguity BeROGdEdToviminsre aT eee aed Spor fom he nation pepe clei asl monet Clinton Eee Ch tole is seen the sae way by mos people, i mater om which angle ssbiear sesh The difereniaion perspective focuses on cultural manifestations ttre beoren epresons si wen OF ee cave in a poi inconsistent manner. From the diferentation perspective, consensus ei witin an orga estion—but only tle level of anapis, Inbeled “eubeultures” Subcultures may exist i harmony, dependently, or in cont with ambiguity banished tthe vente stature exes een threina metaphor soblure se Me Wands ofan sea at saat Stampa ciate lesp anon ” cultural manifestations as neither Gearly consistent nar clearly incon- Sst Instead interpretations of car manifestations are aiig- ously related io each the, placing ambigy rather han cary, at ‘Seco cata ae hagestton ew cna saat tnilane rec expe he fagmentaton pence ina ete phat inet at nds oleae ged = Ht fone aces et pepo a tee nodueed othe ev iomrent ier hd sayin tesell oon galay ow mre ‘Grong’ dizprovig nts looe ric oaede ter Ugh il eons pang tot aides ender > er unsvae opal ese oor ite vould tr ono. frentalghbu Pom dsuneepters ol woudoppet {Seppe ins conn! x ih pte peed hee hc ctr perpesia ceeonplonenyinespeie sway Epcot dies potonon re meson Mnardie Ne titclon among meetin oo Canon ocean acl and aint of ambi Scheer eS Single Perspective Studies of Cultures in Organizations: ‘A Review ofthe Literature Because most empirical etic of eaturs in organizations adopt ‘one (or.rarly two) ofthese thre theoreti perspectives {structure a "eview ofthis terature according to the primary perspective usd. In this waythe thre perspectives can be used to mak sense ofthe morass of conflicting rerlts that characterize cultoral retest. (More exten- fivereviews ofthis iterate are avaiable Martin 19873},) Te std= lesvferencedin this section ofthe chpterhave been not been select sr exemplars of excellent eeardh (fr arte ofthis pprosth, see Gugliarh 1991, although you mey decide that some maybe. Instead thevestdeshavebeensleted ysl sampling the many studies that have been done inthe pst thre decades witha focus on studies that maybe of particular interet to organizational eseurches In an integration study ach clr aifeation mentioned is \ ~zonsistent with the next, cfeating a net of mutually reinforcing ele- eer met eee Senne ie y en i ee Sg a ene ec arer _eotipoenaeier tie i ihe. woud not make seme t cate abit the phys nd psycho- Togi wel eng of employers eg ing financial suport or Kime ‘of when necessary) ithe company did nt abo take «lo erm perpectve: Sma, “sared valves” would be wake If employee Turnover were high and short-tem profit maximisation goals were foremot, ‘Colletvy-wide conven i paths balinark. of an iteration _nndypesean beeen ina deveriptonofteimleaton of eplyte well blog ntheoryZultares (Ouchi eget 1 ete pera om epee bec Ti Neer Geyser amy an ace ‘ny mertes esa eat tthe cantata ese (Sr nts elon niet ih he erpatation (6) ‘Aitoog Ouch's (198) sty of theory Za reledonarandory ratified aumple of employees, mot integration ies foes priser yon profesional For example, OR, Chmen ad ‘Caw (1991 studied accoumans and wot he dercalemploressof scouring ised Schein (1985, 1996, 1989) ocueson manages, ‘erticnlan tho in top psions and nt the majority of lower Expoyee ho mightbe more Hel todevite on tp ‘Spout values. ‘ote ofthe iteration vgwarge ata study danni tepreent the cute ean ete organization, then al dof ogeizational employees should be sdied, whether a nfrmants in an eno ‘rapicetdyor in ast random spe more likely ina qua {atv study. Cres ofthe iteration approach lo ober that hi Image of orgaizaton-wide harmony and bomogeniy sii 10 tin ge the enone of inconsiutence disruptions confit and “Snbiguls ia contemporary ogafetionsSomendvoctes of ent Tener ioe roped tok clique wih depth apument. Ther ‘Ecknowlege tat deviations fom integration docu such 8 incon- tence clashing interpretations, conics and ambguts, bathe ‘Sovoatecatiey superficial levels egret. and vas) het Sea ent he erperenence ofa coltare:“Thecatrewiani sane Pe he evel ebveresble ariacs and hared espoused val. | fiestas and als of behavior == Tut to understand #goupb + sing pee Thane oe atore, oné must attempt to get at Its shared base sump {Schein 988, p 27). For example Bale (1983) lode beneath the Goetyof feral iector ale to find a common undying “Siorpton:The best at cope with death ake appear ie ‘ke for exapl, in th preparation of thebody Mc Jeg snipe detected whens eve “pene- tees the ft of impression management steels, searches for pater oflaterpretion underyng ital fete soch as ores and Fedaand ges own tothecteece of what rel impotan: this seat smumptonserenapposey shared onan organization: ‘SSaz tt Ths in negation ties a Schein (1985, Here mptons isthe seein whic want to define hat concen art tmet ken for granted tone nds ite variation wih | ‘Riad unit ere (1983) sna anes consents in | poy rteringtoprotetypiacaltaral member, "thefaneal die TE Rr tecly excluding any mention of diferences of opinion ‘ong feral ietors, McDonald (191) ofered w sore exit {tum orgniation-wide cosienus in er deciton ofthe ecite= ‘ent the (oa wouter sa of the Lo Anges Olympe ‘Ongnting Cnt Ata al party, vice president cently Fe ‘rnd oma rad epithe Olympic ch reyes Fermarked th had wiles hein poing oer winding ronda th il of Wet Vig nde -Abcrendng slew the op ol witha Wome! pl ‘umn fonchnec te beaa tee pe The ast yee i Apr hae do over elo sai te oer wine Te na il at wh nk ct ec hammer mare is ng Siva dancetnad wthanseeea 799 hat dry ee the howe” ins tatenent ot ony of consensus but TRG eT meaning of neve were apparently ese alas TR Sthe megan deceptions menlonedptevouiy, Schein (19915 sini the integration approach fll: ‘Wa hsm” dow mba a only what shared be WRN Eades not rte ee, href 1 think sot Heh ‘rl conser are big conte. the t ‘akmporent nt aggre tgetonespectve king a pady of elforscnnman yore AN a oar ct ot ip oo agement: Some arp tt i epnons of ‘eopl in kenderhipmanageensod pena yoo sould ethan more nthe venta they heer powe cot the wfetory of ecole Ayiyo oderp enough, peopel ‘ino le some cl apne nda se chain hema ate lthogh seb hee a fie hl oumpions re ut of egatonal cakes). Furthermore integration ties way 3 ot ny th ersten of evan om wht erly ache xtre Ty ySrise ‘star comenesin eae lengnge tt doesnt une tl ne ‘Siiger ample "na leat Se ntl hoe 109) and “people wo wee cmfnble this envionment {cei 19m pees Schein 199) ‘When deviation owned ofeonatenc.conatimnendcarty sneuckoegedinanintepraton however they resem se fetble torte sucks nomathe oem en be dts by Snaising ther he eto rom nerton ena robler that recs ng or empl iam intron dy sig {Deding ome ae might be cogntedBt would be dsb in pate ens or exemplar estan eating meron rin tod pesorunce cera 4 Ras & ah 79) For ex Suit (198) deserbed how ner decor ewe etiontl ot bo rom breed funy member: erupt be cng offer erent ope te {heey per ie ks Ese Uhura anrepesve Stage ep tof re ” ng acting or rotation dtr prot emote refed ‘ithacaragy Neves ner diet do tert oer och TRptons ty laaccing pata’ perpen i me tht hey ak ‘Sihrenerteemotoe ont eens oremaageie (2-43) In a ntegztion dy, devitons fom conttency, ganization ‘idccnsnsnandctyarewensesprbien ndiametinestene See roporel Fo etl Ste (1985p 140; sao Oey Satissexcomeyedpbeppiantsovertctorathat more ‘rm vaaes "i fanned reconcablernistsetween then ‘nln ent onpnttion we pyre ty bb or end ‘sl ee lg tebe yb lw cory thn eva ‘iho far bth pres” nneetion tua pose of b> tual rablace might be atnowsie, butch sbeare ‘ouldbseecsnetingtobe"broghton bed petaybysconbi Suton fang and performance epee emetie forambigsty tig inde ding dco poorcommention’ reings Cetin of a ogists Setegy or von 2 rotation speech more car spe (Ker ese, 192 Porras Ei foe Sec 199), When drat em eretionsesen ‘Shoring then we sen negation ery. "hat hes td congront wh the neem peeve | rere of dip comasen ih econ {Conicny nnn nde concn snd) pars norma” | {he poston Devatong rom negation re ported eretabe ‘Route form sn neatd el The egeton perspective de” ‘Shed in mor dt Marin (1925 pp. 28-3) Tedefitonsof ‘Stein le 31 tht rcontent whan imegrated view al ‘Sareea! byte on spect cle th re sare te Def ‘ions (Ge 15), 2 Leal 198) 3 (evant & Corby fous (Dsve ib Sch mt). When seer ‘reat eau true hey sul oenon work conraet Tien oe pooper tea anne gmerce ih Tat pepecte end eachade et thar and rex wren om cher epee Fo example Er (1985), wockng rom ane posta pokion, ifs en ary of aur tue “acutely” Royal taco oe colar ded oronly ‘ede cant theme in epousd aes).e oteworthy tht ‘Rilek2 Example See eect Cat Se Sing epi hr of te wr ‘Died (Conte) eee = Sor ] ae ee os berer ae neice) se 80) Siti esa peer See Seer iit Seat ae SEE ws See ‘mecason ane 99). tpt wna 60) ey ae ees ray itration-olented eviews ofthe ongéizatonal culture ‘Mure inde those by Denison (1990), Kote and Heskett (1992), ‘Ouch and Wins (1985), Sebln (1999) and Schulte and atch (0996). mpiecal examples of tegration ude (ingle perspective) belted in Table 42 e198) ilerentatione ‘Stpaaton andthe Ponty of Cpaiet Difernttion studs foens on cultural manifestations that hare inconsent interpretations, Brunson, 1986). For expe Rilky (Gna studied erg conrling emi which profesional unfal. {ral paved temortsd cooperation esposedvalues)-Incotras, Info convesations were allofmetashor (argon. perhaps reflec- tng informal practices) of aggreon en fence compeition: “heer wr fed wt ego fcards ad lige wr an a {hams pop, and wounds Ga wits prt enpas on pra) and ltr (wh 8 vs Ite eons Sean pene emer mga Seng ene of (9207) Meyer and Rowan (1977 sli focused on inconsistency. hich hey re fed oo ping nthe nls ty il ve hea Shen shol sino and teacher ted o ech the, hey ‘ened ow king bow hte eae van, eng ten the ntornal procs of echo ander, ‘Dilerenisoonotey nike intpation sad gnc view a erences icing nconsnenin ar ineapabe a dese, oth [eee ted note. Derg vole ar ot lence oF Ieeoredandcobestradteece aves oc of atenton Foren Tien Manes (191) desned trevor ubatures among the ‘octet mein flim: <4. Alocseaprosimatinafthereskoreingsmongibeepourcan econ \ "nets fan theupper ia pret Dineynd Abandre {nou older gu yoong women nrg wring somes ‘lng tang fora rough the os (2) de oper pr forming coved) led work sochaslienareion riya ona thou wb yb con atome ace oth pak de the coer ee sch be stg aie ae dew {Sra sod Manor (9) a other ie oper (he let ‘Serpe nepersehecoree rounder) habs or gent Sun Fond sa Carin wrt (hoe pr soot el er ‘Bipot wortr< "pres le“peaatpebers"eke aes ‘Bre andthe ery replaceable "toda (pp S12) In Van Masnen'sdecrition, its uncer whether thee sbeultures ‘atin confit with ee other or cept hc ieratchial relation. Im other efrenetion studlen, conflicts among subeltares ae excl examined Forex Brey (1988) ded how the ito Sing eect of Ce duction of computeiedtomogripy (CT) scanner nto hospitals teed the lationship between two subcultures angst found ‘el former high stat onderinedby the tedhnicans sil in operat Ing the new machines “Thetechasogar begs toed the nepali wth dl thine acct fi te newintrcton pater, he ena om itch tht teri ethan hey ight soo ad the tina wecary work ond lp the CT operon ‘om enniagamost (33) Some diferent de ean rade rang of sbextore iin the boundaries of + colectiy, ncading renege po {Geta opt wre nest employes in eras Some saat diferente (in Vin Maane'sand Bares de {G)' song supra nes Someine, eau diferent tim rowed slog hort (neon or eel herrch Ines weiner onan comex:apecie scales 37 tre burdon eons of petal contact at wor, lens ‘Toopapie en ech rc, enc, or qd. Tn ‘Soup some tet prlr owes of dferece oe ah {ce eugene cas some is doe nt happen. Taos tnt examine maple beatae, aoe song subcateres yb ata efrcgcnfcing or independent {tote 1080 Rr earl Baran and Moch (1991 sted Qua {ot Working iments food menacing plan hey ‘and vary of saber econ othe ieretion, from ong sport to ehenenoppsiton to inden Thee fretwo talons of search within the dieretton perspective {iovreimporunt to dsinguth, Some tude emphaie ately taroious ronda among saber (ems Tce & Beye, {Sede tart om aor ie heey er {pec anon yb) esnearaen eg, an ‘Bacon betwen subtree ween level of a op iol each Mary, 98; Roser, 185). Chapter expla elogial earns wy hes two ind fdieretton odie ave cere ateparteraions. te cen thet amiga ie sdowledged ino difeetaton tad is debe ar occring nthe lnterstees among stu “lof consistency, cones and ceri: Gregory (198) sum snatized the difeentation point ofview wee “Moca esearchers hae roped te homogensty fate and iscobe- She ono tan re poten. Thi pape spss howe at ‘tanyorstonre tect wed ar mle Sg oor+ ‘raven’ orp onl et ober ers aproch ‘ont terion wi ecw meng and es fk to) “The lieesiation perspective nce in more dtl in Morin (oetagp A8-117,Oneof tz JeOattonsof clare inTbleS1, Det ition (lly 1989) conde with illeentation vie: Reviews ‘tresearch thet inde dicasion af obeatires ca ake two frm. ‘Sone autos ocuron single subeltutes neence kgm nteere- tom eo over (groap ether than organizational lee of aalss (ps0 198 Tce Beer, 1983). Other ats do ee that Compas al aspects of th difereittion pespectiv, including re- Iatonhips among esbcutresfvaving unequal acess to power end resoufer (eq Avesion 8 Ber, 1992 Tarn, 190; Van Maznen & Derey 198) Empirical rapes dilfereatation sti cnge per spective) are ated ln Tbe 2, ‘Fragmentation: Muipcty and Flax “ie fngmeniain pipective i the moe ile pripecine to arteutte because foc on ambit said ambigity ical CGeontepinie ceri (lor bef conceptual framework, te ‘Branson, 1985; Daft & Wick, 190 Feldman, 1989; March & Olen, {976 Weck, 199) Fragmentation codes more than the ambiglty that ares om ignorance or eonfsion. Iago encomapaes the con { pesto tha the se opposition f dichotomous thisking mi | Windde Wreznclableteswione between opposites sometimes de- = etbed roi, jaradone, on contradiction (eg Alves 19365, _DiMaggi,1997; Ghee 1998s Hath. 1997 Koo Sabelis &Yoeia, 1996 Meyerson 1991s, 1991, 194; Riser, 1999 Sel, 1996 van Marre 1996; Wet, 1998). "When examining he reationshpe ang cultural manifsistions x ssaumemation ody moves beyond the cleat constencie of an ine Seep Taso ae ws ition vie an the ent nconsitenesof&cdifeentaton view. ‘ety on be seca a abrorma a problematic vid that ely MOAIEW ed wit meaning idly. eet repmetton Sater marie ogy anormal. ding: Shc aro ranetloa fnctiontg nth contort Serer goes fer xamplearcmfrble witha end Mee tas smorma prt of the woking ex: Meyenon (1991, $57B nated aci ores who ewe hel work inshades of 0 ee tne de blacker wise opositon rein dileretaton ‘ean wren eer socal ware eometormeforatple ce so- ‘Miosianhene Ue apy wantbck and ie got Macys pee wie ecathlyer” When clare seed roma fag ton perpeineambiaiertakecnte agenda al at Beetle sbncrnay explo robin Tm fapmentton sewn retionsips aon nie tine comeing inlet xs opal ren, erty compact and parti ced by rp esp Tarn eeanestions Tor empl, ecalthe car oppositions in Meye $0F owas (1977) aferenstion description oe cooing “eel Somer ew Wei (197) Frmentatin pe ‘penncon th lone ogling poe: ‘Aix pole al neve. For ac td Seite te ratcton and aceton of exec ration 1 (eis oe die cuneate ier ages peed, ‘cca, Acer alos eared tee oh ‘nd penntplone rey boated find oil compaction dic ve ete Grow om lm nies rac igor, dt point ee abt bene hey Kw he ‘repo cn te in a en the phyla arrangements ina fc can be Interpreted a x= sty of Kino amg, Tors (1986) found in er study ofthe Wore’ Bankin New York Gy: ofthe ely Eines x afher i... Althethrtines eases tet a open ree Semen ae aeiged das ef ht a ee ab regu tht hy hve panes workplan re tence do notary login ny onepaceat ltt herethey ‘fda coe the th heya peroring Alin bare ne ‘theron um somewhat rerthen altrdta ‘signmen of pctacotne se Pope nnn hat ey {eneattnga rpc teyhadcared oar henchar when mene propia the sce ple ters dese ty ae cat dit ‘hot tneommon or Ee ta befeedta vacate her ties p32) atlon studies often exploelrony and paradoe/ierecon- that coxit in an uneasy balance (eg, Schl, 1992). ‘or ample, Wels (1996) studies paradones encountered by expatriate manager in ino-Western joint ventures. Ging beyond the wal gen- ‘le ves of mortises and thee ews are content fn fx Ce, ‘Golden, 1992), ascan be senin Meyersons(198Ia) account ofthe job eseiptions of soda workers cunts sem uncer bce he option of ‘ide range of saad esporablien ny of wichseprormed by rout (eg, bowser bev) (p. 138) “he fenton perspective ected nore dei i Marta {inp 0-16) Te detonator nae 31 ata Comet wih fngmentiton view ae Definons 9 (Pinan, {oP 10 (Anya ewer, 907), end 11 (eyo, 131s) Rover foal primary onthe arentation view a tre ‘Soe tons by Flan (10, Gm prenatal 996) ‘en ht ander C900 er sen of Inetnion stil ip epee) se ce in ase. “sth introductions tothe single perpen demonstrate these arceomple internally cere theoretical oon. Therefor iti adver sor te aten of ropecvby wn eny he ckment ott etn eg, ie ftrentition perpctie ‘Sis on sbltor), Sch tinplieatonrfuces the itera bw congruent complet theoreti perepective aleve fants “Thee thee perspetves, in «sense ae worldviews ad at result ‘somtimes adherents fone perspective reco cltaral esearch done fry another single perspective with dain—sometimes even with indo intlletoal nger To makethezecoafics come aia the f- lowing section present them in he form of en edited exapget- sed) egument among tte clr researchers. ‘Three Characters Argue About Theory Iagineyouireat en academic convention: Youwakousdes as col, ded tbl thee ele eearcer need in Stack credo” argunent Beng needa (Which ou ‘ae bef ou ae il reading ths bok), ad orig a pod p= ‘ent. yousppronch ad they ivteyouto jin the conversation. Then, they proceed to ignore you while they continaeapuing Because he roteponiats inthe dacason ee melo repeient compost view Father han apc ndvuathey atereerrestabythenaes he ‘heart perapectives the repreent Although he ellowing ap ‘ent ainda reacers to represent thee ptspectven in practice ite patclar empiri sides, at indvduelresearche {hat can be desribed wing these Mes Reetchers sometimes sit {tom one theoretical perspective to another ae interest change or thy ead diferent Rnd of contest neg So uc eight cure palettes thels rople tptber—wkchr hat pte acs sare Seco prpae erp wc sumptions ony itso carn Getting Ro, nen Wyo, Profeor ntegraion “Srl we all Sper Frnt peor? Tiirthisd ofhowogeng ge tht ae ‘mot ) ithtopmngerent view orwtyour ve hy my beteligyea ‘iar tiny rat fobs Lover empayes iw od “other oor euch oly wits nee Yo me 2 Sing ripen Ther Ce » {itetcvor onthe vor ge them omarabeencophiospeak edly In ont oyu yo il id that moe drement ext then a owed fora your wed sme harmony and unity, Orciatons ‘ee of concern For cp noes 7 TED ‘Eaguags cena wr fe pode, with nny fete, ‘thre evan ok wheter hve fancy estas el what omer met Tope ateecre any minal. ‘ncn or coors seo ta ery gpd onde. fewer employes ny el have anther pen Pope wh le ‘Soke ay etitesnfcming eh bt wht alos bee do {hey eal a1 oa josey tan it ‘eth the fie of the otal cpl ew toe nt ce es, then pou mio ocmteeran sn costzation tot ‘eee irlflbisdvs. Sy, {beste dees bole oun owt epting ier. ‘ein theeprienef ih and poten andar dices eth ‘ics nd in len womens fly Inipation Wel ou are ight hat we ve aa aren ernie rt ile entice thts prises Orpotnlonead coos Ty sede by atin pope of dre baron {Sota the mon pet model elton and send theo pre- ‘ere titer Thats preci we ed nce ofan of ‘Sinmun, more arene ob rape for wht we sre Een ‘Sous hat inch what cx eileen wate ed oss : iteration onthe aden fdr. ex Tis whys ny people pei those whe em es es “Geinot count, wince en ako "Yolo ae con hth pcrencr dinero fl powetleonta esared ‘il Yoaresumingacatrl teeny tat yeaa font, (aS Tew wheres nn too re lend tei SE remit Tit iepreene. ode tuegation: Mon of wi Nonseme Ft ofl ede fon he eth ingirynmyscntch When Sepa ind at, ‘mumps ln eset ett IARI sete oe reser sd cn Sorvortng mtn five sprog! Sep coup ‘tea comennin hod oa cose ci ae oe _ crondnt ang wit oe se Behan [Byram ston whet pple ue or ary Sout vat pee herb eng eDiets iene incom Onno, cl rd at os riwreng ncn dos es -dihtomi ee Sporn fons es gy ok ith “eceingetre boa nr se ster ater opin. At oy ip contaicory ‘ren hte Sas oe end pada SM {icon aslons Ghen tere elena eerce “Tey letcrdtiptin oot ot the moti ow hg. yaeno Inert: Hera Amity Diller Terese somedearihsand cer wrngrntiwnd ‘rfectngomsmbigay, ou edo kd of eel et ‘Fragmentation: Lets be practi I pepe rece er ay ihe clear teary a her of car cond Converting toyota two fer ch night Bente ender Sonn osinpifted vw thw the word works Mabe you cold ‘empower of nls for ante Consider ov po on inl epee eveey He, One meet yo rise. ed what Sine pci hrf ate m ‘ea fc i bec cone ae gmt ‘odes ted ‘Saeed eae let nacpaecondctons Reeder SoS wot cai are enone BEapuie one conned iia

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