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DSP (CEP) Array Antenna System
DSP (CEP) Array Antenna System
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Table of Figures
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ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES:
To know about array antenna system and its basic building blocks.
Analyze DSP processes required to achieve the goals of an array antenna system.
Major design constraints for this system.
INTRODUCTION:
ANTENNA:
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic
waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received
beam into electrical signals.
ARRAY ANTENNA:
An Antenna Array or Array Antenna is a set of multiple connected Antennas which work
together as a single Antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual Antennas are
called elements. Which are usually connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines.
That feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship.
The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together
interfering constructively to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling
interfering destructively to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used
for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the
receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired
directions and cancel signals from undesired directions. More sophisticated array antennas may
have multiple transmitter or receiver modules, each connected to a separate antenna element or
group of elements.
An Antenna Array can achieve higher gain directivity that is a narrower beam of radio waves,
than could be achieved by a single element. In general, the larger the number of individual
antenna elements used, the higher the gain and the narrower the beam. Some antenna arrays
(such as military phased array radars) are composed of thousands of individual antennas. Arrays
can be used to achieve higher gain, to give path diversity (also called MIMO) which increases
communication reliability, to cancel interference from specific directions, to steer the radio beam
electronically to point in different directions, and for radio direction finding (RDF).
The term antenna array most commonly means a driven array consisting of multiple
identical driven elements all connected to the receiver or transmitter. A parasitic array consists of
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a single driven element connected to the feedline, and other elements which are not,
called parasitic elements. It is usually another name for a Yagi-Uda Antenna.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
PHASE SHIFT:
Adding a phase shift to the signal received or transmitted by each antenna in an array of antennas
allows the collective signal of these individual antennas to act as the signal of a single antenna with
performance vastly different from the individual antennas in the array.
POWER DIVIDER:
The power divider is a fundamental block of an antenna array system, operating in either equal
or unequal split ratios. Power dividers play a vital role in various radio frequency and
communication applications. A power divider can be utilized as a feeding network of an antenna
array. For the synthesis of a radiation pattern, an unequal-split power divider is required.
FREQUENCY SCANNING ARRAY:
The frequency scanning array is a special case of the phased array antenna, in which the beam
steering is controlled by the transmitter's frequency without use of any phase shifter. The beam
steering is a simple function of the frequency. The elements are arranged like a matrix. The flat
arrangement of all elements forms the entire antenna. The beam steering is a simple function of
the frequency.
Figure 3
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USE OF DSP IN ARRAY ANTENA SYSTEM:
That one of the most important and critical parts of the hardware implementation of an Antenna Array is
how the functions and tasks are allocated to the DSPs, so that the real-time constraints can be fulfilled.
Specially when the algorithms are mathematically complex and have a high computational load. The
complexity of several multi-antenna algorithms for communication systems. SISO, SIMO in frequency
and in time domain, and MIMO. The interest of such space diversity techniques to improve the
performances of the transmission system in terms of BER and to reduce interference effects. The
feasibility of real-time implementations of such techniques in a hardware system.
SISO:
In Single Input Single Output system only one antenna is used at transmitter and one antenna is
used at Receiver SISO has been in use since the invention of wireless system SISO is used in
radio, satellite, GSM and CDMA systems.
MIMO:
Multiple Input Multiple Output concept has been recently added to the wireless system. There
are different MIMO algorithms which has been developed for two main reasons to increase
coverage. MIMO have multiple antennas used at transmitter and receiver. MIMO is used in next
generation wireless technologies such as mobile wimax -16e, WLAN-11n.11ac,11ad, 3GPP LTE
etc.
SIMO:
Single Input, Multiple Output is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at the destination (receiver). The antennas are combined to minimize
errors and optimize data speed. The source (transmitter) has only one antenna
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Resistive losses are increased
Mounting and maintenance is difficult
Huge external space is required
APPLICATIONS:
The following are the applications of array antennas:
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CONCLUSIONS:
In this report we have discussed array antenna system and how antenna has transformed in to
array antenna. In this report working of array antenna system and the building blocks of array
antenna system has discussed both at transmitter and receiver end. This report is also useful in
understanding the use of dsp in array antenna system and the tools of dsp which are useful in
array antenna system. Advantages, disadvantages and applications of array antenna system has
also discussed. In last part of this report the major constraints of array antenna system has
discussed. And how engineer overcome the design constraints are also in this report. This report
is helpful to understand the basics of array antenna system and how modern world is using array
antenna system to enhance the communication system.
REFRENCES:
https://www.antenna-theory.com/arrays/main.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_array
https://www.antenna-theory.com/arrays/main.php#phased