RESIRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (64/87N)WHY DO WE NEED REF PROTECTION ? Differential protection is to detect faults within the zone. The differential relay will operate for earth faults inside the zone only if the earth fault current is more than the differential setting in the relay. The normal differential setting in a differential relay is minimum 20%.1,) REF protection is used in the applications lke transformer, motor, generators 2.) let's we consider the transformer-delta star transformer case rw {V4 Delta-Star Transformer l= —r— 3.) our transformer is equipped with the transformer differential, the reason we need to isolate the fault inside the protected zone. 4.) we have the (1's in the HV side & LV side—-> compare the HV side current and LV side current. 5 Jbut there is the reason why come into the picture the REF protection 6,)In zone faults, then the differential relay will trip. 7.)im our case we take the delta-star grounded transformer.REF is on the star resistance grounded system,(LV side), 8,}the current is limit on the LV side due to the resistance ground system in the Iv side of the transformer.even ifthe HV side current is tess when compared to the LV side. 9.) but due ta the limitation of fault current in the LV side(star-resistance grounded) further current will reduce In the HV side of the transformer. 110.) due to the less current our differential relay pickup cannot sense the fault because here the fault current Is flow in the transformer which i less than the differential setting inthe differential relay. 11L) in these cases,even though we have the sophisticated schemes like these but still the in-zone fault in the protected area we cannot able to sense in the transformer differential relay In arder to overcome the problems, we have come up with the Restricted Earth fault protection, 112,) these problem is arise only inthe case of earth fault because the earth fault only the less current will low. 113.) why We are using the resistance grounded system in the LV side? to reduce the core damaging fault for the equipments connected in the LV part of the system, in order to reduce the insulation level of the cable sheath, In order to reduce the current carry capacity of the cable sheath by reducing the capacity level. ths is the reason we go for the resistance grounded system. 14.) only the earth fault—> REF Protection is need but for the phase to phase fault surely the differential protection will covered. 115.) In phase-phase fault, the magnitude of fault current Is increases which is seen by the differential relay settings Isa. 16.) but for the phase-neutral fault, the current will reduces as the earthing also resistance grounded system. 17,) these are all the reasons we put the specialised protection called "Restricted Earthfault Protection". 18, even ifthe HV side of the fault current is not detected by the differential relay. then that fault Is detected by the LV side REF protection.CBCTEARTH FAULT PROTECTION) REE PROTECTION:- DIFFERENCE 8/W THE REF PROTECTION & CBCT EARTH FAULT PROTECTION: - & (iM. te L) In the CBCT, the R,¥,B phase are inside the CBCT in these case we connect the single winding to the relay from the CBCT for the earth fault protection... 2,jif anyun-balanced current, then CBCT earth fault protn. comes into the picture 3.) the same concept we used in the REF protection also. 4.Jonly the difference Is class PX for the REF Protection but for the class SP10 for the CBCT E/F protection. 5.) It cannot able to withstand some heavy faults,if the heavy fault Is occurs then the CT Is able to deliver the secondary current during the hheavy fault. 6.) because the CBCT does not have the parameters of the high knee point voltage etc.,Though we are using the specialised scheme called REF Protection here we using the four CT's. but the in the CBCT use the single CT. but the principle followed for both the protections are same only. 7.) both the protections having the low settings of current but CBCT have some delay of 0.1 second because due to inrush it is trip. 8.) but for the REF protection is the instantaneous.REF Protection for the Star Resistance ground system & Star solid-Grounded system:- 1.) For star side resistance grounded system, ground fault current is limit to low value sometimes whole winding on star side for any earth fault cannot protect by transformer differential protection.we need the REF protection 2.) For star side solid grounded system, any earth fault at lower part of the star side winding we cannot protect by transformer differential protection. we need the REF protection to detect the fault at lower part of star side windi 3.) Even REF is not abl of the transformers. 4.) for the solid ground system, the REF scope is very limited just going to help the minimum part of the winding.even the REF cannot able to protect the whole winding even some unprotected area is protected by mechanincal protection devices of the transformer. t rated '0 protect the whole winding, then unprots a is taken care by,mechanical protection QUESTION: how much winding that the differential can able to protect?? Answer: we cannot say blindly we meet how much fault current at the LV side. Note: 1 for resistance ground system, fault current is limited by the LV side resistance 2 for solid ground system, fault current is limit by the Transformer %Z[5:)if the REF is the complete solution for the differential protection? ‘Answer:No.in the resistance grounded system, still it cannot be able to detect the REF also.we can go for the zero seconds for the time tripping.For the pickup we cannot go for zero seconds.t have very minimum pickup only. REason is that CT's are connected in paralle|,CT's having the error during the normal operating cond., so what will happen if the setting is very low. 7,) 50, due to these error, we will get the unbalanced current that unbalance current can trip in REF 8.) Infleld the cases will be like that these sometimes due to the error In the CT also your REF protection trip. 9.) so, you cannot go for the very very low settings, you kept margin for the pickup settings. 10.) The cuurent Is very less due to the resistance grounded system, the current in the very end part of the winding,then due to the resistance ground system, the fault current is very less & voltage will be very less through the path at that time REF also cannot able to detect 11, during the time you want to rely upon the mechanincal of with the help of gas 112.) The gas in the sense means,very minor fault, will heat the oil & it deteroites the oll. so, the oil due to deteroration the gas will operate in the bucholz relay then trip will after some time when the setting of buchole trip is reached. tions of transformer like bucholz, OT1, WTI Trip will operateCase study for star Resistance Ground system:- Star Side Resistance Grounding System + Zeanes = 10% Ie 4-¥ Transformer HV SIDE LWSIDE q1kv 6.6ky 1000/4 600/4Case study for star Resistance Ground system GIVEN Transformer rating 10 MVA FLC GIVEN HV SIDE 11k 525 A HVSIDECTRATIO 600/L A GIVEN LV SIDE 6.5 KV 875 A LVSIDECTRATIO 1000/1 A GIVEN NER 4,356 OHMS Here LV side ground fault is limited to rated LV amps. Iriv(L-G) at 100 % winding is-(LV Vt/1.732)/ NER resistance HFLV(L-G) at 100 % winding is= 0.875 kA 875.4 we understood that 8754 for fault at the 100% of the winding now we want to know what about the fault current at 50% of the winding. We are dealing with the LV part, we know that, NA/N2=V2/V2=12/11 now we reduce the turns into half of the turns, now what happen the voltage also reduced into half of the turns. if the voltage has to be reduced then we use the formulae R=V/|LV winding Faulked percentage: 3% 0.05, 6% 0.08) 4 0.2 02 045) os 0.83 09 1 FLV) 44 52 87 T sec current of FH 0.0013) 0.0018 0.0051. 0.0073) 0.0202 0.1023 0.126 “Transformer pickup is 20% ‘then 120A for HV side, HV CTR=600/1A". = | feareaoene rs Y ‘why you need to divide the 1.732 for the V2--> because i side Ie the star winding(note: If tis star side, line current=phase current)Hy side rated current=525A (Full load current on HV side) LV side rated current-875A (Full load current on LV side) now the phase-phase fault happen at on LV side of 100% windin, LV side current of 875A~—-> then HV side current of 525A is flow. now the phase-earth fault happen at on LV side of 100% winding, LV side current of 875A-—>then HV side current is 303.05A(shown in above table) why LV side current is 875A for the phase- ground fault also??--> because it is the star winding so, @ current=phase current. Now we consider the transformer differential currrent pickup is 205 is the in zone fault at LV side.so, my worry is not in the LV side. here | am just going to consider the HV side CTR, HV side sense the fault current for the fault at Lv side. In the LV side, fault at between the zones so, the differential relay will not come into picture ‘Meaning of Transformer differential pickup settings is 0.2--->for HV CTR~600/1A-->0.2*600-120A. as per the differential setting, my HV side CT can sense below the 120A then differential relay is not come into picture. since iTV winding Faulted percenta TVG) sec curent of Tm 38 0.05, a“ ‘0.0013 oe 0.06 32 ‘0018 10% on o 0.0051 105) ‘0.0073 20% 02 75, ‘0.0202 304) 0.1023 50% 05: 0.1263 90% 09) 100% 1 from the above table you get 120A of fault current at HV only when fault at 63% of wi Conclusio 1L) single line ground fault current at the LV side from 63% of ing only 16 to 100% of winding only differential relay will come into picture. 2.) Below 639% of winding for ex:50% or 45% of winding» LV side single line to ground fault currrent occurs then REF protection is come into the pictur 2.) So, upto 63% of winding is covered by the differential elay as per the settings given to the differential relay \d=0.2 4.) here if you rely upon the transformer differential-—> then below 63% of winding SL. fault occurs then differential relay will not trip. 5.) this is the case we say that when we use the differential protection, some part of the winding.is not protected,WHY TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL CANNOT ABLE TO PROTECT ALL PORTIONS OF STAR SIDE WINDING CASE 1:10 MVA ,11kV (Delta)/6.6 KV (Star Resistance Grounded) , NGR=4.354 Ohm , Diff Relay Pick up >20 %, Delta Side CT ratio: 600/1A The followi ng table shows that 37 %(63%-100%) of the winding is protected by the Transformer differential element. So, complete earth fault protection isnot possible with Trafo differential relay. That is why you need a separate Restricted earth fault relay with sensitive settings like 5% or10 %. 1.) from 0% of winding to the 62% of winding is not protected by the transformer differential protection‘WHY TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL CANNOT ABLE TO PROTECT ALL PORTIONS OF STAR SIDE WINDING CASE 2 :10 MVA ,11kV (Delta)/6.6 kv (Star Resistance Grounded) , NGR=12 Ohm_, NR 22 Ohi Diff Relay Pick up >20 % ,Delta Side CT ratio: 600/1A The following table shows that even up to 100 % of the winding is not protected by the Transformer differential element. So earth fault protection is not possible with Trafo differential relay, That is why _———— youneed a separate Restricted earth fault relay —r ——— with sensitive settings like 5% or 10 %. ————_Transformer rating 10 MVA HV SIDE 11. KV 525A HVSIDECTRATIO 6500/1 A LV SIDE 6.6 KV 875A LVSIDECTRATIO 1000/1 A NER 12 OHMS _ Instead of 4.356 ohm we put in these case as 12 ohm, Then see in below table Iruy{L-G) at 100 % (LV Vt/1.732)/ NER resistance IF LV(L-G) at 100 % winding is= 0.318 kA 318 A we understood that 318A for fault at the 100% of the winding now we want to know what about the fault current at 50% of the winding. We are dealing with the LV part, we know that, NA/N2=V1/V2=12/11 now we reduce the turns into half of the turns, now what happen the voltage also reduced into half of the turns. ‘the voltage has to be reduced then we use the formulae--> R=V/ILV winding Faulted percentage 5% 0.05 5% 0.06 309% O4 2 oad 208 02. Das Wives) 16 19 32 38 4 see current of 0.0005 ‘0.0007 0.0018 0.0026 0.0073 ih am S08 rr 0.1485, z z1001 u 0.3832 § current 3188 30, even below 635 of winding abo not protected ‘from the above table we sue that from 0% of winding to 100% of winding le net protect. By usng the REF pretection, ue can set these and pickups curteat I set helow ta procect these kind af fault why you need to divide the 1.732 forthe V2-> because vt aaa here the REF act asthe backup forthe cferential protn, That is where the fault is not cleared by the cifferentia protection tet.Now we see the solidly grounded syste! In solidly grounded system, the fault current is very high. Transformer rating 10 MVA HV SIDE qa KV 525.8 HVSIDECTRATIO 600/1 A LY SIDE 6.6 KV 875.8 LVSIDECTRATIO 1000/1 A Transformer %Z 10 % Transformer %Z 0.4 PU Iruy(L-G) at 100 % winding is=Trafo sec FLA/ %Z If LV(L-G) at 100 % win: LV winding Faulted percentage IF LV(L-G) if HV [eT sec current of If H 5% 0.05 3330 57.68 0.0961 10% od 3150 109.12 0.1819 20% 0.2 2540, 175.98 0.2933 30% 0.3 1930 200.58 0.3343 35% 0.35 1930 234,01 0.3900 40% 04 2010 278.52 0.4642 80% 0.8 5950 1648.96 2.7483 100% 1 8750 3031.18 5.0520If you want to calculate the LV winding for 100% of faulted impedance» we get the 874A, itis the important point to notice that,LV current at these point not decreases gradually way in the solid ground system the reason is what they say that the fault current is depend upon the transformer impedance.since the leakage reactance is much higher in these case <0, the vge produced at the different % is not proportional to the different turns.because of these huge leakage reactance. So, these isthe case see here the LV, fault current 8750A at 100% of winding. For the 5950A at 80% winding.2010A at 40% of winding, £0, itis not go linearlyfor 30% winding-»1930A of fault current then for 20% of winding again fault current increase at 2540A fault current. voltage is not proportional to the no of turns. these is the reason the curve goes lke these in above if you come to the lower part of the winding again tis drop to zero. Reference from Rajamani Book, Solidly grounded system Consider the same transforme rzed for rgsistance grounded system. In case of solidly grounded neutral, ground fault current magnitude will be very high (KA). For an internal fault at fraction ‘h’ from neutral, the fault current is @ function of leakage reactance which itself is a complex function of i. A detailed analysis leads to Fig 5, ‘hich shows the star and delta currents. As the fault point is shifted from terminal to neutral, the fault current on star side initially decreases but at about 35% from ‘neutral the fault current starts rising before abruptly falling to zero near the neutral Lye felt curren depend upon the leakage reactance, 2.) the out current nat propartina tothe winding percentage where it gos ful 5.Jsince because the voltage wil not be proportionate the turns Hl oF tr 12.How the LV side fault current for the solid ground system:- 0.05 3.33 \ 0.019 O4 73.15 \ 0.36 0.036 0.2 | 2.54 | 0.29 0.058 03 | | 1.93 0.22 0.066 0.35. \ 1.93 0.22 0.076 0.4 201] 0.23 0,092 08 t 595 | 0.68 0.544 1.0 . 8.75 7 1.00 1.000 .)s0 they are not giving any value, they are taken from the site reference. .) can we get the impedance value for the different % of LU winding, from the transformer manfacturer?? Fes, we get the impedance value from the transformer manfacturer, for the different part of the winding but usually lhey are not providing. since you go the LV part—-> not available the tap changer. Only at the HV winding have the tap thanger. .) in the abave table we get the fault current of 3.33kA,3.15kA,2.54kA for the different percentage of the winding. .) they have calculated the HV fault current by the LV fault current these is clear in the tabular column 3.) How we calculate the HV fault current 11.=(V2/1.732/V1}*12*% of winding [7.) why we divide the 1.732 for the V2(LV VGE) ?? because we need to find the SLG fault at the LV side & LV side is star grounded system. so, we divide the 1.732 for the LV vee. 8.) For the solid ground system, the HV fault current Is caleulate by the LV fault current. 9.) but the LV fault current Is how calculated for the solid ground system It Is not known. because it is difficult to get the % of Z for the different parts or percentage(%) of the winding.TV winding Faulted percentage TIES THY Tsee current of Ea 0.05 3330 37.68 0.0963 10% on 3150, 309.12 0.1819, 20% 02 2540, 175.98 0.2033 30%. 03, 1930. 200.58 0.3343 35% 035, 1930, 234.01 0.3900 40% 04, 2010 278.52 0.4642 80% 08, 5950, 1648.96 2.7483 200% 1 3750 3031.18 5.0520 From the above table, if we set the transformer differe "you check the table above 20% to 100% transformer: Even 15% of transformer winding you take also~->it will lose to the 120A--> which means 15% to 100% of winding is protected by differential relay itself From the above table, from 0% ta 10% of the transformer wi aa il current we set as Id-0.2 for HV side CTR-600/1 ings unprotected by differential relay in these case REF protection which is come to the picture. ‘the reason we use the REF protection is the backup for the differential protection relay.where the solid ground system where the resistance ground system fault current is high 4 fault currents less 2 medium voltage cstribution level we ace using resistance grounded 2ystem 3 to avoid core damage curve 4 to avoid the cost involved in cable sheaths whats the core damage?? for ex: if we take the motor, in that motor winding are wounded inthe core.s0,tactislly there is no electrical insulation between the core and winding ‘only the magnetic connection between the core and winding by chance the earthfault is between the core and winding, Then these earthfault flow to the core through transfomer grounding then the core damage in the motors. Then you can think about that when winding is damage you can rewind it-but core is damaged we cannot do anything wherever we use the 3.3KV, 6.6kV motors then we use the resistance groune system to limit the ground faut current for any cate like these 3.3kv mators6.6kv matore-> use the resltance ground system.(Putian comravtoabisinee onsutesund babe nenmeneeemee, (ronda career rai i ie rast nd en ity ptneUadect 5 vole este poodle nay ge orice nen nae fs Wades Hyp emote patapten-the mt Pe rah ace ond tenWo. 61 te Reine round em, Nich wala SLY aes the cd round ate? bth cunvieneepcly he 2395+ eve the 12ST we the essace round ase he reson esd ov thei chies he the eter ar he cre damage ere thie ot gud cic thal rate ‘es In law ave onsite 510 aor rose haa sem oder ets he eh cnet pAr There LV ots ae Se dtc wa tomar nest on Ue Sy wie essence rouse ‘Srmesumelnge stem tematisae avec he uy fines mee pease ssh paces ney ‘hes sehen we ae eth rasa sod ystems ne moo yer ice mh vorage jt Gls & above vole ees ete sah sence he Walton rE oie» lbs ate ober er ce amr werd eee eee ug ic rr bl sur as prt rv tn igi ns ell Pe recinvgetr the eter ely pases ‘vee the iste earthed star Ue MV you hae to lv the nh oe ast st or sat. 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