56

Dove is the conductor for bundling:

D, = 0.0314 (2.54 x 12 x 10 -2 ) = 0.00957 m

D; I
= ,./0.00957 x 0.4 = 0.0619 m
x2 10 x 10 x 3771n 13.86
-7 3

X = 0.0619 =
0.408 fl/km

4.22 Calculate the inductive reactance in ohms per kilometer of a bundled 60-Hz
three-phase line having three ACSR Rail conductors per bundle with 45 cm
between conductors of the bundle. The spacing between bundle centers is 9, 9
and 18 m.

Solution:
■
= /9 x 9 x 18 = 11.34m
Rail:

D, = 0.0386 ft = 0.0386 (2.54 x 12 x 10 -2) = 0.0118 m

D; = N.0118 x 0.45 x 0.45 = 0.1337 in
X = 2 10-7 103 3771n 11.34 fl/km
0 .1 3 3 7 =

Ch a pt e r 5 P ro b l e m So l u t i o n s

5.1 A three-phase transmission line has flat horizontal spacing with 2 m between
adjacent conductors. At a certain instant the charge on one of the outside
conductors is 60 AC/km, and the charge on the center conductor and on the
other outside conductor is —30 pC/km. The radius of each condutor is 0.8 cm.
Neglect the effect of the ground and find the voltage drop between the two
identically charged conductors at the instant specified.

Solution:-
I. 2m -4.-- 2m
® 0

q= 60 x 10 -6 C/km
qb = = -30 x 10 - 6 C/km
Vb, = 2 ( 4 2
where r is in meters
1c 601n - 301n - 301n . -f ) 10 x
7 - -6

60
_______________ = 744. 5 V -
2 i r x 8 . 8 5 x 1 0 9
 57
5.2 The 60-Hz capacitive reactance to neutral of a solid conductor, which is one
conductor of a single-phase line with 5 ft spacing , is 196.1 kIl-mi. What value of
reactance would be specified in a table listing the capacitive reactance in ohm-
miles to neutral of the conductor at 1-ft spacing for 25 Hz? What is the cross-
sectional area of the conductor in circular mils?

Solution:
At 5-ft spacing,
Xc = 2.965 x 10 4 in 5 r = 196,100 S2 • mi In
- = 6.614
5

0.00670 ft, or 0.0805 in

(2 x 0.0805 x 1000)2 = 25,992 circ mils
From Eq. (5.12), at 1-ft spacing and 25 Hz,
1.77 9 , 6
Xc = - X 11.1" 111________________________________ = 3 5 6, 2 0 0 m i
25 0.00670

5.3 Solve Example 5.1 for 50 Hz operation and 10 ft spacing.

Solution:
1.779 0 x 10 6
X c = __________________________________10
in 0.0268 mi 0.2115 MCI • mi
5
1
B c = X — = 4. 7 2 8 i c S I m i c
XL = 60 x 0.1074 MS2 - mi
Xid = 60 x 0.0683 MS1 • mi
0
Xc = 600 (0.1074 0.0683) MS2 mi = 0.2109 Mil • mi
Bc = 4.742 /..i.S/rni

5.4 Using Eq. (5.23), determine the capacitance to neutral (in J./F/1cm) of a three-
phase line with three Cardinal ACSR conductors equilaterally spaced 20 ft
apart. What is the charging current of the line (in A/km) at 60 Hz and 100 kV line
to line?

Solution:
For Cardinal conductors,
r = 1.196 = 1 ft
2 12
2r x 8.85 x
cr F/m = 9.276 x 10 - 1 2 F/m = 9.276 x 10 - 3 µF/km
In ____20
58
Tchg = 27r x 60 x 9.276 x 10-9 100 x 103 x_______ A/km = 0.202 A/km

5.5 A three-phase 60-Hz transmission line has its conductors arranged in a triangu lar
formation so that two of the distances between conductors are 25 ft and the third is
42 ft. The conductors are ACSR Osprey. Determine the capacitance to neutral in
microfarads per mile and the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm-miles. If the
line is 150 mi long, find the capacitance to neutral and capacitive reactance of the
line.

Solution:
Osprey diam. = 0.879 in
- ■
D„ = /25 x 25 x 42 = 29.72 ft
27r x 8.85 x 10-12
_________________ F/m
In
8.301 x 10 — ' 2 F/m = 8.301 x 10 -6 x 1.609 /Rim = 0.01336 sF/mi
6

10
Xc = = 0.1985 x 106 Q • mi
377 x
From Table A.3, X:„ = 0.0981. Interpolation from Table A.4 yields X:, = 0.0999+0.72(0.1011-
0.0999) = 0.1006. From Table A.4, Xc = 0.1987 x 106 Q • mi.
For 150 miles,
= 2.004 p.F
C„ = 150 0.x1980.01336
7
1
x 10 6
=
Xc = 1325 S.2
50

5.6 A three-phase 60-Hz line has flat horizontal spacing. The conductors have an
outside diameter of 3.28 cm with 12 m between conductors. Determine the
capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm-meters and the capacitive reactance of
the line in ohms if its length is 125 mi.

Solution:
Deg = :/12 x 12 x 24 = 15.12m
r = 0.0328/2 = 0.0164
2.60862 x e In 15.12
Xc = = 3.256 x 108 St • m
0 .0164
For 125 miles,
3.256 x 108
Xc = = 1619 St
125 x 1609
5.7 (a) Derive an equation for the capacitance to neutral in farads per meter of
a single-phase line, taking into account the effect of ground. Use the same
nomenclature as in the equation derived for the capacitance of a three-phase
 59
line where the effect of ground is represented by image charges.
(b) Using the derived equation, calculate the capacitance to neutral in farads
per meter of a single-phase line composed of two solid circular conductors each
having a diameter of 0.229 in. The conductors are 10 ft apart and 25 ft above
ground. Compare the result with the value obtained by applying Eq. (5.10).

Solution:
Due to image charges:
D
0 —9.

H due
to
imag
H1
—
4.( D
I

(a)Due to charges on a, b:

1
— In
D
H12 Hi
a = 27rk 1-9a nn Hi
/T b
H12
Due to image and actual charges:

ti ab = [In 7D2 —1n H 2= D

— I n R 2

— 7

Can = 2Cab — ____________ D 2 7

i n
k
F/m

(a)By Eq. (5.10),

27r x 8.85 x 10-12
C „ = 7.996 x 10-12 F/m
In (sate/2)

And from part

C„ = (a) above,
= 8.018 x 10 -12 F/m
27r x 8.85 x 10 -12

In (-Ai--`, 112) in (,/se:- 0,102)

5.8 Solve Prob. 5.6 while taking account of the effect of ground. Assume that the
conductors are horizontally placed 20 m above ground.
60
Solution: 12 m I 12 m

20 in

due to
image
charges

20 m

H1
H2 = H3 = 40 m
H12 = H23 = 1/40 2 + 12 2 m = 41.761 in
H31 = V402 + 242 m = 46.648 m
=
15.12 m and r=
Dec 0.0164 m
2.862 9 in1Dec0 • 1 H121123111
Xc = x ln Si • m
60 3 Hi H2H3 JJ
= L
1512 1 In 41.761 x 41.761 x 46.6481 mt
i
10', {In 0.0164:--
= 4.77 x 3 40 x 40 x 40
= 3.218 x 10 SI • m
8

For 125 miles,

3.218 x 108
X— ________________ = 1. 6 0 k S t
125 x 1609.34
5.9 A 60-Hz three-phase line composed of one ACSR Bluejay conductor per phase
has fiat horizontal spaicng of 11 m between adjacent conductors. Compare the
capacitive reactance in ohm-kilometers per phase of this line with that of a line
using a two-conductor bundle of ACSR 26/7 conductors having the same total
cross-sectional area of aluminum as the single-conductor line and the 11 m
spacing measured between bundles. The spacing between conductors in the
bundle is 40 cm.

Solution:
D eg = \/11 x 11 x 22 = 13.86 m
Bluejay: r = 1.259 x 2.54/2 x 10 - 2 = 0.016 in
= 4.77 x 104 1n 13.86= 322, 650 Si • km
0.016
61
For Dove, 2-conductor bundle,
r = 0.92 7 x 2 .5 4 /2 x 1 0 - 2 = 0 .0 11 77 frd
= ✓0.0177 x 0.4 = 0.0842 m
X c = 4.77 x 1041n ________1 3 . 8 6 = 243,440 S1 - km
0.0842

5.10 Calculate the capacitive reactance in ohm-kilometers of a bundled 60-Hz three-

phase line having three ACSR Rail conductors per bundle with 45 cm between
conductors of the bundle. The spacing between bundle centers is 9. 9 and 18 m.

Solution:
Deg = x 9 x 18 -= 11.34 m
r = 1.165 x 2.54/2 x 10 -2 = 0.0148 m
</0.0148 x 0.45 2 = 0.1442 m
11.34
Xc = 4.77 x 10 4 In 0 . 1 4 4 2 = 208, 205 0 • km

5.11 Six conductors of ACSR Drake constitute a 60-Hz double-circuit three-phase

line arranged as shown in Fig. 5.11. The vertical spacing, however, is 14 ft;
the longer horizontal distance is 32 ft; and the shorter horizontal distances are
25 ft. Find,

(a)the inductance per phase (in HAM) and the inductive reactance in 11/mi.
(b)the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohm-miles and the charging current A/mi
per phase and per conductor at 138 kV.

Solution:
25 ft
0
32 ft
14 ft
0
14 ft

(a)

GMR = 0.0373 Drake

6
2 In original positions in the transposition cycle,
distance a-b
N/142 + 3.52 = 14.43 ft
distance a-b' = v/14 2 + 28.5 2 = 31.75 ft

distance a-a' = = 37.54 ft

D
ab DEc = x 31.75 2 = 21.04 ft
Day = 2'N/772 = 26.46 ft
Deg =
■/21.04 2
x 26.46 = 22.71 ft
D, [(./0.0373 x 37.54)2 )/0.0373 x32}5 = 1.152 ft
2 10—'in 22.71 5.693
10 - 7 H/m
L = x x
=
1.152
= 5.963 x 10 -7 x 10 3 x 1609 = 0.959 mH/rni
XL = 377 x 0.959 x 10 -3 = 0.362 fl/mi/phase
r= 1 108
= 0.0462 ft as in part (a) above, except that r is substituted for D,:
(b)
D,c = [0/0.0462 x 37.54) 2 1/0.0462 x 32] = 1.282 ft
From part (a) above, Deg= 22.71 ft and
Xc = 2.965 x 10-41n 22.71
1.282 = 85,225 f/ .mi/phase to neutral
Ichg 138, 000/
= = 0.935 A/mi/phase = 0.467 A/mi/conductor
85, 225

Chapter 6 Problem Solutions

6.1 An 18-km 60-Hz single circuit three-phase line is composed of Partridge conductors
equilaterally spaced with 1.6 m between centers. The line delivers 2500 kW at 11
kV to a balanced load. Assume a wire temperature of 50°C.
(a)Determine the per-phase series impedance of the line.
(b)What must be the sending-end voltage when the power factor is (2)
80% lagging (ii) unity (iii) 90% leading?
(c) Determine the percent regulation of the line at the above power factors.

(d)Draw phasor diagrams depicting the operation of the line in each case.
Solution:

(a)

R = 0 . 3 7 9 2 x 1 8 = 4.242 SZ
1.609
From Table A.3, X a = 0.465 ft/mi