Communications in Algebra

ISSN: 0092-7872 (Print) 1532-4125 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lagb20

Automorphic equivalence in the varieties of

representations of Lie algebras

A. Tsurkov

To cite this article: A. Tsurkov (2019): Automorphic equivalence in the varieties of representations
of Lie algebras, Communications in Algebra, DOI: 10.1080/00927872.2019.1646270

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00927872.2019.1646270

Published online: 19 Aug 2019.

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COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAV
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https://doi.org/10.1080/00927872.2019.1646270

Automorphic equivalence in the varieties of representations of

Lie algebras
A. Tsurkov
Mathematical Department, CCET, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN,
CEP 59078-970, Brazil

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this paper, we consider the wide class of subvarieties of the variety of Received 16 June 2019
all representation of Lie algebras over a field k of characteristic 0. We study Communicated by J. L.
the relation between the geometric equivalence and automorphic equiva- Gomez Pardo
lence of the representations from these subvarieties.
KEYWORDS
Automorphic equivalence;
category theory;
representations of Lie
algebras; universal
algebraic geometry

MATHEMATICS SUBJECT
CLASSIFICATION 2010
08A99; 18A99; 17B10

1. Introduction
The paper is devoted to some aspects of universal algebraic geometry, i.e., geometry over univer-
sal algebras (for the definition of a universal algebra see, for example [7, Chapter 3, 1. 3]). In
fact, universal algebra is the set with a list (signature) of operations.
All definitions of the basic notions of universal algebraic geometry can be found, for example,
in [11–14]. Also, there are fundamental papers [3–5, 9].
One of the natural questions of universal algebraic geometry is as follows:
Problem 1.1. When do two algebras H1 and H2 from the some variety of algebras H have the
same algebraic geometry?
Under the sameness of geometries over H1 and H2 we mean an isomorphism of the categories
of algebraic sets over H1 and H2, respectively. So, Problem 1.1 is ultimately related to the follow-
ing one:
Problem 1.2. What are the conditions which provide an isomorphism of the categories of algebraic
sets over the algebras H1 and H2?
Notions of geometric and automorphic equivalences of algebras play here a crucial role. The
automorphic equivalence is a weaker notion than geometric equivalence. General condition of
automorphic equivalence of algebras always provides an isomorphism of algebraic sets (see [14]),
so, it gives us the solution of Problem 1.2. The more transparent and more treatable condition of

CONTACT A. Tsurkov arkady.tsurkov@gmail.com Mathematical Department, CCET, Federal University of Rio Grande do
Norte (UFRN), Av. Senador Salgado Filho, Campus Universit
ario, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, CEP 59078-970, Brazil.
ß 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 A. TSURKOV

geometric equivalence of algebras provides solution of Problem 1.2 only in the generic case of the
so-called inner automorphisms of the category of free algebras (see below). This article focuses
on the relationship between these notions for a very wide class of subvarieties of the variety of all
representations of Lie algebras over a field k of characteristic 0.
We denote by H an arbitrary variety of universal algebras and by H0 the category of finitely
generated free algebras of H. In this paper, we calculate for the specified above varieties H the
quotient group A=Y, where A is the group of all automorphisms of the category H0 and Y is
the subgroup consisting of all inner automorphisms of this category. The quotient group A=Y
measures the possible difference between the geometric equivalence and automorphic equivalence
of algebras of the variety H. We prove for all considered subvarieties that A=Y ffi Autk, where
Autk is the group of all automorphisms of the field k.
In [19], it was considered the situation when H is the variety of all representations of Lie algebras
over the field k of characteristic 0. The problem was solved by reduction to some variety of one-sorted
algebraic structures, so, the considerations were somewhat long and sophisticated. The many-sorted
approach to the method of verbal operations was studied in [23]. By this approach, the result of [19] was
proven again in [23] in a simpler manner. In this paper, we use the method of [23] in order to obtain
the result for a wide class of subvarieties of the variety of all representations of Lie algebras.
In other classes of algebraic structures, we have a completely different situation: the group A=Y
is computed only for few specific varieties. In the variety of all groups, this result was obtained in
[17] and for the subvarieties of all nilpotent groups of the class  d, where d 2 N; d  2 [22]. For
the representations of groups, a similar result was obtained only for the variety of all the representa-
tions of groups in [17] and proved again in [23].
In Section 6, we present one example of the subvariety H of the variety of all representations
of Lie algebras over the field k of characteristic 0, such that there are two representations from
the variety H which are automorphically equivalent but not geometrically equivalent.
We will consider all basic notions of universal algebraic geometry in the many-sorted version
as in [23]. We suppose that there is finite set C of the names of sorts. A many-sorted algebra is a
set H which has “sorting”, that is, the mapping gH : H ! C. The set g1 H ðiÞ is the set of elements
of the sort i of the algebra H, where i 2 C. We denote g1 ðiÞ
H ðiÞ ¼ H . An element from H
ðiÞ
we
ðiÞ
denote by h , in order to emphasize that it is an element of the sort i.
We denote by X the signature (set of operations) of our algebras. In many-sorted case, every
operation x 2 X has the type sx ¼ ði1 ; :::; in ; jÞ, where n 2 N; i1 ; :::; in ; j 2 C. Operation x 2 X
of the type ði1 ; :::; in ; jÞ is a mapping x : H ði1 Þ      H ðin Þ ! H ðjÞ . For a little bit different
approach to the concept of a many-sorted algebra, see [10]. Representations of groups was con-
sidered as two-sorted algebras in [15, 16, 25] and [23].
We consider representations of Lie algebras as two-sorted universal algebras: the first sort is a
sort of elements of Lie algebras, and the second sort is a sort of vectors of linear spaces.
Therefore, C ¼ f1; 2g and the signature X has this form:
n o
X ¼ 0ð1Þ ; ð1Þ ; kð1Þ ðk 2 kÞ; þð1Þ ; ½;; 0ð2Þ ; ð2Þ ; kð2Þ ðk 2 kÞ; þð2Þ ; : (1.1)

Here, 0ð2Þ is the 0-ary operation of taking the zero vector in a linear space, i.e., s0ð2Þ ¼ ð2Þ. ð2Þ is
the unary operation of taking the negative vector in a linear space, sð2Þ ¼ ð2; 2Þ. þð2Þ is the oper-
ation of addition of vectors of a linear space, sþð2Þ ¼ ð2; 2; 2Þ. For every k 2 k, we have the unary
operation of multiplication of vectors from a linear space by the scalar k. We denote this oper-
ation by kð2Þ and skð2Þ ¼ ð2; 2Þ. The operations 0ð1Þ ; ð1Þ ; kð1Þ ðk 2 kÞ; þð1Þ are similar operations in
a Lie algebra. ½;  is the Lie bracket; this operation has type s½; ¼ ð1; 1; 1Þ. is operation of the
action of elements of a Lie algebra on a vector from a linear space, s ¼ ð1; 2; 2Þ. We can see this
approach to representations of Lie algebras in [20].
In universal algebraic geometry, we consider some variety H of universal algebras of the signa-
ðiÞ ðiÞ
ture X. We denote by X0 ¼ [i2C X0 a set of symbols, such that X0 is an infinite countable set
 COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAV
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ðiÞ ðjÞ
for every i 2 C and X0 \ X0 ¼ ; if i 6¼ j. By FðX0 Þ we denote the set of all finite subsets of X0.
We will consider the category H0 , whose objects are all free algebras FðXÞ of the variety H gener-
ðiÞ
ated by finite subsets X 2 FðX0 Þ, such that ðFðXÞÞðiÞ
X \ X0 ¼ X ðiÞ . Morphisms of the category
H are homomorphisms of such algebras. We will occasionally denote FðXÞ ¼ Fðx1 ; x2 ; :::; xn Þ
0

if X ¼ fx1 ; x2 ; :::; xn g.
We consider a “system of equations” T  [i2C ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 , where F 2 ObH0 (see [23, Section 4]),
and we “solve” these equations in arbitrary algebra H 2 H. Of course, we can decompose the sys-
tem of equations T to the disjoint union T ¼ [i2C T ðiÞ , where T ðiÞ ¼ T \ ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 .
The set HomðF; HÞ serves as an “affine space over the algebra H”: the solution of the system T
is a homomorphism l 2 HomðF; HÞ such that lðt1 Þ ¼ lðt2 Þ holds for every ðt1 ; t2 Þ 2 T or
T  ker l. TH0 ¼ fl 2 HomðF; HÞjT  ker lg will be the set of all solutions of the system T. For
every set of “points”, R  HomðF; HÞ we consider a congruence of equations defined in this way:
R0H ¼ \l2R ker l. This is a maximal system of equations which has the set of solutions R. For
every set of equations T, we consider its algebraic closure TH00 ¼ \l2TH0 ker l with respect to the
algebra H. If there exists i 2 C such that X ðiÞ 6¼ ;, but H ðiÞ ¼ ;, then HomðF; HÞ ¼ ;, and in this
situation TH00 ¼ [i2C ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 holds for every T  [i2C ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 . A set T  [i2C ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 is called
H-closed if T ¼ TH00 . An H-closed set is always a congruence. We denote the family of all H
-closed congruences in F by ClH ðFÞ.
Definition 1.1. Algebras H1 ; H2 2 H are geometrically equivalent if and only if for every F 2
ObH0 and every T  [i2C ððFÞðiÞ Þ2 the equality TH00 1 ¼ TH00 2 is fulfilled.
By this definition, algebras H1 ; H2 2 H are geometrically equivalent if and only if the families
ClH1 ðFÞ and ClH2 ðFÞ coincide for every F 2 ObH0 .
Definition 1.2. [13] We say that algebras H1 ; H2 2 H are automorphically equivalent if there
exists an automorphism U : H0 ! H0 and the bijections
aðUÞF : ClH1 ðFÞ ! ClH2 ðUðF ÞÞ
for every F 2 ObH0 , coordinated in the following sense: if F1 ; F2 2 ObH0 , l1 ; l2 2 HomðF1 ; F2 Þ,
T 2 ClH1 ðF2 Þ then
sl1 ¼ sl2 ;
if and only if
~s Uðl1 Þ ¼ ~s Uðl2 Þ;
where s : F2 ! F2 =T, ~s : UðF2 Þ ! UðF2 Þ=aðUÞF2 ðTÞ are the natural epimorphisms.
The definition of the automorphic equivalence in the language of the category of coordinate
algebras was considered in [13, 23]. Intuitively we can say that algebras H1 ; H2 2 H are auto-
morphically equivalent if and only if the families ClH1 ðFÞ and ClH2 ðUðFÞÞ coincide up to changing
of coordinates.
Definition 1.3. An automorphism ! of an arbitrary category K is inner, if it is isomorphic as a
functor to the identity automorphism of the category K.
It means that for every F 2 ObK there exists an isomorphism r!
F : F ! !ðFÞ such that for
every l 2 MorK ðF1 ; F2 Þ
 1
!ðlÞ ¼ r! F2 l r!
F1

holds. It is clear that the set Y of all inner automorphisms of an arbitrary category K is a normal
subgroup of the group A of all automorphisms of this category.
4 A. TSURKOV

If an inner automorphism ! provides the automorphic equivalence of the algebras H1 and H2,
where H1 ; H2 2 H, then H1 and H2 are geometrically equivalent (see [13, Proposition 9] and [23,
Theorem 4.2] for many-sorted case). Therefore, the quotient group A=Y measures the possible
difference between the geometric equivalence and automorphic equivalence of algebras from the
variety H, and, hence, yields the complete solution of Problem 1.2.
We will use the method of verbal operations elaborated in [17] to one-sorted algebras and in
[23] to many-sorted algebras for the calculation of the quotient group A=Y for the wide class of
subvarieties of the variety of all the representations of Lie algebras. In the next section, we will
explain this method.

2. Method of verbal operations

In this section, we will explain the method of verbal operations for computing of a quotient
group A=Y in the case of arbitrary variety H of universal algebras of the signature X. The reader
also can see the explanation and application of this method in [17, 21–24].

2.1. First definitions and basic facts

This method we can apply only if the following condition
Condition 2.1. [23] UðFðxðiÞ ÞÞ ffi FðxðiÞ Þ for every automorphism U of the category H0 , every sort
ðiÞ
i 2 C and every xðiÞ 2 X0  X0 holds in the variety H.
In this case, by [23, Theorem 2.1], for every U 2 A there exists a system of bijections
 
S ¼ sF : F ! UðFÞjF 2 ObH0 ; (2.1)
such that
gF ¼ gUðFÞ sF (2.2)
and for every w 2 MorH0 ðA; BÞ the diagram

is commutative. It means that U acts on the morphisms w : A ! B of H0 as follows:

UðwÞ ¼ sB ws1
A : (2.3)

Definition 2.1. We say that the system of bijections (2.1) is a system of bijections associated
with the automorphism U 2 A if this system satisfies conditions (2.2) and (2.3).
In general, one and the same automorphism of the category H0 can be associated with differ-
ent systems of bijections and, vice versa, the same system of bijections can be associated with dif-
ferent automorphisms.
In [17], the notion of strongly stable automorphism of the category H0 was defined. In the
case of variety of many-sorted algebras (jCj > 1), we have the following:
Definition 2.2. [23, Definition 2.2] An automorphism U of the category H0 is called strongly
stable if it satisfies the conditions:
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1. U preserves all objects of H0 ,

2. there exists a system of bijections S ¼ fsF : F ! FjF 2 ObH0 g such that
gF ¼ gF sF (2.4)
3. U acts on the morphisms l 2 MorH0 ðF1 ; F2 Þ of H by the rule:
0

UðlÞ ¼ sF2 ls1

F1 ;

4. for every F ¼ FðXÞ 2 ObH0

sF jX ¼ idX : (2.5)
In other words, we can say that an automorphism of the category H0 is called strongly stable
if it preserves all objects of H0 and there is some system of bijections associated with this auto-
morphism such that all bijections of this system preserve all generators of domains.
It is clear that the set S of all strongly stable automorphisms of the category H0 is a subgroup
of the group A of all automorphisms of this category. By [23, Theorem 2.3], A ¼ YS holds if in
the variety H Condition 2.1 is fulfilled. In this case, we have A=Y ffi S=S \ Y. So, in order to
study A=Y we must compute the groups S and S \ Y.

2.2. Strongly stable automorphism and strongly stable system of bijections

We consider the strongly stable automorphism U 2 S. There exists a system of bijections associ-
ated with this automorphism which is a subject of the Definition 2.2. This system of bijections is
uniquely defined by the automorphism U, because the equality sA ðaÞ ¼ UðaÞðxÞ holds for every
A 2 ObH0 and every a 2 A, where a : FðxÞ ! A is a homomorphism defined by aðxÞ ¼ a (see
[23, Proposition 3.1]). We denote this system of bijections by SU , and its bijections we denote by
sU
F for every F 2 ObH .
0

Definition 2.3. The system of bijections S ¼ fsF : F ! FjF 2 ObH0 g is called strongly stable if
for every A; B 2 ObH0 and every l 2 MorH0 ðA; BÞ the mappings sB ls1 1
A ; sB lsA : A ! B are
homomorphisms and the conditions (2.4), (2.5) are fulfilled.
The set of all strongly stable systems of bijections we denote by SSSB.
It is clear that the system of bijections SU is strongly stable. Hence the mapping A : S !
SSSB such that AðUÞ ¼ SU is well defined by [23, Proposition 3.1]. This mapping is one-to-one
and onto by [23, Proposition 3.2].

2.3. Strongly stable system of bijections and applicable systems of words

We consider the algebra F ¼ Fðx1 ; :::; xm Þ 2 ObH0 and take a word (element)
w ¼ wðx1 ; :::; xm Þ 2 Fðx1 ; :::; xm Þ. We suppose that xr 2 F ðir Þ , where ir 2 C; 1  r  m.
Definition 2.4. The operation x : x ðh1 ; :::; hm Þ ¼ wðh1 ; :::; hm Þ is called verbal operation
defined on the algebra H by the word w, where hr 2 H ðir Þ ; ir 2 C, and H 2 H is an arbitrary alge-
bra of the variety H.
The reader can compare this definition with the definition of word maps, see [8, 18] and refer-
ences therein.
Denote the signature of our variety H by X. For every x 2 X which has a type
sx ¼ ði1 ; :::; imx ; jÞ, where i1 ; :::; imx ; j 2 C, we consider the algebra Fx ¼ FðXx Þ 2 ObH0 . The set
of generators of this algebra Xx ¼ fx1 ; :::; xmx g satisfies the condition gFx ðxir Þ ¼ ir ; 1  r  mx .

Having a system of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg, where wx 2 Fx , denote by HW the algebra which
6 A. TSURKOV

coincides with H as a set, but instead of the original operations fxjx 2 Xg it possesses the sys-
tem of the operations fx jx 2 Xg where x is a verbal operation defined by word wx .

We can consider the algebras H and HW as algebras with the same signature X: the realization
of the operation x 2 X in the algebra H is the operation x and the realization of the operation

x 2 X in the algebra HW is the operation x . So, if A and B are algebras with the original opera-
tions fxjx 2 Xg; AW and B W are algebras with the operations fx jx 2 Xg, we can consider the

homomorphisms from A to B W , from A W to B and so on.

Definition 2.5. The system of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg is called applicable if wx ðx1 ; :::; xmx Þ 2 Fx

and for every F ¼ FðXÞ 2 ObH0 there exists an isomorphism sF : F ! FW such that sF jX ¼ idX .
The set of all the applicable systems of words we denote by ASW.
We suppose that W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg is an applicable system of words and consider the system

of isomorphisms S ¼ fsF : F ! FW jF 2 ObH0 g mentioned in Definition 2.5. The isomorphism sF
as a mapping from algebra F 2 ObH0 to itself is a bijection, which satisfies conditions (2.4) (2.5).
The mappings sB ls1 1
A ; sB lsA : A ! B are homomorphisms by [23, Corollary 2 from Proposition
3.4] for every A; B 2 ObH0 and every l 2 MorH0 ðA; BÞ. So S ¼ fsF : F ! FjF 2 ObH0 g is a
strongly stable system of bijections. From [23, Proposition 3.5] we conclude that the isomor-

phisms sF : F ! FW such that (2.5) holds are uniquely defined by system of words W. So the sys-
tem of bijections S is uniquely defined by W. We denote this system by SW. Therefore, the
mapping B : ASW ! SSSB such that BðWÞ ¼ SW is well defined. This mapping is one-to-one
and onto by [23, Proposition 3.6]. In particular, if the system of bijections S ¼ fsF : F ! FjF 2
ObH0 g is a strongly stable system of bijections, then a word wx from the applicable system of
words W ¼ B1 ðSÞ can be obtained by the formula

wx ðx1 ; :::; xmx Þ ¼ sFx ðxðx1 ; :::; xmx ÞÞ 2 Fx ; (2.6)

where x 2 X (see [17, Susection 2.4], [23, (3.1)]).

Now we can conclude [23, Theorem 3.1] that there is one-to-one and onto correspondence
C ¼ B1 A : S ! ASW. We denote CðUÞ by WU . The systems of words WU is defined by for-
mula (2.6) where bijections sFx ¼ sU
Fx are the corresponding bijections of the system AðUÞ ¼ SU .
Therefore, we can calculate the group S if we are able to find all applicable system of words.
For calculation of the group S \ Y, we also have the following
Criterion 2.1. [17, Lemma 3], [23, Proposition 3.7] The strongly stable automorphism U of the
category H0 , such that CðUÞ ¼ WU ¼ W, is inner if and only if for every F 2 ObH0 there exists an

isomorphism cF : F ! FW such that cB w ¼ wcA is fulfilled for every A; B 2 ObH0 and
every w 2 MorH0 ðA; BÞ.
Now the strategy of our research is clear. In Section 3, we will study the structure of free rep-
resentations in the varieties of representations. In Section 4, we will study some properties of the
category H0 , where H is a subvariety of the variety of all representations, and will prove that in
the wide class of these subvarieties the Condition 2.1 is satisfied in the category H0 . In Section 5,
we will find all applicable systems of words in the varieties of representations and will compute
the groups S and S=S \ Y for these varieties. It will finish our studies.

3. Homogenization of the identities in the representations of Lie algebras

Now we came back to the subvarieties of the variety of all representations of Lie algebras over a
field k of characteristic 0. From now on, the word “representation” means a representation of
this kind.
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Here we want to remark that, as it is known from the theory of representations of Lie algebras,
all congruences on the representation H ¼ H ð1Þ [ H ð2Þ are in one-to-one correspondence with
ð1Þ ð2Þ
subrepresentations of the form H0 ¼ H0 [ H0 such that

Condition 3.1.
ð1Þ ð2Þ
1. H0  H ð1Þ ; H0  H ð2Þ ,
ð1Þ
2. H0 is an ideal of the algebra H ð1Þ ,
ð2Þ
3. H0 is a H ð1Þ -invariant linear subspace,
ð1Þ ð2Þ
4. for every hð1Þ 2 H0 and every hð2Þ 2 H ð2Þ the hð1Þ hð2Þ 2 H0 holds.
Hence, subrepresentations of such kind are kernels of homomorphisms of representations.
Absolutely free representations of Lie algebras were studied in [20]. Also, some facts proved in
this section were previously published in [20]. For the sake of completeness, we give here the cor-
responding construction and proofs.
We consider an absolutely free representation FðXÞ generated by the set X ¼ X ð1Þ [ X ð2Þ , such
that ðFðXÞÞðiÞ
X ðiÞ , i ¼ 1, 2. ðFðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ is a free Lie algebra generated by the set X ð1Þ .
ðFðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ AðX ð1Þ ÞX ð2Þ , where AðX ð1Þ Þ is a free associative algebra with unit generated by the set
X ð1Þ and
AðX ð1Þ ÞX ð2Þ ¼ AðX ð1Þ Þxð2Þ
丣
xð2Þ 2X ð2Þ
n o
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
¼ Spank xin1 :::xi11 xð2Þ jxij1 2 X ð1Þ ; xð2Þ 2 X ð2Þ ; n 2 N

is a free left AðX ð1Þ Þ-module generated by the set X ð2Þ . For every l 2 ðFðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ and
every v 2 ðFðXÞÞð2Þ , the equality l v ¼ iðlÞ  v holds, where i : LðX ð1Þ Þ ! AðX ð1Þ Þ is an embed-
ding, which exists by the Poincar
e - Birkhoff - Witt theorem. For brevity, we denote, l v by lv.
ð2Þ
The module ðFðXÞÞð2Þ can be presented in the form ðFðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ 丣j2J Vj , where X ð2Þ ¼ fxj jj 2
ð2Þ ð2Þ
Jg; Vj ¼ AðX ð1Þ Þxj P is a free left AðX ð1Þ Þ-cyclic module. Every element v 2 ðFðXÞÞ has a unique
ð2Þ
decomposition v ¼ j2Jv vj , where Jv  J; jJv j < 1; vj ¼ fj xj 2 Vj ; fj 2 AðX ð1Þ Þ. We shall call the
elements vj the cyclic components of the element v.
Now we consider an arbitrary subvariety H of the variety of all representations. Free represen-
tation FH ðXÞ of H generated by the set X ¼ X ð1Þ [ X ð2Þ is the representation FðXÞ=IdH ðXÞ, where
IdH ðXÞ is the congruence of all identities of the variety H which contain variables from the set X.
We denote ðIdH ðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ IH ðX ð1Þ Þ; ðIdH ðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ VH ðXÞ. The congruence IdH ðXÞ is, of course, a
subject of Condition 3.1. ðFH ðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ=IH ðX ð1Þ Þ; ðFH ðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ AðX ð1Þ ÞX ð2Þ =VH ðXÞ, where
IH ðX ð1Þ Þ is the ideal of LðX ð1Þ Þ; VH ðXÞ is AðX ð1Þ Þ-left submodule of AðX ð1Þ ÞX ð2Þ and for every l 2
IH ðX ð1Þ Þ and for every v 2 ðFH ðXÞÞð2Þ the inclusion l v 2 VH ðXÞ holds by Condition 3.1. The
ideal IH ðX ð1Þ Þ and the submodule VH ðXÞ are fully invariant. The ideal IH ðX ð1Þ Þ is multihomoge-
neous by the theorem of the homogenization of the identities of linear algebras (see, for example,
[2, Ch. VII, 3.1, Proposition 2]). So the Lie algebra LH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ=IH ðX ð1Þ Þ is a graded alge-
bra. Actually, the free generators of the representation FH ðXÞ have the form ðxÞ, where  :
FðXÞ ! FðXÞ=IdH ðXÞ is a natural epimorphism, X is a set of free generators of the representation
FðXÞ; x 2 X. We will use the same symbols x 2 X for the free generators of the representations
FðXÞ and FH ðXÞ.
Proposition 3.1. If v 2 VH ðXÞ, then all cyclic components of v are also elements of VH ðXÞ.

Proof. We will consider a decomposition of v to the cyclic components:

P P ð2Þ
v ¼ j2Jv vj ¼ j2Jv fj xj . For every j 2 Jv , there exists vj 2 EndðFðXÞÞ such that ðvj ÞjXð1Þ ¼
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
idXð1Þ ; vj ðxj Þ ¼ xj ; vj ðxr Þ ¼ 0ð2Þ for every r 2 Jv n fjg. Thus, vj ðvÞ ¼ vj 2 VH ðXÞ. w
8 A. TSURKOV

Therefore, VH ðXÞ ¼ 丣j2J ðVj \ VH ðXÞÞ and

ð Þ ð Þ   
ðFH ðX ÞÞ 2 ¼ ðF ðX ÞÞ 2 =VH ðX Þ ffi 丣 Vj = Vj \ VH ðX Þ :
j2J
ð2Þ
We denote Vj \ VH ðXÞ ¼ Nj ¼ Bj xj , where Bj is a left-side ideal of AðX ð1Þ Þ.
Proposition 3.2. Bj is a two-sided multihomogeneous ideal of AðX ð1Þ Þ.
ð2Þ
Proof. If b 2 Bj , then bxj 2 VH ðXÞ. We take f 2 AðX ð1Þ Þ. There exists vf 2 EndðFðXÞÞ such that
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
ðvf ÞjXð1Þ ¼ idXð1Þ; vf ðxj Þ ¼ fxj ; vf ðxr Þ ¼ xr for every r 2 J n fjg. We have that
ð2Þ ð2Þ
vf ðbxj Þ¼ 2 VH ðXÞ, so bf 2 Bj .
bf xj
Proof of the fact that Bj is a multihomogeneous ideal is very similar to the proof of the the-
orem of the homogenization of the identities of linear algebras, (see, for example, [2, Ch. VII, 3.1,
Proposition 2]). w

ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ

Therefore, Vj =ðVj \ VH ðXÞÞ ¼ AðX ð1Þ Þxj =Bj xj ffi ðAðX ð1Þ Þ=Bj Þxj , where AðX ð1Þ Þ=Bj ¼ Aj is
a graded algebra.
Proposition 3.3. There exists a two-sided multihomogeneous ideal BH ðX ð1Þ Þ  AðX ð1Þ Þ, such
ð2Þ
that VH ðXÞ ¼ BH ðX ð1Þ ÞX ð2Þ ¼ 丣j2J BH ðX ð1Þ Þxj .

Proof. We only need to prove that Bj1 ¼ Bj2 for every j1 ; j2 2 J. We consider b 2 Bj1 . We have
ð2Þ ð2Þ
that bxj1 2 Vj1 \ VH ðXÞ. There exists v 2 EndðFðXÞÞ such that vjXð1Þ ¼ idXð1Þ ; vðxj1 Þ ¼
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
xj2 ; vðxr Þ ¼ 0ð2Þ for every r 2 J n fj1 g. Hence vðbxj1 Þ ¼ bxj2 2 Vj2 \ VH ðXÞ is satisfied.
Therefore, b 2 Bj2 . 䊏
Thus, we prove the following:
Theorem 3.1. Let FH ðXÞ be the free representation of the subvariety H generated by the set
X ¼ X ð1Þ [ X ð2Þ . Then
ð Þ
ðFH ðX ÞÞ 1 ¼ LH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ=IH ðX ð1Þ Þ;
ð Þ
 
ðFH ðX ÞÞ 2 ¼ 丣 AH ðX ð1Þ Þx ;
x2X ð2Þ

where AH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ AðX ð1Þ Þ=BH ðX ð1Þ Þ; LðX ð1Þ Þ is a free Lie algebra, generated by the set
X ð1Þ ; IH ðX ð1Þ Þ is a multihomogeneous ideal of this algebra, AðX ð1Þ Þ is a free associative algebra with
unit, generated by the set X ð1Þ ; BH ðX ð1Þ Þ is a multihomogeneous two-sided ideal of this algebra,
AH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ AðX ð1Þ Þ=BH ðX ð1Þ Þ is a graded algebra. Also for every a 2 AðX ð1Þ Þ and every l 2
IH ðX ð1Þ Þ is fulfilled that al; la 2 BH ðX ð1Þ Þ (IH ðX ð1Þ Þ  ðBH ðX ð1Þ Þ : AðX ð1Þ ÞÞ).

4. Category of the finitely generated free representations

We consider the category H0 , where H is an arbitrary subvariety of the variety of all
representations.
The IBN (invariant basis number) property or invariant dimension property was defined ini-
tially in the theory of rings and modules, see, for example, [6, Definition 2.8]. But we can gener-
alize this property for an arbitrary variety of universal algebras. In our case
Definition 4.1. We say that the variety H has an IBN property if for every FH ðXÞ; FH ðYÞ 2
ObH0 there exists an isomorphism FH ðXÞ ffi FH ðYÞ if and only if jX ðiÞ j ¼ jY ðiÞ j, i 2 C.
 COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAV
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We consider the nontrivial variety H. It means that in the variety H the identities xð1Þ ¼ 0 and
ð2Þ
x ¼ 0 are not fulfilled.
Proposition 4.1. Every nontrivial variety H has IBN property.

Proof. We consider FH ðXÞ ¼ FH 2 ObH0 . We will denote AðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ A; LðX ð1Þ Þ
ð1Þ
¼ L; FH ¼ LH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ LH ; AH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ AH ; BH ðX ð1Þ Þ ¼ BH . We denote by M the two-sided ideal
of A generated by set X ð1Þ : M ¼ hX ð1Þ i. Also we denote, as above,  : FðXÞ ! FðXÞ=IdH ðXÞ ¼
FH natural epimorphism.
By [24, Section 3] we have
 
jX ð1Þ j ¼ dimk LH =½LH ; LH  :
We will use the description of FH ðXÞ given in Theorem 3.1. In particular, from this Theorem
P ð2Þ
we conclude that for every v ¼ j2Jv fj xj 2 ðFðXÞÞð2Þ , where fj 2 A, the equality ðvÞ ¼
P ð2Þ
j2Jv bðfj Þxj holds, where b : A ! A=BH is a natural epimorphism.
ð1Þ ð2Þ
ðFH Þ ðFH Þ ¼ ðLÞ ð丣x2Xð2Þ AxÞ ¼ ð丣x2Xð2Þ ðL  AÞxÞ. It is clear that L  A  M and M 
ð1Þ ð2Þ
L  A because X ð1Þ  L. H is the nontrivial variety, so M
BH . Hence, ðFH Þ ðFH Þ
¼ ð丣x2Xð2Þ MxÞ ¼ 丣x2Xð2Þ ðM=BH Þx. Therefore
     
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
FH2 = FH1 FH2 ¼ 丣 AH x = 丣 ðM=BH Þx
x2X ð2Þ x2X ð2Þ

ffi 丣 ðAH =ðM=BH ÞÞx:

x2X ð2Þ

But AH =ðM=BH Þ ¼ ðA=BH Þ=ðM=BH Þ ffi A=M ffi k holds. Hence

  
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
dimk FH2 = FH1 FH2 ¼ jX ð2Þ j:

ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ

We say that the variety H is an action-type variety, if IH ðX Þ ¼ f0g for every X  X0 , such
that jX ð1Þ j < 1.

Proposition 4.2. If H is an action-type nontrivial variety of representations, then Condition 2.1 is

fulfilled in H.

Proof. H has IBN property, so, by [19, Proposition 5.2] and [23, Section 5], we have two possibil-
ities for every U 2 AutH0 :

Case 1: UðFH ðxð1Þ ÞÞ ffi FH ðxð1Þ Þ and; UðFH ðxð2Þ ÞÞ ffi FH ðxð2Þ Þ

Case 2: UðFH ðxð1Þ ÞÞ ffi FH ðxð2Þ Þ and; UðFH ðxð2Þ ÞÞ ffi FH ðxð1Þ Þ
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
If X ¼ fx1 ; :::; xn g, then we have that ðFH ðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ Lðx1 ; :::; xn Þ; ðFH ðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ f0g. If
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
X ¼ fx1 ; :::; xn g, then we have that ðFH ðXÞÞð1Þ ¼ f0g; ðFH ðXÞÞð2Þ ¼ Spank ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ. By [23,
Proposition 5.1] U transforms an embedding of the free representations to the another embed-
ding of free representations. We can embed the free Lie algebra generated by n (n  1) free gen-
erators to the free Lie algebra generated by 2 free generators (see, for example, [1, 2.4.2, Corollary
from Proposition 8]), but we cannot embed the n-dimensional linear space into a 2-dimensional
linear space when n > 2. Therefore, the Case 2 is impossible. 䊏
10 A. TSURKOV

5. Applicable systems of words

By Proposition 4.2 we have that in an action-type nontrivial variety of the representations,
Condition 2.1 is fulfilled. The signature X of the representations was described in (1.1). We say
ð1Þ ð1Þ
that the subvariety of representations is degenerated if the identity ½x1 ; x2  xð2Þ ¼ 0 is fulfilled
in this subvariety. It is clear that the nondegenerated subvariety is nontrivial. We will consider
the action-type and nondegenerated subvarieties of representations. In these subvarieties, we will
find the applicable systems of words.
By Definition 2.5 if the system of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg is applicable then for every F 2

ObH0 there exists an isomorphism sF : F ! FW such that sF jX ¼ idX . Therefore, if in the subvari-
ety H the identity
a1 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ ¼ a2 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ;
where A ¼ Fðx1 ; :::; xn Þ 2 ObH0 ; a1 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ; a2 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ 2 A, is fulfilled, then for every F 2
ObH0 the identity
a 1 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ ¼ a 2 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ

is fulfilled in the algebra FW . Here we obtain the words a 1 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ and a 2 ðx1 ; :::; xn Þ when we
fix all generators of the algebra A and change all original operations x 2 X by the new verbal
operations x , defined by the words wx . In particular, the new operations must satisfy all axioms
of the representations of Lie algebras. This argument helps us to find the necessary conditions for
the system of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg to be applicable.
Proposition 5.1. If H is an action-type and nondegenerated subvariety of the variety of all repre-
sentations, then the applicable systems of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg, can have only the form
w0ð1Þ ¼ 0ð1Þ ; wð1Þ ¼ xð1Þ ; wkð1Þ ¼ uðkÞxð1Þ ;
h i
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
wþð1Þ ¼ x11 þ x21 ; w½; ¼ a x11 ; x21 ;
(5.1)
w0ð2Þ ¼ 0ð2Þ ; wð2Þ ¼ xð2Þ ; wkð2Þ ¼ uðkÞxð2Þ ;
wþð2Þ ¼ x12 þ x22 ; w ¼ aðxð1Þ xð2Þ Þ;
ð Þ ð Þ

where u 2 Autk; a 2 k .
Proof. This proof is very similar to the first part of the proof of Theorem 5.4 in [23].
We consider the applicable systems of words W ¼ fwx jx 2 Xg in an action-type and nonde-
ð1Þ ð1Þ
generated variety of representations H. By computations in FH ð;Þ; FH ðxð1Þ Þ and FH ðx1 ; x2 Þ we
obtain the following necessary conditions for the words: w0ð1Þ ¼ 0ð1Þ ; wð1Þ ¼ xð1Þ ;
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
wkð1Þ ¼ uðkÞxð1Þ ; wþð1Þ ¼ x1 þ x2 ; w½; ¼ a½x1 ; x2 , where u 2 Autk; a 2 k . These computations
can be seen in [17] and [24, Section 4].
ð2Þ ð2Þ
By similar considerations in FH ð;Þ; FH ðxð2Þ Þ and FH ðx1 ; x2 Þ we obtain these necessary condi-
ð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ
tions for the following words: w0ð2Þ ¼ 0 ; wð2Þ ¼ xð2Þ ; wkð2Þ ¼ wðkÞxð2Þ ; wþð2Þ ¼ x1 þ x2 ,
where w 2 Autk.
We must consider the algebra FH ðxð1Þ ; xð2Þ Þ for finding the necessary conditions for the word
w . H is a nondegenerated variety, so the identity xð1Þ xð2Þ ¼ 0 is not fulfilled in this variety.
Therefore, by Theorem 3.1 AH ðxð1Þ Þ ¼ Aðxð1Þ Þ=BH ðxð1Þ Þ ¼ k½xð1Þ =ððxð1Þ Þd Þ, where d > 1, and
ð2Þ ð2Þ
w ðx1 ; x2 Þ ¼ f ðxð1Þ Þ xð2Þ , where f ðxð1Þ Þ 2 k½xð1Þ ; deg f ðxð1Þ Þ < d.
In our subvariety, the identity
kðxð1Þ xð2Þ Þ ¼ ðkxð1Þ Þ xð2Þ
 COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAV
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holds for every k 2 k. Therefore, in ðFH ðxð1Þ ; xð2Þ ÞÞ W the equality

    
wkð2Þ w xð1Þ ; xð2Þ ¼ w wkð1Þ ðxð1Þ Þ; xð2Þ

must be fulfilled for every k 2 k. Q  k by our assumption, and, if we take k ¼ 2, we conclude

that w ðxð1Þ ; xð2Þ Þ ¼ bxð1Þ xð2Þ , where b 2 k .
Also the identity
h i    
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
x11 ; x21 xð2Þ ¼ x11 x21 xð2Þ x21 x11 xð2Þ
ð1Þ ð1Þ
holds in our subvariety. Therefore, in ðFH ðx1 ; x2 ; xð2Þ ÞÞ W the equality
  
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð2Þ
w w½; x1 ; x2 ; x
     
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
¼ w x11 ; w x21 ; xð2Þ w x21 ; w x11 ; xð2Þ

must be fulfilled. From this equality we conclude that a ¼ b.

In our subvariety, the identity
ðkxð1Þ Þ xð2Þ ¼ xð1Þ ðkxð2Þ Þ
ð1Þ
holds also for every k 2 k. Therefore, in ðFH ðx1 ; xð2Þ ÞÞ W the equality
   
w wkð1Þ ðxð1Þ Þ; xð2Þ ¼ w xð1Þ ; wkð2Þ ðxð2Þ Þ

must be fulfilled for every k 2 k. We have that

 
w wkð1Þ ðxð1Þ Þ; xð2Þ ¼ awkð1Þ ðxð1Þ Þ xð2Þ ¼ auðkÞxð1Þ xð2Þ

and
 
w xð1Þ ; wkð2Þ ðxð2Þ Þ ¼ axð1Þ wkð2Þ ðxð2Þ Þ ¼ axð1Þ wðkÞxð2Þ :

Therefore, u ¼ w. w

Theorem 5.1. If H is an action-type and nondegenerated subvariety of representations and this

subvariety is defined by identities with coefficients from Z, then A=Y ffi Autk.

Proof. Now we will prove that all the system of words described in (5.1) are applicable for our
variety H.
We will consider an absolutely free representation FðXÞ ¼ F generated by the set
X ¼ X ð1Þ [ X ð2Þ , such that F ðiÞ  X ðiÞ , i ¼ 1, 2, where X 2 FðX0 Þ. By [23, Theorem 5.4], there

exists an isomorphism ~s F : F ! FW , such that ð~s F ÞjX ¼ idX . There exists the natural epimorphism
 : FðXÞ ! FH ðXÞ ¼ FðXÞ=IdH ðXÞ, where FH ðXÞ ¼ FH is a free representation of the variety H
generated by the set X. Indeed, FH ðXÞ is generated by the set ðXÞ but we will use our short
notation. The operations defined on the representations FW
and ðFH Þ W are the verbal operations,

so  : FW ! ðFH ÞW is also an epimorphism. By Theorem 3.1,
  
ð Þ ð Þ
ðFH ðX ÞÞ 1 ¼ LðX ð1Þ Þ; ðFH ðX ÞÞ 2 ¼ 丣 AðX ð1Þ Þ=BH ðX ð1Þ Þ x ;
x2X ð2Þ

where BH ðX ð1Þ Þ is a multihomogeneous two-sided ideal of AðX ð1Þ Þ. So, the variety H can be
defined by the identities, which have a form fxð2Þ ¼ 0, where f is a multihomogeneous element of
P
the ideal BH ðX ð1Þ Þ. This element has a form f ¼ i2I ki mi , where jIj < 1, mi are monomials of
12 A. TSURKOV

AðX ð1Þ Þ. By our assumption, we can suppose that ki 2 Z. So, as in [24, proof of Theorem 4.1],
P P
~s F ðfxð2Þ Þ ¼ i2I uðki Þadegf mi xð2Þ ¼ adegf i2I ki mi xð2Þ ¼ adegf fxð2Þ 2 BH ðX ð1Þ Þxð2Þ . Hence, there
exists a homomorphism sFH : FH ! ðFH Þ W , such that sFH  ¼ ~s F . In particular, if x 2 X, then
sFH ðxÞ ¼ ðxÞ, or, in our short notation, ðsFH ÞjX ¼ idX .
As in [23, proof of Theorem 5.4], we can prove that sFH is an isomorphism. So all systems of
words described in (5.1) are applicable for our subvariety H.
And also as in [23, proof of Theorem 5.4], we can prove, by Criterion 2.1, that the strongly
stable automorphism which corresponds to the system of words (5.1) is inner if and only if
u ¼ idk . Therefore, as in [23, proof of Theorem 5.4], A=Y ffi Autk. w

6. Example
In this section, we consider a field k such that Autk 6¼ fidk g. We will give an example of the sub-
variety H, which satisfies conditions of the Theorem 5.1, and two representations H1 ; H2 2 H,
such that they are automorphically equivalent, but not geometrically equivalent. This example is
similar to the examples of [24, Example 3] and [23, Subsection 5.4].
We consider the subvariety H, defined by identity
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
x11 x21 :::x51 x61 xð2Þ ¼ 0:
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
In this variety, we consider the free algebra F ¼ FH ðx1 ; x2 ; xð2Þ Þ. BH ðx1 ; x2 Þ is the ideal
ð1Þ ð1Þ
generated by all monomials of the length 6. The algebra AH ðx1 ; x2 Þ contains two linear inde-
pendent elements:
h h hh i iii
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
bi x11 ; x11 ; x11 ; x21 ; x21 ¼ e1

and
hh h ii h ii
ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ ð Þ
bi x11 ; x11 ; x21 ; x11 ; x21 ¼ e2 ;
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
where i : Lðx1 ; x2 Þ ! Aðx1 ; x2 Þ is an embedding, which exists by the Poincar
e - Birkhoff -
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
Witt theorem, and b is a natural epimorphism b : Aðx1 ; x2 Þ ! Aðx1 ; x2 Þ=
ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ ð1Þ
BH ðx1 ; x2 Þ ¼ AH ðx1 ; x2 Þ.
We denote by W the system of words (5.1), such that a ¼ 1, u 6¼ fidk g, and by U the strongly
stable automorphism of the category H0 , defined by the system of words W. There exists k 2 k
such that uðkÞ 6¼ k. We denote t ¼ ke1 þ e2 . We consider the two-sided ideal T of the algebra
ð1Þ ð1Þ
AH ðx1 ; x2 Þ generated by the element t. t is a linear combination of the monomials of the length
5, so T ¼ spk ðtÞ. We denote by H the representation such that ðHÞð1Þ ¼ ðFÞð1Þ ;
ð1Þ ð1Þ
ðHÞð2Þ ¼ ðAH ðx1 ; x2 Þ=TÞxð2Þ . The representation H 2 H because H is a homomorphic image of

the representation F. HW 2 H by [23, Proposition 3.5]. By [23, Corollary 1 from the Proposition

4.2], the representations H and HW are automorphically equivalent. By computations which are

very similar to the computations of [24, Example 3] and [23, Subsection 5.4], H and HW are not
geometrically equivalent.

Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge Professors Nir Cohen and David Armando Zavaleta Villanueva, who initiated my par-
ticipation in two mentioned below programs. I am thankful to Prof. E. Aladova for her important remarks, which
helped a lot in writing the article.
 COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRAV
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13

Funding
I would like to acknowledge the support of PNPD CAPES – Programa Nacional de P
os-Doutorado da
Coordenaç~ao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de N
ıvel Superior (National Postdoctoral Program of the
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil). Project PNPD20130337 and of CNPq -
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient
ıfico e Tecnol
ogico (National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development, Brazil), Project 314045/2013-9, for bestowing a visiting researcher scholarship.

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