Collective Modes of Anyons Localized in 2D Anisotropic Harmonic Potential

23 MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970
https://cejsr.academicjournal.io
Collective Modes of Anyons Localized in 2D Anisotropic Harmonic Potential
B. Abdullayev, G. Rakhimova
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT
The goal of our research is to investigate the collective modes of the anyons localized in 2D
parabolic well and get the right exact expression for their collective mode frequencies. A study of the
collective motion of atomic gases, localized in the harmonic trap, belongs to class of actual and
interesting problems of physics of ultra-cold atomic and molecular systems. A topology of
systems allows to exist the particles, whoes statistics may be orbitrary between bosons and fermions,
therefore they call anyons. And these anyons are described with parameter and may be determined
in the interval between ones for bosons and fermions. The one of intriguing problem of ultra-cold
atomic gases is a study of the role of the anyon statistics to the system centre mass mode frequencies.
KEYWORDS: 2D, Anisotropic.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well-known that all elementary particles fall into one of two possible categories - bosons and
fermions, depending on whether they obey the Bose-Einstein or the Fermi-Dirac statistics
respectively. These particle are at least in 3-dimensional space-time. However in two space
dimensions we do not have only bosons and fermions, but also particles with any statistics in
between. These particles are called anyons and are the subject of this work.
Certainly, it is unusual feature of anyons that they arise only in two-dimensional systems and it is
hard to imagine for both physicists working at totally different field of the physics and people far
away from science these amazing particles. However, these particles are not simply topological
fantasies or objects of purely mathematical interest; on the contrary they might play an important role
in certain physical phenomena of the real world. Of course, since we are living in at least three space
dimensions where particles can be only bosons or fermions, anyons are not real particles. However
there exist certain condensed-matter systems (for example thin layers at the interface between
different semiconductors) that can be regarded effectively as two-dimensional. Their localized
excitations (if they exist) are quasi-particles subject to the rules of a two-dimensional world. It is
these quasiparticles that may be anyons and may be observed in certain cases. For example the
collective excitations above the ground state of systems exhibiting the fractional quantum Hall effect
(for a review see (Prange and Girvin 1990)) have been identified as localized quasi-particles of
fractional charge (Laughlin 1983), fractional spin and fractional statistics (Arovas et al. 1984;
Halperin 1984), and thus they can be regarded as anyons. Furthermore, anyons are conjectured to
play a role also in the theory of high temperature superconductivity (Chen et al. 1989), even though
in this case no conclusive word can be said at the moment (Lyons et al. 1990; Kiefl et al. 1990;
Spielman et al. 1990).
Such anyonic particles are becoming of increasing importance in condensed matter physics and
quantum computation. They may play an essential role for describing the fractional quantum Hall
effect, high-temperature superconductivity, and the physics of topological insulators and
superconductors. Moreover, anyons as unusual quasiparticles with properties of its statistics are
adequate tool for implementing a topological quantum computer. All of the mentioned categories in
Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

physics are the active issues of the physicists throughout the world. Certainly, all of these emphasize
the importance of investigating the quantum anyon systems and their collective motion in the
harmonic trap that has been done in this scientific work.
Most of the great interest that anyons have attracted in the past few years derives from the
(unexpected) applications of these ideas to certain two-dimesional condensed matter systems, most
notably those exhibiting the fractional quantum Hall effect (see for instance (Prange and Girvin
1990)). In this case a series of new states of matter emerge as incompressible quantum liquids
(Laughlin 1983) around which the low-energy excitations are localized quasi-particles with unusual
fractional quantum numbers, i.e. anyons. Furthermore, it is also very likely that anyonic excitations
with fractional statistics exist in films of liquid 3He in the A-phase (Volovik and Yakovenko 1989).
The application of anyons to the theory of high temperature superconductivity has also been
considered quite extensively (for reviews see (Wilczek 1990; Lykken et al. 1991)), but their actual
relevance in this context is quite controversial and doubtful.
Since experimentally first ultracold atoms have been realized in harmonic potentials, the goal of our
work will be the consideration of the collective motion of anyons in the harmonic trap.
The present paper is organized as follows. We start with introducing Hamiltonian of the anyons in
2D parabolic harmonic well in section2. Then, cumulant method is introduced in section3. In
sections 4 and 5 some calculations have been given by utilizing this method. Next section is devoted
for deriving the harmonic oscillator equation for the centre-of-mass - the main result of our work.
Finally, at the end the conclusion is presented.
2. HAMILTONIAN OF ANYONS TRAPPED IN 2D ANISOTROPIC HARMONIC
POTENTIAL
In this section we describe the Hamiltonian of anyons, localized in the anisotropic trap, which
expression will be taken from the paper [26] and, following to the paper of Ghost and Sinha [27], we
write this system Langrangian.
The Hamiltonian of the gas of anyons with mass and charge , confined in parabolic well,
is:
ˆ ∑ (⃗⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗ )) ∑ ( )
Here ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent the position and momentum operators of the th anyon in space
dimension,
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
(⃗⃗⃗ ) ∑
| |
is the anyon gauge vector potential [28], ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ is the unit vector normal to the
plane. In the expression for vector potential (⃗⃗⃗ ) is the anyon factor and hereafter we assume
that , which means the variation of the anyon factor between bosonic and fermionic limits
of anyons.
Our interest is the solution of the Schrödinger equation
(⃗ )
ˆ (⃗ )
Let us consider first the term in the Hamiltonian ˆ , containing only the anyon vector potential
(⃗⃗⃗ ). In the bosonic representation of anyons we take the system wave function in the form
, -:

(⃗ ) ∏ (⃗ )
Here and above ⃗ *⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + is the configuration space of the anyons. The product in the
right hand side of this equation is the Jastrow-type wave function. It describes the short distance
correlations between two particles due to anyonic (fermionic) statistics interaction.
By substituting the wave function of this form into Schrödinger equation (3) without the harmonic
potential term, we obtain the equation:
(⃗ )
(ˆ ˆ ) (⃗ )
where
⃗
ˆ ∑ ( ∑ )
| |
and
( )
ˆ ∑ ( (⃗⃗⃗ ) ⃗ ∑ )
| |
ing
As in the paper [27] of Ghosh and Sinha, by introduc-
where √ , we make dimensionless the length quantities and denote them by tilde sign.
We express the energy quantities in the Hamiltonian (1) in the units of . Then, for instance, the
harmonic potential term will have the form:
∑ ( ) ∑ ( ˜ ˜ )
where ˜ ˜ and parameter is the anisotropic parameter for the

harmonic potential.
Now we make dimensionless Hamiltonians ˆ and ˆ
⃗
˜ˆ ∑ ( ∑ )
| |
˜ ˜ ⃗˜
∑ ( ∑ )
|˜ |
since ˜ .

Similarly
˜ (˜ ) ˜
˜ˆ ∑ ( ˜ ( ˜ ) ⃗˜ ∑ )
|˜ |
where
˜
˜ (˜ ) ∑
|˜ |
And finaly, we obtain the dimensionless Schrödinger equation:
( ⃗˜ ˜ )
˜
( ˜ˆ ˜ˆ ∑ ( ˜ ˜ )) ( ⃗˜ ˜)
with ˜ .
At the end of this section, we emphasize that the wave function ( ⃗˜ ˜ ) contains the configurational
space of anyons vector ⃗ . Therefore, it corresponds to many particle wave function of system.
Previously, at the calculation of time variation of BEC, the wave function was a function of only one
coordinate of condensate (see, for example, the paper [27]) and the solution of problem of BEC
collective motions in the harmonic trap was essentially easier.
3. CUMULANTS EQUATION OF MOTION METHOD
For the description of above mentioned monope and quadrupole modes and also the oscillation of the
centre of mass motion (the Kohn theorem), we use the cumulants equation of motion method [31,
34]. According to this method, for the small amplitude oscillations, it is convenient to take the trial
many body wave function ( ⃗ ) in the Gaussian form (we use notations, taken from Ref. [31], for
variational parameters):
(⃗ ) ( ) ∏ * ( )
( ) ( )( )
-
Here, and are the and coordinate components of -th particle, all variational parameters
and , and centre of mass components and are the time dependent.
In order to derive the comulants equation of motion, we average over the Schrödinger equation (11)
the weight :

∫ ∏ ∫ ∏
˜
( ˜ˆ ˜ˆ ∑ ( ˜ ˜ ))
Since the wave function , Eq. (12), is a Gaussian, no zero these averages are only for two central
moments. Averages with and provide equations to find the centre of
mass motion. And averages with ( ) and ( ) provide
equations to find the widths motion.
4. AVERAGE QUANTITIES FOR OF IDEAL GAS OF PARTICLES IN 2D
ANISOTROPIC HARMONIC POTENTIAL
For the ideal gas of particles in anisotropic harmonic potential, we have an averaged Schrödinger
equation:
∫ ∏ ∫ ∏
˜
∑ ( ˜ ˜ ˜ )
Using the way, Ref. [31], of calculation of this equation integrals, we obtain:
∫ ∏ ( )
˜
˙
( ˙ ˙ )
and
∫ ∏ ( )
˜
˙
( ˙ ˙ )
Then
∫ ∏ ( ) ∑ ˜
( )
∫ ∏ ( ) ∑ ˜
( )
and

∫ ∏ ( ) ∑ ˜
∫ ∏ ( ) ∑ ˜
5. AVERAGE QUANTITIES FOR WITH ANYON PART OF HAMILTONIAN ˆ .

We start with the expression for the square of modulo of wave function ( ⃗ ), Eq. (12), (for the
simplicity, everywhere below, we omit signs tilte). It equals to
| ( ⃗ )| ( ) ∏ *
where and .
First, we need to calculate the integral in the average quantities for , related to term
⃗
| |
| ( ⃗ )|
where
( )
( )
The expression for this integral is:
( ) ∑ ∑ ∭ ∫
* +
We introduce new variables and then and

and taking into account that
* +

the exponential function in the Eq. (24) will have the form:
Next, substituting expressions for , Eq. (23), and exponential function, Eq. (26), in Eq. (24) for
integral then, using the formula, Eq. (44), at the integration of over , we find
that only the last term of gives a non zero contribution into . And its expression is:
( )
At the derivation of this expression for , we have used the formulas:
∫ ∫
√
√ ( )
for and
∫ ∫
√
√ ( )
for , which can be obtained, using expressions Eqs. (30) - (32):
∫ ∫
At the calculation of that integral over , we use the formula of the book [32]:
∫ , ( )-
with , - and ( ) is the error function.

At the calculation of obtained integral over the , we use the formula of the same book
[32] of I.S. Gradshteyn and I.M. Ryzhik:
( )
∫ ( )
( )
at , -
In the analogous way, one may calculate the expression for integral for the average quantities of
. It equals to expression:
( )

6. AVERAGE QUANTITIES FOR WITH HAMILTONIAN ˜ˆ .

We calculate the integral in the average quantities for , related to term
( ) ⃗
where
( )
( )
Again, the expression for this integral is:
( ) ∑ ∑ ∭ ∫
* +
We follow the procedure of calculation, discribed from Eq. (24) up to Eq. (29), except of substituting
expressions for , Eq. (35), and exponential function, Eq. (26), in Eq. (36) for integral then,
using the formula, Eq. (44), at the integration of over , we find that only the
term of gives a non zero contribution into . We obtain
( )
Analogously, we calculate the expression for integral for the average quantities of . It
equals to expression:
( )
We calculate the integral in the average quantities for , related to the last term in the
Hamiltonian ˆ . It is:
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗⃗ )
∑ ∑
| |
∑ ∑ ∑
( )( )
where
* +
* +
Introducing variables and , we expressed the first exponential function in Eq. (40) in the form
of Eq. (26). Now, we introduce variables and then

* +
will have a form:
Introducing in Eq. (41) last two parts inside of exponential function, Eq. (26), we find the final
expression of the function
( )
*
( )
+
Our goal is to calculate the integral:
∭ ∭
( )( )
Using a formula below:
. /
√ ( ) ∑ ( )
( ) ( )
we find
( )
∫ * +
( )
√ [ ]
and
( )
∫ * +
( ) ( )
√ [ ]
Taking into account the expressions Eq. (45) and Eq. (46), the integral transforms into form:

∭ ∫
( )
( )( )
with the new expression for :
* ( )
( )+
The first term in the sum of the last expression for does not depend on
variable . Therefore, we can calculate the integral
( )
∫
For this purpose, we use the definition of Gamma function ( ) :

( )
∫
to rewrite the in the form:
∫ ∫
( )
[ ( ) ]
Using again a formula, Eq. (44), one obtains the result for :
√
∫
( ) √
[. / ( )]
In this expression for , at variation of variable in the limits from 0 up to , the function
[. / ( )]
will change from to 1 . However, at limit, the function will make zero a
whole integrand of . Therefore, one can assume
[. / ( )]
and thus take the approximate expression for integral

√
∫
( ) √

We take into account the exponential function from Eq. (52) in the factor , where
, of the expression , and together with obtained this factor the integral over of
with the first term in the sum gives:
and therefore, we find that .
We consider the second term of the sum in the integrand of . It is easy to

show that
( )
∫
( )
if expression for is taken from Eq. (49). However, from the final expression for , Eq. (52),
one obtains ( ) . Therefore, using Eq. (53), we find again .
We demonstrated at calculating the average quantities for , related to the last

term in the Hamiltonian ˆ . One can show that the same average quantities, however, calculating
now for , give also . To get this result we used the expression
∭ ∫
( )
( )( )
and
7. HARMONIC OSCILLATOR EQUATION FOR THE CENTRE-OF-MASS.

Substituting in the Schrödinger equation, Eq. (13), results of average quantities for , calculated in
the above three sections, we find the equations of motion for the coordinate
˙
˙ ˙
( ) ( )
and coordinate
˙
˙ ˙
( ) ( )
of the centre-of-mass. In equations Eqs. (57) - (58) and

Equating imaginary parts of both these equations, we find:

˙
( )
˙
( )
from where
˙
Here, we introduced the constant ( ). From Eq. (60), we express ˙ and ˙ through
the and , respectively, and substitute them in the real parts of Eq. (57) and Eq. (58). We obtain
˙ ( )( )
˙ ( )( )
Our goal is to consider solution of these equations on the first order small quantities, therefore, we
omit the and terms from the consideration and assume that and .
Taking into account the relationship, Eq. (60), we write a set of equations:
¨ ( )˙
¨ ( )˙
We try to find the solutions in the form and then Eqs. (62) reduce to
˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ˜ ˜
where ˜ ˜ ˜ ( 1) ( ) and ( ) ( ).
Multiplying two equations of Eq. (63) to each other, one obtains
( ˜ ˜ )( ˜ ˜) ˜
and thus the equation
˜ ˜ (˜ ˜ ) ˜ ˜
The solution of this equation is:
(˜ ) (˜ ˜ )
[ (˜ ˜ ) ˜ ˜]
We analyse an effect of the different cases of statistics of particles and an harmonic potential
anysotropy and on centre-of-mass oscillatory frequency . Let assume that we consider the
system of bosons 0 . For this case of particle statistics, and from equation
(˜ ) ( ) ( )

we have
For the case and isotropic harmonic potential , we have .

For the system of anyons and arbitrary harmonic potential and , the centre-of-mass
oscillatory frequences are determined by Eq. (64).
8. CONCLUSION
So, after scrutinizing problems and tasks this work and with the help of acquired results the
following statements can be done to conclude the work:
 In order to perform the tasks set up in this research a new method for calculating problems has
been utilized. It is a cumulant method to get the width equation and equation of the motion for
the centre of mass to get the collective frequencies. This method gave an opportunity to avoid for
writing an action and take a variation over it and also solve a differential equation of the second
order which is an overwhelming task. Instead, we solved integrals of Gaussian type which is
much easier than a variational approach.
 By utilizing the cumulant method, the expression for the centre-of-mass oscillatory frequencies
for the system of anyons and arbitrary harmonic potential has been derived in the last chapter.
Furthemore, special cases for the determined frequency have been considered with the
parameters and .
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Collective Modes of Anyons Localized in 2D Anisotropic Harmonic Potential

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23 MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970

Collective Modes of Anyons Localized in 2D Anisotropic Harmonic Potential

KEYWORDS: 2D, Anisotropic.

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

where ˜ ˜ and parameter is the anisotropic parameter for the

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

5. AVERAGE QUANTITIES FOR WITH ANYON PART OF HAMILTONIAN ˆ .

The expression for this integral is:

We introduce new variables and then and

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

for , which can be obtained, using expressions Eqs. (30) - (32):

with , - and ( ) is the error function.

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

6. AVERAGE QUANTITIES FOR WITH HAMILTONIAN ˜ˆ .

Again, the expression for this integral is:

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

will have a form:

Our goal is to calculate the integral:

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

For this purpose, we use the definition of Gamma function ( ) :

to rewrite the in the form:

and thus take the approximate expression for integral

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

and therefore, we find that .

We consider the second term of the sum in the integrand of . It is easy to

We demonstrated at calculating the average quantities for , related to the last

7. HARMONIC OSCILLATOR EQUATION FOR THE CENTRE-OF-MASS.

of the centre-of-mass. In equations Eqs. (57) - (58) and

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

For the case and isotropic harmonic potential , we have .

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

Middle European Scientific Bulletin, Volume 29 | Oct-2022

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