Policy Brief

2020 December

KEY MESSAGES

• Second to habitat loss, the illegal wildlife trade (IWT)

A Shifting Landscape:
is driving the world’s most threatened species closer to
extinction. It also poses grave risks to human health. Rethinking Illegal
• Rising demand for wildlife, their by-products and
derivatives, sold as pets, status items, curios, and
Wildlife Trade and
medicinal ingredients, has exploded the trade into a
multi-billion dollar industry, estimated to be worth up the Law
to $10 billion–$23 billion per year, making it the fourth
most lucrative global crime after drugs, arms, and human
trafficking (UNODC).

• Home to one of the greatest concentrations of species

found nowhere else in the world, the Philippines has
become an important source, transit, and destination
point for global IWT.
• In the Philippines, IWT is estimated to be worth 50
billion pesos a year (roughly equivalent to $1 billion, which
includes the market value of wildlife and its resources,
their ecological role and value, damage to habitats
incurred during poaching, and loss in potential ecotourism
revenues.
• Almost 20 years after the passage of the Republic
Act (RA) 9147 or the Wildlife Resources Conservation
and Protection Act of 2001, legislators have filed Bills in
both Houses of Congress to address gaps and needs in
wildlife conservation and protection, and to respond to
the growing IWT crisis, among others.
• The Philippine wildlife law enforcement community
has witnessed the growing scale and sophistication of
wildlife crimes, with increasing incidents of apprehensions
of syndicated taking of wildlife in large quantities with
international connection. There is broad consensus
among diverse stakeholders involved in wildlife
management, conservation, and protection on the need
to develop a more stringent legal framework, improve
enforcement mechanisms, and strengthen inter-agency
cooperation against IWT.
Context
The Philippines is one of the world’s 17 mega-diverse countries,
which collectively host two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity.
It harbors one of the highest concentrations of unique wildlife
species in the world. Yet, it is also a biodiversity hotspot with
high levels of threats from habitat loss, invasive alien species
(IAS), climate change, pollution, and overexploitation. Habitat
loss and IWT are two of the biggest threats to species survival.
The country’s archipelagic coastline makes it extremely
vulnerable to the expanding reach of transnational organized
crime syndicates.
The global IWT, now the fourth largest illegal trade worldwide
behind only illegal drugs, arms, and human trafficking, pushes
thousands of species toward extinction, threatens national
security, and poses grave risks to human health. Over the last
decade, the Philippines has become an important source,
transit and destination point for IWT, estimated to be worth
₱50 billion a year (roughly equivalent to $1 billion), which
includes the market value of wildlife and its resources, their
ecological role and value, damage to habitats incurred during
poaching, and loss in potential ecotourism revenues.

• Senate Bills 2078 (Villar) and 2079 (Zubiri) on the
Revised Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection
Act of 2021 have been filed. The Senate Bills feature
amendments related to enforcement, penalties, and
wildlife trafficking as a distinct and separate offense, and
also noted the link between IWT and pandemics. Similar
bills are pending in the House of Representatives.
Recognizing its scale and impact on biodiversity and
sustainable development, the Philippine government has
passed legislation, created inter-agency groups to combat
wildlife trafficking, organized capacity-building activities across
the law enforcement chain, and initiated awareness campaigns.
Almost 20 years after the Republic
Act 9147 or the Wildlife Resources
Senators Villar and Zubiri filed Senate Bills 2078 and 2079, respectively, on the
Revised Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2021.
A chronology of Philippine Wildlife Legislation
Conservation and Protection Act
of 2001 (hereinafter referred to This Policy Brief looks at the chronological development of the country’s wildlife
as the Wildlife Act) took effect legislation in the last century, summarizes the report on the review of RA 9147 The Philippine wildlife legislation has come a long way in the last century, from protecting mostly
in the Philippines, the wildlife law initiated by the DENR – Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) in 2017, and game animals to protecting all wildlife species regardless of location, conservation status, and origin.
enforcement community witnessed provides policymakers and advocates with the salient features of the proposed The following chronology highlights important legislative milestones in wildlife conservation and
an evolution of wildlife crimes Senate Bills, entitled “Revised Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection protection.
exacerbated by globalization. Act of 2021,” which seek to close legal loopholes in the 20-year old law.
Open borders and better transport
infrastructure permitted access
of IWT syndicates to previously
remote areas, while the Internet
An Act to Protectgave
Wild
unprecedented access to new
Flowers markets.
and Plants in the The ENIPAS Act brought the total number of
Philippine Islands and protected areas to 244, covering 7.76 million
to Prescribe Conditions hectares, composed of 107 legislated, 13
under which they may be proclaimed, and 24 remaining initial
In recent years, concerns were
Collected, Kept, Sold, components. These figures represent the
raised on the increasing incidents
Exported,and
Purposes
for Other country’s terrestrial and territorial waters
that are considered the most critical areas for
of apprehensions of well-equipped, 1932 wildlife conservation and protection.

organized, and syndicated violators RA An Act Providing for the

3915 Establishment of National
dealing with wildlife in relatively Parks, Declaring such Parks as
Game Refuge and for Other
large quantities with international Purposes
connection. Many believed that
while these successful operations 1904 1916 1932 1975 1992 2018
RA An Act to Regulate the ACT NO. An Act for the ACT NO. An Act to Protect Wild RA An Act Declaring the RA National Integrated RA An Act Declaring Protected
are known and highlighted, many 1148 Use of Public Forest 2590 Protection of 3983 Flowers and Plants in the 6147 Monkey-Eating Eagle as 7586 Protected Areas 11038 Areas and Providing for Their
and Forest Reserves in Philippine Islands and to Protected Bird
similar violations remain pervasive and the Philippine Islands
Game and Fish
Prescribe Conditions under
Systems Act of 1992 Management, Amending for
This Purpose Republic Act No.
undetected. which they may be Collect- 7586, Otherwise Known as the
ed, Kept, Sold, Exported, "National Integrated Protected
and for Other Purposes Areas System (NIPAS) Act of
1992" and for Other Purposes
In response to the increasing level of
IWT, the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR), 1900s 1910s 192os 1930s 1970s 1990s 2000s 2010s
along with various law enforcement
entities and stakeholder groups,
conducted a series of meetings and
1907 1929 1932 1975
consultations with the end in view
of drafting proposed revisions to An Act to Provide for
the Protection of ACT NO.
An Act to Prohibit the
Cutting of Tindalo, Akle or
An Act Prohibiting the
Killing, Hunting, Wounding COMMON-
Forestry Reform Code
of the Philippines
2001
ACT NO. PD NO.
further enhance the current Wildlife Animal Life in the 1798 Molave Trees under Certain 3572 or Taking Away of Bubalus
WEALTH
ACT NO. 73 705
An Act Providing for the
Philippine Islands Conditions, and to Penalize mindorensis, commonly
Act. Island-wide consultations were Violations Thereof known as the Tamaraw Conservation and RA
conducted in Mindanao, Visayas, and 1978 Protection of Wildlife 9147
Revised Forestry Code Resources and Their
Luzon, while specialized groups such of the Philippines PD NO. Habitats, Appropriating
as law enforcers, plant enthusiasts, and 1559
Funds Therefor and for
wildlife practitioners also participated Other Purposes
in separate meetings held for the
purpose. This process produced a draft Created the Parks and Wildlife Division,
responsible for the management of parks,
Amendatory Bill which was submitted range, wildlife, and recreational areas.
by the DENR to Senator Cynthia Villar
and Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri for
co-sponsorhip. On 02 March 2021,

2 / Co n text / 3
 Despite a more stringent legal and regulatory
framework and the country’s compliance with
wildlife-related treaties, the illegal wildlife
trade continues at an alarming pace.

Gains and Gaps might not necessarily result in killing, but nonetheless are
detrimental to wildlife. Most of these noteworthy additions
Relative Increase in Fines and Penalties

in Conservation have no equivalent in previously existing laws. These Some of the penalties provided in the Wildlife Act are much Prompted by the fast-evolving nature of wildlife
crimes, the DENR - BMB initiated a review of the
include: (1) the prohibition to inflict injury that impairs higher when compared with the other laws, ranging from
and Protection the reproductive system; (2) unauthorized introduction five days to twelve years of imprisonment and/or P200.00
Wildlife Act in 2017, seeking to take stock of its
implementation. Some of the gaps in policy and
and reintroduction of wildlife resources; (3) gathering of to P1,000,000.00. implementation include the following:
active nest, host plants, and the like; and (4) maltreating or
RA 9147 or the Wildlife Act is a groundbreaking law in the effecting other injuries.
history of the Philippine wildlife legislation, strengthening Designated and Authorized the Creation of • No measures to address the growing threat of IAS.
the policy environment of the State to manage, protect, and
Administrative Structures Responsible for
conserve the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats.
Implementation
• No mention of “by-products and derivatives”
in the illegal acts, such as “trading of wildlife” and
The law expanded coverage of legal protection to all Table 1. Comparison of Fines and Penalties Imposed “transporting of wildlife.”
wildlife and empowered relevant agencies to regulate more through Various Wildlife Legislations The jurisdiction of the DENR, the Department of
effectively by providing mandates and clear basis for their
Agriculture (DA), and the Palawan Council for Sustainable • Penalties do not serve as a sufficient deterrent.
respective regulatory and enforcement functions.
LAW MINIMUM MAXIMUM
Development (PCSD) is clear-cut and the roles and
functions of each are well-defined. The DENR has
• Penalties do not correspond to the gravity of
PENALTY PENALTY each offense.
jurisdiction over all terrestrial species, all marine and
Expanded Coverage of Legal Protection for Act No. 2590 Fine of 100 pesos Fine of 100 pesos freshwater turtles, tortoises, all wetland species, crocodiles, • Enforcement powers are generally weak and
Philippine Wildlife amphibians, and dugongs. The DA has jurisdiction over lacking detail in the legislation.
Act No. 3983 Fine not less than 10 Fine of not more
declared aquatic critical habitats, all aquatic resources
Compared with previous wildlife legislations, the Wildlife pesos than 200 pesos or
including all fishes, aquatic plants, invertebrates, and • Ambiguities or vague language in the penal
imprisonment of not provisions.
Act is more comprehensive as it covers all wildlife species, all marine mammals, except dugongs. The PCSD has
more than 30 days
including those exotic species which are traded, maintained,
or propagated in the country.
or both jurisdiction over all species of wildlife found in the Province • Resources for enforcement operations are scant
of Palawan, whether terrestrial or marine. compared with the number of possible violations.
PD 1219 Imprisonment of not Imprisonment of
less than 60 days not less than 6 years • Proper operation of designated Wildlife Rescue
or a fine of not more Centers is challenging due to limited space,
Clear Basis for Regulating Wildlife-Related than 6,000.00 pesos Authorization to Establish National personnel, and funding support.
Activities by Agencies Wildlife Research and Rescue Centers in
PD 705 Fine of not less than Fine of 20,000.00
Support of Wildlife Management and Policy • Implementation of the Wildlife Act can be
The collection, possession, transport, export, and other 500 pesos pesos heightened by revising and incorporating new
Implementation provisions to enhance and clarify the law, and by
relevant undertakings related to the use, propagation,
Not less than 100 raising public awareness.
maintenance, and disposition of wildlife, are identified, pesos and denial of The full and effective implementation of any policy often
defined, and regulated by the Wildlife Act. Responsible permit for 3 years requires not only administrative but physical infrastructure.
agencies/structures are adequately designated and identified.
The Wildlife Act authorizes the establishment of National
RA 9147 Fine of 200 pesos or Fine of 1,000,000.00
Wildlife Research and Rescue Centers in support of wildlife
(Wildlife Act) imprisonment of 5 or imprisonment of
days 12 years management and policy implementation.
Expanded List of Prohibited Acts Detrimental
to Wildlife RA 11038 Fine of 200,000.00 Fine of 5,000,000.00
(ENIPAS Act) pesos and pesos and
Unlike precursor legislations, prohibitions under the Wildlife imprisonment of 1 imprisonment of not
year more than 12 years
Act are not limited to killing or taking but include acts that

4 / G a i ns and Ga p s / 5

Policy Recommendations
The threat of extinction of wildlife species in the Philippines
is still not far behind despite national legislations and
existing international commitments. From 2010-2020,
more than 67,500 wildlife specimens (live, parts, and
derivatives) worth at least PhP248M were confiscated from
523 suspected law violators through joint operations of law
enforcement agencies. At least 153 criminal complaints/
cases have been filed in various courts, of which 29 criminal
cases have been resolved and 47 criminals convicted. This
gives a glimpse of the scale of IWT that threatens wildlife
species in the country.
The DENR – BMB initiated to amend the Wildlife Act in
2017 with the aim of effectively preventing and deterring
IWT through clear and more comprehensive provisions
and imposition of stronger penalties. Consultations
were completed leading to the finalization of a draft that
was sponsored in the 17th Congress by Representative
Josephine Ramirez-Sato as House Bill (HB) 8320.
With support and assistance from the DENR-ADB/GEF
Project on Combating Environmental Organized Crime in
the Philippines (IWT Project), the DENR-BMB continued
its work on the amendments.
Building on HB 8320 and several multi-stakeholder and
experts’ consultations nationwide (Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao), a draft amendatory Bill was prepared and
endorsed by DENR to Senator Cynthia Villar (Senate
Committee Chair of Environment and Natural Resources)
and Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri (Principal author of current
RA 9147) for co-sponsorhip. In celebration of the annual
World Wildlife Day 2021, Senators Villar and Zubiri filed
Senate Bill Nos. 2078 and 2070, respectively, on the Revised
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of
2021.
6 / P o l i c y R ecomme n dat i o n s
THE DRAFT AMENDATORY BILL IN A
NUTSHELL
The draft Bill endorsed by the DENR to the Senate has 54
sections divided into six chapters. The main highlight of the
draft is the state policy to address and end the large-scale,
transnational, and organized crime of wildlife trafficking, the
recalibration of penalties, and provision of administrative
adjudication. Also included in the draft is a section on IAS
where agencies are given the mandate to manage, control
and if necessary, eradicate them.
The problems brought about by the entry of IAS, the
continuing destruction of habitats, violation of wildlife laws,
and weak law enforcement are causing devastating impact
on the country’s wildlife population. Concerned agencies
need personnel, new tools, and additional support to enable
them to carry out their mandated responsibility.
Below are the salient features of the draft amendatory bill:
The Crime of Wildlife Tracking as a Distinct
and Separate Offense
Wildlife Tracking is committed when: a) three or more
individuals cooperate and work together in illegally
collecting, killing, transporting, trading of wildlife, their
by-products and derivatives; b) it is for the purpose of
exporting to or importing from another country; c) it
involves 100 or more specimens of threatened species or
200 or more specimens of non-threatened species.
Wildlife trafficking penalty ranges
from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and
a fine of Two Hundred Thousand Pesos
(P200,000.00) to Two Million Pesos
(P2,000,000.00).
The DENR – BMB initiated to amend the Wildlife Act in 2017 with the
aim of effectively preventing and deterring IWT through clear and more
comprehensive provisions and imposition of stronger penalties.
Control and Management of Invasive Alien
Species and Introduction from the Sea
The DENR, DA, PCSD, and BMG are mandated to control
and manage all invasive alien species (IAS), jointly establish
a list of IAS, and formulate a National Invasive Alien Species
Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP). In addition, wildlife,
their by-products and derivatives, may be exported to or
imported from another country, or introduced from the sea,
as may be authorized by these agencies.
Administrative Adjudication Powers
The DENR, DA, PCSD, and BMG are given the power to
exercise administrative adjudication in all cases of violations
and may cause the confiscation, forfeiture, and final
disposition of all wildlife, its by-products and derivatives,
as well as tools and conveyances. These agencies may also
impose fines and other penalties, and cite in contempt
those who mislead, evade, or refuse to cooperate in the
investigation.
Roles of Other National Agencies and Local
Government Units (LGUs)
In addition to the mandated roles and functions as
may be provided in this Act and other laws, rules and
regulations, National Agencies, Instrumentalities, including
Government Owned and Controlled Corporations and
LGUs shall assist and support the DENR, DA, PCSD, and
BMG in the implementation and enforcement of this Act.
LGUs shall require the presentation of duly issued permits
and/or clearances from DENR, DA, PCSD, or BMG as
a pre-requisite for the issuance or renewal of business
permits and other applicable local government permits and
clearances for all business and activities involving wildlife.
Plantilla Positions for Law Enforcement with
Authority to Carry Firearms
Authority is vested in the DENR, DA, PCSD, and BMG to
create permanent positions for Wildlife Law Enforcement
Officers, or to designate their existing permanent
employees as Enforcement Officers. Enforcement Officers
are authorized to enforce wildlife and other environmental
laws, and are authorized to carry their agency’s badge and
government firearms in the conduct of their duties.
Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation
This provision protects enforcers and the agency against
Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
when enforcing the Wildlife Act. Legal actions filed to
harass, vex, exert undue pressure, or stifle any legal recourse
that any person, institution, or the government has taken
or may take in the enforcement of the Wildlife Act shall be
treated as a SLAPP suit.
Bangsamoro Government Jurisdiction*
over Wildlife Resources in the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
In accordance with Republic Act No. 11054 or the Organic
Law for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (BARMM), which vests jurisdiction over
natural resources found in the Region to the Bangsamoro
Government (BMG), the management, protection, and
control of wildlife resources found in BARMM is given to
the BMG.
*Applies only to Senate Bill 2078
/ 7
 The passage of any legislation is only
the beginning of a long process of
attaining the objectives which the
law seeks to achieve.

Establishment of Forensic Laboratories Recalibrated Penalties for Trading, Provides for Separate Offense if the Violation Involves
Possession, and Transport of Wildlife More than One Species
In addition to the establishment of National Wildlife LOOKING AHEAD
Research and Rescue Centers, forensic laboratories may Penalties for trading, possession, and transport of wildlife In cases where more than one wildlife species is collected, hunted,
also be established or designated for the conduct of can be as high as eight years of imprisonment and/or fines possessed, transported, or otherwise involved in connection
forensic analyses and other related capabilities for wildlife
law enforcement. In this regard, partnerships with experts
of up to P1,000,000. with the violation of this Act, each wildlife species involved shall
constitute a separate and distinct count of violation of this Act.
• The amendment to the Wildlife
Act, coupled with strong and consistent
from academic and research institutions and the private Compared to RA 9147, the draft bill recalibrates the environmental law enforcement, can be an
sector shall be established. penalties with the highest imposable penalties as follows: Each separate distinct count of violation shall be prosecuted and effective strategy in propelling the advocacy
penalized separately, regardless of intent, unity or connections of for wildlife conservation and protection.
the acts resulting into the violation.
• Features must be added to enable the
law to respond and adjust to changing
Table 2. Recalibrated Penalties for Trading, Possession, and Transport of Wildlife Imposition of Maximum Penalty realities brought about by the advancement
of technology and continuing evolution and
The number of specimens involved in the violation is now sophistication of violators of the law.
VIOLATION PENALTY UNDER RA 9147 PENALTY UNDER SENATE BILL
considered in the imposition of the maximum penalty. Under the
draft, if more than one (1) specimen of a critically endangered
• Beyond strengthening law enforcement
(a) killing and/or destroying wildlife 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and/or a fine of One 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and/or a fine of response, communities who live in close
species hundred thousand pesos (100,000.00) to One Six hundred thousand pesos (P600,000.00) species, or more than five (5) of specimens of an endangered proximity to wildlife should be engaged to
million pesos (1,000,000.00) to Two Million (P2,000,000.00) species, or more than eight (8) specimens of a vulnerable species, become partners in tackling wildlife crime at
or if more than fifteen (15) specimens of other protected wildlife the source.
(e) trading or attempting to trade, Imprisonment of 2 years and 1 day to 4 years and/ From 6 years and 1 day to 8 years and a species are involved, the maximum penalty shall be imposed.
wildlife or a fine of Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) to fine of Three Hundred Thousand Pesos • Efforts to raise public awareness on the
Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) (P300,000.00) to One Million Pesos scale and impacts of IWT on biodiversity, the
The maximum penalty shall also be imposed on repeat offenders,
(P1,000,000.00) economy, and livelihoods can help reduce
and also when the violation involves the inducement of indigenous demand for illegally traded wildlife, their
(f) collecting, hunting or possessing Imprisonment of 2 years and 1 day to 4 years and/ From 6 years and 1 day to 8 years and a peoples. parts, and derivatives.
wildlife or a fine of Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) to fine of Three Hundred Thousand Pesos
Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) (P300,000.00) to One Million Pesos • The passage of any legislation is only the
(P1,000,000.00) beginning of a long process of attaining the
Introduces the Concept of Cost Recovery, objectives which the law seeks to achieve. For
(i) transporting of wildlife Imprisonment of 6 months and 1day to 1 year and a From 6 years and 1 day to 8 years and a Reparation, and Restoration of Affected this to happen, the law has to be understood
fine of Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to One fine of Three Hundred Thousand Pesos Resources and supported by the people. It must also be
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) (P300,000.00) to One Million Pesos implemented or enforced effectively, which
(P1,000,000.00) no doubt is within the power of the State.
In addition to the fine and imprisonment that may be
imposed, the offender shall also pay all reasonable costs
incurred by the State resulting from the said violation. The
costs may include expenses for transport, maintenance, and
proper disposal of the seized wildlife.

The offender shall likewise be liable to pay the resource

economic value, proven to have been lost or suffered as a
result of the violation and to indemnify the State for the
cost of restoration of the affected resource.

8 / P o l i c y R ecomme n dat i o n s / 9
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Repeat Offenders Law and Legal Definition. In US Legal.
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Republic Act 1086 Also Known as An Act Providing for a More Rigid
Enforcement of the Prohibition Against the Killing of the Bubalus
Mindorensis, Commonly Known as Tamaraw, by Amending
Commonwealth Act Numbered Seventy-Three, Entitled “An Act
Prohibiting the Killing, Hunting, Wounding or Taking Away of Bubalus
Mindorensis, Commonly Known as Tamaraw” 1954 (Philippines).
https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1954/ra_1086_1954.html
Government Code of 1991 (Philippines). https://www.officialgazette.
gov.ph/1991/10/10/republic-act-no-7160/
Republic Act 7586 Also Known as An Act Providing for the Establishment
and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas System,
Defining Its Scope and Coverage, and for Other Purposes 1992 s. 2, 5,
and 11 (Philippines). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/01/
republic-act-no-7586/
Republic Act 9147 Also Known as An Act Providing for the Conservation
and Protection of Wildlife Resources and Their Habitats, Appropriating
Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes 2001 (Philippines). https://www.
officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/07/30/republic-act-no-9417/
Republic Act 10066 Also Known as an Act Providing for the Protection
and Conservation of the National Cultural Heritage, Strengthening the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and Its Affiliated
Cultural Agencies, and for Other Purposes 2010 (Philippines). https://
lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10066_2010.html
/ 11
 Republic Act 10175 Also Known as An Act Defining Cybercrime,
Providing for the Prevention, Investigation, Suppression and the
Imposition of Penalties Therefor and for Other Purposes 2012
(Philippines). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/09/12/
republic-act-no-10175/
Republic Act 10654 Also Known as An Act to Prevent, Deter and
Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Amending
Republic Act No. 8550, Otherwise Known as “The Philippine Fisheries
Code Of 1998,” And for Other Purposes 2014 (Philippines). https://
www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2015/ra_10654_2015.html
Republic Act 11038 Also Known as An Act Declaring Protected Areas
and Providing for Their Management, Amending for This Purpose
Republic Act No. 7586, Otherwise Known as the “National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992” and for Other Purposes
2018 s. 4, 18, and 19 (Philippines). https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/
repacts/ra2018/ra_11038_2018.html
Republic Act 11054 Also Known as An Act Providing for the Organic
Law for the Bangsamoro Automous Region in Muslim Mindanao,
12 / R ef er enc es
Repealing for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, Entitled “An Act
Providing for an Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao,” as Amended by Republic Act No. 9054, Entitled “An Act to
Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao” 2017 (Philippines). https://www.lawphil.net/
statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11054_2018.html
Rule of Court, Rule 131, sec.3. https://lawphil.net/courts/rules/rc_128-
134_evidence.html
Rules of Procedure of Environmental Cases, A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC. 2010.
https://lawphil.net/courts/supreme/am/am_09-6-8-sc_2010.html
UNODC. 2020. Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia:
Evolution, Growth and Impact. https://www.unodc.org/documents/
southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2019/SEA_TOCTA_2019_web.
pdf
UNODC. 2020. World Wildlife Crime Report 2020. New York: United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.