CHAPTER FOUR Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 201 Chapter 4 Relative Equilibrium of Liquids Under certain conditions, the particles of a fluid mass may have no relative motion between each other yet the mass itself may be in motion. If a mass of fluid is moving with a constant speed (uniform velocity), the conditions are the same as in fluid statics (as discussed in the previous chapters). But if the body is subjected to acceleration (whether translation or rotation), special treatment is required, and this will be discussed in this chapter. RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION (MOVING VESSEL) Horizontal Motion Consider a mass of fluid moving with a linear acceleration a as shown in the Figure. Considering a particle in the surface, the forces acting are the weight W = Mg and the fictitious inertia force (reversed effective force, REF) which is equal to Ma, and the reaction N which must be normal to the surface.CHAPTER FOUR 202 Relative Equilibrium of Liquids From the force polygon shown: Therefore; the surface and all planes of equal hydrostatic pressure must be inclined at this angle @ with the horizontal. Inclined Motion Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated upwards at an inclination with the horizontal so that a; = a cos o and ay = a sin o.. Use (+) sign for upward motion and (.) sign for downward motion.CHAPTER FOUR Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 203 Vertical Motion Consider a mass of fluid accelerated upwards or downwards with an acceleration of a as shown in the Figure. The forces acting at a point h below the liquid surface are the weight of the liquid above the point, yV, the inertia force, ‘Ma, and the pressure force F = pA, then, [oF = 0} F=MatyWV M=pv=1v 8 F=1Lyaty & Volume, V = Ah F=pA pA= Fae +y(Ah) p=yh(l + a/g) Use (+) for upward motion and (-) for downward motion. Note: a is positive for acceleration and negative for deceleration. ROTATION (ROTATING VESSELS) When a liquid mass is rotated about a vertical axis at a constant angular speed of @ (in radians per second), every particle experiences a normal acceleration of 2 aq which is equal to “— = @? x where z is the particle's distance from the axis of x rotation. This acceleration causes an inertia force (centrifugal force or reversed Ww normal effective force) which is equal to May or"¢-o? x.i 1 Figure 4 - 1 (b) (CF = (Wig) @? x. Figure 4 - 1 (c) Figure 4 - 1: Paraboloid of revolution From the force polygon: Where tan 0 is the slope of the paraboloid any point x from the axis of rotation. 2 eee 9 aeCHAPTER FOUR Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 205 From calculus, slope = — = tan@ 2 cage dx g 2 dy = 2x dx 8 Integrate both sides: For cylindrical container of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height h of paraboloid is: where is the angular speed in radians per second. NOTE: 1 rpm = »/30 rad/sec In Figure 4 - 1 (b), the relationship between any two points in the parabola can is given by (squared property of parabola): Volume of Paraboloid of RevolutionLIQUID SURFACE CONDITIONS For open cylindrical containers more than half-full of liquid, rotated about its vertical axis (h > H/2): yi2 H/2): y2=d (liquid surface just touching the top rim) yi2 > D y= HRD (with imaginary (vortex Just touching the bottom) paraboloid above) Note: For closed vessels, there can never be any liquid spilled, so the initial volume of liquid (before rotation) is always equal to the final volume of the liquid (after rotation) or the initial volume of air inside is equal to the final volume of air inside, The volume of air relation is more convenient to use in solving this type of problem.CHAPTER FOUR 208 Relative Equilibrium of Liguids Without pressure at top For pipes and tubes: ‘Without initial pressure inside With initial pressure insideCHAPTER FOUR iby U-tube revolved about its own axis: Note: the pressure head at any point in the tube is the vertical distance from the tube to the paraboloid. The pressure is positive if the paraboloid is above the point and negative if it is below the point. The limiting pressure is absolute zero.