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Eliminating Voltage Notching on the
Distribution System
When Silicon Controlled RectifieG (SCRS) are used in electical contrcls. ilis possible lo exp€rietce linevollage
distortion in the form of"nolches" in the waveiorm, The types olequipmenl that ulilize SCRS in converte6 or
rcctiiers, to change the ac line volbge toa dc vollage, and thus experience noiching include DC motor speed
contrors and indlction heating equipmenf.

Line norches arejust thal - an iffeguladty in the votage wavefom lhat apoeaG as a noich as ilrlstlaled in FigLrre
1 They are typically present in the wavefom dling SCR commutation- Cornmutauon occuG when an SCR in one
phase is lurned on to turn otran SCR in another phase. For ihls very smallduratjon of lime, a short circuil is
created betrveen lhe nvo phases. With a shorl circuil. the cutrent increas es and the vo lag€ d€creases The
decr-.ase n voltaoe is defined as a line nolch.

LINE t LINE VoLTAGE

Flgure 1

The notch can appear ai a.y point duing the half cyc e s,nce the point oicomrnllation changes €s the ilring point
ot Ihe SCR changes. Sifce the speed ofa dc notor is a funclion ofure voftage applied Io lh€ motor, at low sPeed
ihe.oich rnay appear nearthe end ofthe halicycre. At higher speeds, the nolch may appear nearlhe beginning oi
the hali cycle. ln the most severe cases, the volage is reduc€d lo zero, creating:i enra zero ctossoveror point
vrhere voliage normally changes po:rity. This enra zero vollage crcssover c?lses the biggesl probl€ms.

Zero Voltage Crossing

DLrd.g a no.nralcycle oi si.lsoidal voltaee, the voltage crosses lh€'x" axis, o.zero, at 0 degrees and again at
180 degrses. Oudns nomal condiiions, there are fro zero crossolels in €a€h cycle. Some elderonic equipment is
deslgned lo be t ggered on the zero c.ossover orwh€n the vol€ge is zero- This allorls eqlipm€nllo be activaled
v?itholt tfie surge clrrents or inrush curcnts thatwould be preseni ifsw:tched \!hile voltage was present. Some
equipment us€s ihe z€ro crossov€G for an intemalt'ming signal. OC drives uselhe zero crossove.s lo determine
when lo fire the SCR. When two dc drives are operEtinq on the same distibution syslem, lh€y c"n distllb lhe
eleckicaisystem so that one dc drive operating at low speed willaffectlh€ olh€.dcdrive lhat is operating al a
higher or d iierent s peed. To prevent th€ "power cross lalk" benreen dc d ves, it is .oma I p€ctice 10 install an
isolation ka nsiofrn er ahead of each dc dhve.

when nolches are present, pariicula.ly in l,hree phase equipneni, we cai expe.ence enra zero crossovets.
Inslead of nvo zero crossovers in eech cycle ofvoltage, we c?n aclually elpedence fournotches. These extra
notches may terlother equipment to "tu.n on." Thai means the equipment may lLrm on at the wrcng time resulling

Eliminated voltage notching

Eliminaliog votage norchlng requkes that thesource ofthe notchiig (commllation) be lsolated or bL,ff€rcd from
othersensiiive equipmenr using the same distribution systen. Considenng the oC drive orother SCR controllef as
a so!fce of "nolch volbge" and the charactedstics of lhe distribltion syslem, it is only requir€d that olhersensitive
equipment not share the same vortage source ora single vollage source. The simplest method to lseto eriminate
lhe voltage notch is to isolale each piece oieqlipment wlth an inplt lransiormer. lf lhe inpedance oI the
diskbltion syslem ls low, generallydc drives willnol create a severe voltage nolch thal afiecls other equipment.
However, iilhe impedance olthe distibluon sysiem is high (soft line) lhan vollage nolching wiiloccurand likely
impacl other eqlipment..An allemale melhod can |]se line reaclors to reduce the vollage notch and reduce the
possibilily ofafiecting other eqlipment. lr is important to nole lhat notches created by dc drives will normally not
affect the dc drive lhat is causing the nolching. 1t is otherequiprnent that can be atrected.

It is impo.lanl lh€t we lndeEtand and consid€rwhe.e othersensiiive equipment connecls lo lhat same voltage
solrce. n orderlo prot€ct the sensitive equipmeni, we must reduce the notches before they get to lhat equipme.t.
Wewi do this through lhe crealion ofa slmple voltage djvlder nelwork.

lf we add impeda.ce, in th€ lorm €f indlcijve reaclance, in seies wilh the SCR conlroller, :nd between tne
co.lfolier a.d the poinl ofcther equipment connectjon, (point B) then the notch voltage wll distr blte itseliEcross
lhe ne,,ldped:nce keactance):nd the pre-exisung line lo solrce impedance. lfthe added impedance
(13 = L i = L2 iis oie'half as mlch as w:s akeady pres€ni, then 1/3 oi lhe nolch vollage is dropped a cross the few
impeCance a.d two tbkds siiL remains et the poinl ol cornmon.o.nection wth the oiher equipment.

t1+ L2
IOICH DEPTI :
L1+ t2+ L3

lflhenew mpedance is eq!a to the existing input impedance(13 = U +12. thei lha nolch d st.:b!tes equauy
acr.ss the two nrpedances. One-hali Ihe origiialnolch volzge is iow preseni ai the poinl ofcommon connectio.
(B).Nolice lhat ifthe new inrped:nce is add€d an,tlhere else bLrt beiween lhe sCR controllerand the sensilive
equipne.t, ii w have mlnimal inpact on the nolch voliage. Pl:cing Ihe reactance on the opposile slde oi poinl B
o'e's -o i-p o.erer I ro u e -o ch 9 p ob'er.

Use a 3% impedance reactor to solve three phase voltage nolching problems. Expeience shows that 3%
inrpedance is no.mally sutrlcient lo reduce ihe notclr voltage, at the pointofcommon connecljon wilh olher
s ensitive eqlipment, to a boul 50% or ess of ll's initial velue (depth ). This eliminates tfre multjpre zero cros sing s
and typicz ry soves ihe lnlederence problems wiih neighboring equ'pment- lt is lypic:lly not recommended to use
a 5% inpedenc€ re3ctorwth SCR ctclits becaus€ ihe reactor not only reduces the depth ofthe nolch, blt it also
increases lhe notch widrh. Excess impedance colrd i.cr€ase lh€ notch widlh (time) too much c2using problenrs if
lhe controrer itsei. Increasing the notch wldth may be seen as a oss oi line votage by some sensitive equipment.
lf lhe impedance of ihe dlst bution system is lov/ (1%), Ihen 3 3% lmpedance r€ctor will fesuli in a very srnall
.olch depth. Low impeda.ce orsiifl distribution syslems often have no nolching problems. Hlgh imp€dance or soft
distribLrtjon systems may relr.iire a largervalle ofimpedance 10 reduce vot:ge notching probrems. lt is impodant
to nole that ioo rnlch impedance €n result in severe loss oiinput voltage staNing lhe equiprnent which can €use
und€r vo tage t.lpping prob€ms.

vollage notchin! can l.trcduce harnonlc on lhe distrbulion sysiem. lt is imponani thal dist.ibuiion svstern be
desig.ed with lhe owest possible impedance- Piorto th€ use oipower eleciroflc eqlipnent, desigfing an
eleckic€lsystem vrith impedance seNed to redlce the short circuil cuiientorfault cunenl in a system. With lhe
use oipower electronic eqlipment and its self contai.€d current limiling f€ailre, the need ior system
to controliaul current has been reduced. 'mpedances