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A study about Thanos’ philosophy using Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good and Evil 1
A study about Thanos’ philosophy using Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good

and Evil
A Research Proposal
Presented to the STEM Research Panel
Paombong High School Inc.
Poblacion, Paombong, Bulacan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject of
Research/Capstone Project
By:
Santos, Christian Kyle S.
ABSTRACT
Mosquito borne diseases end thousands of life each year. Due to the
escalating number of this deadly insects the study explored an alternative way to
control mosquitoes. Particularly, the study explored the possibility of using
Premna Odorata leaves as a mosquito repellent primarily Premna Odorata-based
mosquito coil. The study utilized quantitative research design, specifically, the
study conducted an experiment to test the efficacy of the Premna Odorata-
based mosquito coil. In addition, the study distributed Premna Odorata-based
mosquito coil to the participants to assess it in their home and used survey
questionnaire to get feedbacks concerning the efficiency of the Premna Odorata-
based mosquito coil. The results of the study indicates that the Premna Odorata-
based mosquito coil is capable of repelling mosquitoes and compares to the
repelling aspect of commercial mosquito coils particularly baygon coil, however
it cannot kill mosquitoes. Hence, the study revealed that it is possible to use
Premna Odorata leaves as a constituent of mosquito repellents.
Keywords: Premna Odorata, Mosquito Repellents, Mosquito-borne

diseases, Mosquito Coil.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problem Rationale 4
1.2 Significance of the Study 6
1.3 Statement of the Problem 7
1.4 Research Impediments 7
1.5 Hypothesis 8
2.0 Literature Review
2.1Synopsis of the Literature 9
2.1.1 Related Literature 9
1.1.2 Related Studies 11
2.2 Discussion of the Relevance 12
2.3 Conceptual Framework 13
3.0 Research Methods
3.1 Design 13
3.2 Selection 13
3.4 Instrumentation 14
3.5 Ethical Consideration 14
3.6 Data Gathering Procedure 14
3.7 Mode of Analysis 16
4.0 Research Findings
4.1 Experimental Aspect 18
4.2 Survey Aspect 20
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion 25
5.2 Recommendation 25
References 27
Appendices 29
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The snap! The sound that ended the universe where half of all living
beings are demolished and erased from existence within a second. With the
power of all six infinity stones all together (power, time, space, reality, mind and
soul), any mortal capable to hold six of them can bend time and reality itself to
their amusement. But only one being seek to use it and erase half of the universe
for love and salvation, Thanos “The Mad Titan”.
For the love of Death and to save planets from their extinction, Thanos
decided to fulfill Death’s wish to eradicate half of all life in the universe both to
save them and to show off his love towards her. But why does he wish to save
the universe but to kill half of it? Naturally, Thanos is born to be a nihilist like
literally with no speculations, in the comic book created by Jim Starlin in 1991
“The Infinity Gauntlet”, it is shown on the opening splash page on the second
issue of The Infinity Gauntlet. The fact that he is a nihilist proves a point that he
doesn’t like the concept of life, not like he despise it but more like he just
doesn’t want it to prosper.
Thanos being called a “Mad Titan” serves its purpose way back in his
home planet Titan when his people start to strive for resources and food. To
solve that problem, Thanos proposed the idea of Genocide but randomly, to the
rich and poor in order to lessen the consumption of resources and avoid his
planet’s population limit. This led to him to be called a mad man which is true
until what he predicted to come came true; all life in his planet perish as he
watches and escaped. In the movie Avengers: Endgame (2019), he dedicated his
lifelong work to acquire all six infinity stones in order to erase half of all life in
the galaxy to avoid what his planet has suffered from, but in the comics, he used
it to prove his love and commitment towards Lady Death. Both stories may differ
in their own terms but they all had one thing in common, Thanos being labeled
as a Nihilistic Mad Titan.
Philosophically speaking, Thanos is a very conflicted character in all of
Marvel universe, from his personality to his philosophy. His nihilistic personality
can turn into a pessimistic factor that affects how he acts and respond from one
scene to another. And one of his greatest response is that decision, the decision
to kill half of all life in the galaxy. On a certain degree, what he did is somewhat
correct statistically and philosophically but it also has its limits and flaws. If you
look at it, the planet is also on the verge of its breaking point; rising of sea levels,
scarce of resources, famine, and death. If the population is suddenly cut by half
on our current population, it will affect our planet’s exponential and logistic
growth, at least based on Thomas Malthus’ population theory. In his theory of
Malthusianism, he quoted:
“The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to
produce the substance of man” (Malthus, n.d.)
On the other hand, Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good and Evil
tackles the idea of what is right and wrong. To understand this, we must know
first what is right. Right, in its most sense is an ethical system to bring wellness
into a community or yourself but sometimes, making the right choice can lead to
unethical actions like wiping off half of the universe (Kjellberg, 2019).
This study aids in understanding the psychology and philosophy of
Thanos using the philosophy and ethics of Soren Kierkegaard towards Good and
Evil.
1.2 Significance of the Study

This study aims to compare the philosophy of Thanos and Soren
Kierkegaard towards the idea of Good and Evil. In this section, it would expound
the contribution of this study to the field of knowledge. The study had multiple
significance in terms of understanding and identifying the philosophy of Thanos
that may enlighten people in knowing the intention of Thanos’ judgement.
Thanos is a cosmic Bane, circa The Dark Knight Rises, a psychological adversary
with physical prowess, who believes completely in the purity of his quest to
provide the universe with balance. Through his nihilistic and utilitarian way of
thinking, it is incredibly hard to determine whether what Thanos did is morally
correct or whether it affected Thanos as a being. The study helps in knowing and
cognize the moral and philosophy of Thanos by using Soren Kierkegaard’s
philosophy of good and evil. The study also helps in understanding the concept
of sanity and morality in decision making.
1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study aims to investigate the philosophy of Thanos in wiping off half
of the universe using Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophical view of Good and Evil.
Specifically, the research aims to tackle the following questions:
1. What is right and wrong according to Soren Kierkegaard?
2. How does wiping off half of the world’s population effective to our
planet?
3. What are the different philosophical viewpoints of Thanos towards
death and salvation?
4. How does killing off half of all life considered good or evil?
1.4 Hypothesis
This study hypothesize that what Thanos did was fundamentally wrong
but morally correct according to Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good and Evil
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Synopsis of the Literature
The first section of related literature would focus on the philosophy of
Thanos based on nihilism and utilitarianism. Second section highlights the
similarity of heroes to psychopaths, sociopaths, and antiheroes. The last section
showcases Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good and Evil towards Thanos’
philosophy.
2.1.1Related Literature
To believe or not to believe
According to Sarath (2017), Thanos can be considered as neither a nihilist
nor a utilitarian. A nihilist is the one who does not believe in anything. However,
Thanos do believe in something called “Balance of Life”. Thanos believes that
universe needs balance as the resources are not available for all the population.
So by he believes he can achieve balance by killing half of the population. Thanos
do believes a twisted reason. This rules out the possibility of a nihilist.
In terms of being a utilitarian, Thanos is a genocidal maniac. He commits
mass murder in the name of “Balance”. As far as it shows, a utilitarian being
always tries to be impartial. He/she always tries to bring welfare in the lives of
the people under them. They dont commit mass murder to justify their actions.
So based on this observation, this proves that Thanos falls under the
category of Consequentialist. A Consequentialist is the one who cares about the
aftermath/consequence of his/her actions. They only believe in the change that
come after their actions. At time some of their actions seems way too brutal. But
as long as the goal is achieved, all is well and good.
Malthus’ Theory
According to Potenza(2018), Thanos’ philosophy recalls the theories of
the British political economist Thomas Malthus, who, in 1798, published his
influential Essay on the Principle of Population. His argument, based on the
observation that population was increasing in England in the 1700s, was that if
people keep pumping out children, there will come a point when we won’t be
able to produce enough food to feed all of them. That, he said, would lead to
famine, disease, and poverty. The solution for Malthus, a minister for the Church
of England, was to preach abstinence and delayed marriage to keep population
growth in check especially among the poor.
This proves that the population as we know it will expand. With it, comes
the inevitable consumption of resources which will ultimately lead to famine and
starvation. As populations grow and expand, animal and plant species are going
extinct faster than ever. And if we keep exploiting our planet, at some point,
something’s got to give. In a paper published in 2011, Jeff Nekola, a biologist at
the University of New Mexico, calculated that if we keep consuming as much
energy as we do today and the world’s population hits 10 billion by 2050, our
standards of living will equal on average those of Uganda today, where about 20
percent of the population live below poverty line.
What is a Hero?
According to Zimbardo (2011), we have yet to answer the question,” Why
people become heroic” or “Why people become evil”. Research has uncovered
many answers to the second question: Evil can be fostered by dehumanization,
diffusion of responsibility, obedience to authority, group pressure, moral
disengagement, and anonymity, to name a few. But when people ask why others
become heroic, research does not yet have an answer. It could be that heroes
have more compassion or empathy; maybe there’s a hero gene; maybe it is
because of their levels of oxytocin researched by neuroeconomist Paul Zak has
shown that this “love hormone” in the brain increases the likelihood that people
will demonstrate altruism.
First, it is performed in service to others in need—whether that’s a person,
group, or community in defense of certain ideals. Second, it is engaged in
voluntarily, even in military contexts, as heroism remains an act that goes beyond
something required by military duty. Third, a heroic act is one performed with
recognition of possible risks and costs, be they to one’s physical health or personal
reputation, in which the actor is willing to accept anticipated sacrifice. Finally, it is
performed without external gain anticipated at the time of the act.
This proves that the key to heroism is a concern for other people in need. A
concern to defend a moral cause, knowing there is a personal risk, done without
expectation of reward.
Psychopaths
Based on Calder’s article about the Concept of Evil (2018), it tackles about
the different cues, disguises, and causes of evil. One of the examples for its
concepts are psychopaths. Psychopathy is a syndrome that consists in lacking
certain emotional, interpersonal, and behavioural traits and having others. Some
of the defining characteristics of psychopathy include shallow emotions,
egocentricity, deceitfulness, impulsivity, a lack of empathy, and a lack of guilt and
remorse. Particularly relevant for assessments of moral responsibility is the
psychopath’s inability to care for others and for the rules of morality. According
to the M’Naughten rules for criminal insanity, a person is legally insane if, due to
a disease of the mind at the time of acting, she is unable to know the nature or
quality of her action or to know that what she is doing is wrong. For instance, a
delusional schizophrenic who believes that her neighbour is a demon is not

responsible for harming her neighbour since she does not understand that she is
harming an innocent person; she believes she is defending herself from an
inhuman malicious agent.
This proves that it is conceptually impossible to believe (and thus to know)
that an action is morally wrong and yet be completely unmotivated to refrain
from doing the action. That is, for the internalist, there is a conceptual connection
between believing that an action is wrong and having a con-attitude toward the
action. Since psychopaths seem to be completely indifferent to whether their
actions are right or wrong, motivational internalists believe that they do not truly
believe, or understand, that what they do is morally wrong.
Heroes vs Antiheroes
According to Roberts (2018), Marvel mainly presents two contradicting
sides on Infinity War in order to get the conclusive outcome of the Endgame. One
side presents Captain America’s deontological perspective, typically associated
with philosopher Immanuel Kant, which says (to, uh, simplify considerably) that
every human being is an end in themselves, a basic moral unit due basic moral
consideration, not a means to other ends. Kant said that people should act
toward others only in a way that people would be willing to make a universal
principle for all moral beings. People could not “sacrifice others for the greater
good” a universal principle, lest everyone ends up sacrificed.
On the other side, you have Thanos’s utilitarian perspective, typically
associated with philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which says
that the goal should be the most good (happiness, well-being, utility, what have
you) for the most people. The greater good, not the individual, is the primary
moral consideration.
This proves that superheroes are Kantian, the inability to take life as it is
precious to them; that is said to be what makes them superheroes. That’s why
fans were so outraged when Superman made the brutal utilitarian decision to
snap General Zod’s neck at the end of Zack Snyder’s 2013 Man of Steel. Superman
doesn’t kill; he’s a Kantian. Captain America also doesn’t kill which makes him a
Kantian.
On the other hand, it is “antiheroes” who make those ugly decisions to
sacrifice others, who are willing to be reviled to serve the greater good. One
reason Batman has been so intriguing for so long is that he hovers unpredictably
on that line between superhero and antihero. People never quite know how far
he’s willing to go. Thanos executes salvation through genocide, which can lead to
call him an “antihero”.
Heroes and Sociopaths

Based on Kuszewski’s Blog entitled Walking the Line Between Good and
Evil: The Common thread of Heroes and Villains (2011), it states that heroes are
divided based on the level of heroism. Mainly, they are considered as an
“Extreme Altruist” or “X-Altruist” because a person can rate very high on a scale
of altruism without ever engaging in a heroic act.
Kuszewski wrote another article entitled, "Addicted to Being Good? The
Psychopathology of Heroism", in which discussed the potential genetic link
between Sociopaths and Heroes, or X-Altruists. In theory, their genetic make-up
is very similar; same basic group of extreme traits in each personality with a few
important exceptions, one being expressed empathy. It is very possible that two
members of the same family even brothers in a shared home environment could
end up as seemingly polar opposites; one doing extreme good: the X-Altruist, the
other doing extreme bad: the Sociopath.
The difference between the sibling with X-Altruism and the one with
Sociopathy could come down to the presence or absence of a few crucial
regulatory mechanisms that affect expressed empathy.
This proves that Thanos is mainly to be considered as a sociopath in a
certain degree bounded by his decision/s. This supports the fact that villains are
generally fallen heroes meaning that they are the broken reflection of the
protagonist. Their decisions, actions, and psychology conflicts the hero because
they base it on the dark tragedy that the heroes never experienced.
Internal and External Features

According to McGreal (2014), One of the more generally accepted
theories in psychology is that behavior results from an interaction of the internal
features of the person (e.g. their personality, motives, and values) and the
external features of the situation, such as social pressures to behave a certain
way. However, according to the school of thought called situationism, there are
situations that are so powerful that they compel nearly everyone to act in certain
ways, regardless of their internal dispositions or even their moral values. This
view is particularly associated with Phil Zimbardo, who claimed that “A large
body of evidence in social psychology supports the concept that situational
power triumphs over individual power in certain contexts” (2007). Zimbardo has
asserted that powerful situations can induce “good” people to do evil things. In
particular, he has claimed that abusive behaviors that occurred in the (in)famous
Stanford Prison and at Abu Ghraib prison can be explained in terms of external
situational forces rather than the personal characteristics of those who were
involved. More recently, Zimbardo has argued that situationism can explain not
only the extremes of evil but the extremes of good as well:
“The banality of evil is matched by the banality of heroism. Both are not
the consequence of dispositional tendencies, not special inner attributes
of pathology or goodness residing within the human psyche or the

human genome. Both emerge in particular situations at particular times
when situational forces play a compelling role in moving individuals
across the decisional line from inaction to action.”
In this view, situational forces move people, pushing some people to do
evil, others to turn a blind eye to evil-doers, while still others act heroically to
right wrongs at great personal risk . This proves that “Some situations can inflame
the ‘hostile imagination,’ propelling good people to do bad deeds, while
something in that same setting can inspire the ‘heroic imagination’ propelling
ordinary people toward actions that their culture at a given time determines is
‘heroic.
Flexibility of Good and Evil

Based on Steve Taylor’s definition of Good and Evil (2013), ‘Good’ means
a lack of self-centeredness. It means the ability to empathize with other people,
to feel compassion for them, and to put their needs before your own. It means, if
necessary, sacrificing your own well-being for the sake of others’. It means
benevolence, altruism and selflessness, and self-sacrifice towards a greater
cause. While ‘Evil’ people are those who are unable to empathize with others. As
a result, their own needs and desires are of paramount importance. They are
selfish, self-absorbed, and narcissistic. In fact, other people only have value for
them to the extent that they can help them satisfy their own desires or be
exploited.
With this, it shows that Human nature is infinitely more complex than
this. In human beings, ‘good’ and ‘evil’ are fluid. People can be a combination of
‘good’ and ‘bad’ qualities. Some people who behave cruelly and brutally can be
rehabilitated and eventually display ‘good’ qualities such as empathy and
kindness. And rather than being intrinsic, most cruel or brutal behavior is due to
environmental factors, such as an abusive childhood, or social learning from a

family or peers. And we can say that ‘Evil’ is an aberration, a form of pathology,
as the psychopathic personality shows, which only emerges when we are broken
off into disconnected fragments.
The Idea of Sacrifice

According to Ayn Rand’s book of “The Virtue of Selfishness” “Sacrifice”
does not mean the rejection of the worthless, but of the precious. “Sacrifice”
does not mean the rejection of the evil for the sake of the good, but of the good
for the sake of the evil. “Sacrifice” is the surrender of that which one’s value in
favor of that which he/she don’t.
If a man exchanges a penny for a dollar, it is not a sacrifice; if he
exchanges a dollar for a penny, it is. If a man owns a bottle of milk and give it to
your starving child, it is not a sacrifice; if he gives it to your neighbor’s child and
let his own die, it is.
A sacrifice is the surrender of a value. Full sacrifice is full surrender of all
values. If one wishes to achieve full virtue, he/she must seek no gratitude in
return for his/her sacrifice, no praise, no love, no admiration, no self-esteem, not
even the pride of being virtuous; the faintest trace of any gain dilutes his/her
virtue.
This proves that sacrifice must bare pain and suffering but not regret. It
must be aimed to benefit others even if it leads them to despair. As said in the
book, “Sacrifice could be proper only for those who have nothing to sacrifice—no
values, no standards, no judgment—those whose desires are irrational whims,
blindly conceived and lightly surrendered.”
Ethical Suspension
Based on Soren Kierkegaard’s book entitled “Fear and Trembling”, it

mainly talks about the biblical story of Abraham. Abraham, childless after 80
years, prays for a son. God grants his wish, and Abraham has Isaac. Thirty years
later, God orders Abraham to kill his son. Abraham prepares to kill Isaac, but at
the last second God spares Isaac and allows Abraham to sacrifice a ram
instead. Fear and Trembling includes four different retellings of the story, each
with a slightly different viewpoint.
In the rest of Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard examines his four
retellings of the story of Abraham, focusing on the religious and the ethical.
Kierkegaard claims that the killing of Isaac is ethically wrong but religiously right.
Kierkegaard also uses his retelling of the Abraham story to distinguish between
faith and resignation. Faith involves the teleological suspension of the ethical, in
which faith allows one to believe that an unethical action will actually result in a
better end. Humans alone have no access to this kind of information, only God
does.
This shows the point that sometimes, an action can be judged based on
how it is closely based on faith. By committing unethical actions comes
consequences but sometimes, these consequences may be controlled by the
ethical system of our society. An ethical system consists of rules that are
established to promote the welfare of large groups of people. However,
sometimes the rules actually harm people, and following a rule may help one
person but harm ten. Ethical systems are created to achieve certain ends, but
humans lack the ability to see into the future. Therefore, no one can be
completely certain of how to reach these desired ends.
Theory of Goodness
According to the Classical Theory of Goodness (n.d.), everything that
exists is good insofar as it exists. So everything is good. This means that there is
no such thing as an “essence of evil” because an essence exists, and all existing
things are good. This theory lacks the problems of the modern theory of
goodness because a thing is good as a whole.
There are two separate problems with this theory. The first problem is
that goodness and being do not seem to be the same thing. Analysis
of language will not show that they are the same thing. But according to this
theory, goodness and being are the same thing described differently.
This exclaims that as long as Thanos does not seize to exist, his own very
presence can be counted as part of goodness. This also state that the essence of
evil does not exist which makes this theory problematic and unethical.
The Greater Good Theory

Philosophers refer to it as a “teleological” system. The Greek word “telos”
means end or goal. That means that this ethical system determines morality by
the end result.
According to Jeremy Bentham (n.d.), utilitarianism is a consequentialist
theory. In consequentialism, actions are judged solely by their consequences,
without regard to character, motivation, or any understanding of good and evil
and separate from their capacity to create happiness and pleasure. Thus, in
utilitarianism, it is the consequences of our actions that determine whether
those actions are right or wrong. In this way, consequentialism differs from
Aristotelian and Confucian virtue ethics, which can accommodate a range of
outcomes as long as the character of the actor is ennobled by virtue. For
Bentham, character had nothing to do with the utility of an action. Everyone
sought pleasure and avoided pain regardless of personality or morality. In fact,
too much reliance on character might obscure decision-making. Rather than
making moral judgments, utilitarianism weighed acts based on their potential to
produce the most good (pleasure) for the most people. It judged neither the
good nor the people who benefitted. In Bentham’s mind, no longer would
humanity depend on inaccurate and outdated moral codes.
This proves that what Thanos did was under the concept of utilitarianism;
for the greater good. For Thanos to achieve his goal, he must choose between
numbers or product in which will bring out the goodness of his act. In that
decision, he wiped out half of the universe which was the most good based on
his goal.
Knight of Faith
Based on Soren Kierkegaard’s book entitled Fear and Trembling, he
discussed about the idea of faith by having Abraham to be a knight of Faith. The
knight of faith must be willing to set aside personal comfort for a higher
cause/calling. This can be clearly seen in Abraham’s life. In Genesis 12, Abram is
willing to leave the comfort of his home and go to a place he does not know, just
on the say-so of a God he has only recently encountered. The amazing part
about this is that there is no record of any complaint from Abram either. The
knight of faith remains strong in the face of internal opposition. According to
Kierkegaard, the knight of faith refuses to be spared his fate. In reference to
Abraham, Kierkegaard focuses on how Abraham seems to rush to accomplish
God’s will in sacrificing his only son. Kierkegaard goes so far as to say that the
knight of faith does not ask for mercy.
The knight of faith must be willing to make the move of resignation. The
move of resignation is the renouncement of the earthly and resignation to the
will of God. We are able to discern the move of resignation when there is
demonstrable love of God over worldly happiness and when we see the knight of
faith move in solitude. Abraham does both. First, despite the fact that he loves
Isaac, he makes it clear that he loves God more and is willing to give up his only
son.
This shows that as long as there is faith where one is loyal to his/her own
belief out of rejection, that someone can be what Kierkegaard calls a Knight of
Faith.
Lesser Evil
According to Berry (n.d.), the Voting Mantra “A vote for the lesser of two
evils is still a vote for evil” is not a principle. It is a statement of belief rather than
an expression of a desired action. However, the Voting Mantra suggests we
should not vote for the “lesser of two evils” which is an action and this action
leads to more evil as can be proven by direct observation of the result of not
voting for the “lesser evil”, namely, electing the greater evil.
The dominant view of today’s Christian religions on the “lesser evil”
originated back in the 15th century. The Protestant Revolution did not reject the
Catholic position on voting. All major Christian religions promote voting for the
“lesser evil” and reject the Voting Mantra. The philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas
reviewed the “lesser evil” question in his Summa Theologica. Aquinas tells us our
moral duty is to achieve as much good as possible from every situation, including
our vote. But, he cautions we cannot achieve good by acting on something that
is impossible, like voting for a third-party candidate.
Aquinas would reject today’s radical idea of voting for a third-party
candidate in order to “send a message” or “to uphold our principles.”
This shows that those who say we should not vote for the “lesser of two
evils” promote immoral actions and the greater evil. While those who vote to
achieve the most possible good from the options available act morally, logically,
intelligently, and according to common sense.
CHAPTER 3
THESIS AND ANTITHESIS
3.1 Thesis
The first section of related literature would focus on the effects of having
a dry skin and considering it as a threat. Second section highlights the severity of
having a dry skin. The last section stresses some ways to prevent having a dry
skin.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Design
The research design of the study is Quantitative. Quantitative design will
be used in presenting numerical data of the variables with its parameters
gathered from the conducted survey, observation, and experiment. Experiment
and observation would be conducted in order to determine the possibility of
using Citrus aurantiifolia extract as a natural moisturizer and to obtain
information on how will the skin react upon using the moisturizer. Survey will be
used to eliminate the bias of the research findings and to determine the
feedback of the respondents about the efficacy of the natural moisturizer. This
design corresponds in describing the behavior of skin as the moisturizer is tested
in the conducted experiment.
More specifically, quantitative research design would be involve in the
experimental stage of the study which comprises the measurement of various
experimental parameters to be explained in mode of analysis. The survey
questionnaire would also implicate statistical analysis by using percentage and
tables. This design will be appropriate for this study in order to get substantial
results and to clearly present the results and findings of the study for better
comprehension as this study needs to explore the possibility of using
Citrus aurantiifolia extract as a natural skin-care product particularly skin
moisturizer.
3.2 Selection of Respondents
The study would select one respondent to participate in this study. The
target would be one person having a dry skin. The person will be selected to
participate from this study is an adult because he/she is the most intellectually
capable to participate and try the product. The respondents will be instructed to
test the Citrus aurantiifolia- based moisturizer that will be provided by the
researcher together with the survey questionnaire. After using the study’s
product, the respondents would answer the survey questionnaire. The
respondents will be limited to individuals living in Paombong, Bulacan.
3.3 Instrumentation
The instrument to be applied by the study is observational form and self-
constructed survey questionnaire. Observational form will be used in the
recording of the data collected from the experiment. Data to be obtained from
the controlled and experimental group of the experiment would be the
effectiveness and changes on the skin of the person involved to the study. On
the other hand, self-constructed survey questionnaire would be employed in
order to gather feedback and evaluation from the respondents upon using
Citrus aurantiifolia- based moisturizer. The questionnaire would also eliminate
the potential bias from the findings of the study.
3.4 Ethical Considerations
No harmful chemicals and materials will be utilized by the study,
primarily, the study focuses on the formulation of natural or plant-based
moisturizer. For the benefit of the research, the person involved to the study is
protected to any harmful effects. The experiment will be conducted the
respondents house In addition, no sensitive questions are included in the survey
and all answers will surely be kept confidential.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
The following are the data gathering methods to be utilized by the study.
3.5.1 Experimentation
For the formulation of the study’s Premna Odorata -based mosquito coil,
the study will need the following materials, this includes dried and fresh Premna
Odorata leaves, grinded candle, alcohol, starch, coal, water, blender, oven and
grater. Premna Odorata leaves will be handpicked and sundried until the leave
has completely dried out, this will help for better combustion of the coil. Fresh
Premna Odorata leaves were separated from its stem and melded using a
blender. Dried Premna Odorata leaves and coal were pulverized. All of the
ingredients were mixed and molded into a coil. Lastly, the formulated coil will be
baked in the oven for 5 minutes and separated from the coil molder.
Experimentation will be used in determining the effect of the formulated
Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil to the mosquito subjects. The study will
construct a specialized containment system with two chambers connected to
each other. Specifically, both endings of the chamber connected to each other is
covered by a removable plastic covering in order to accurately test the coil and
to safely confine mosquito subjects. The primary chamber would be used to
confine a definite number of mosquitoes and the other as a chamber where in
mosquitoes can attempt to pass through when the mosquito coil is lit. The study
would use commercial mosquito coil particularly mosquito coils produced by
Baygon as its control group in order to develop a comparison to provide concrete
result. The study is a two stage experiment.
The first experiment would be the control setup which would use
commercial mosquito coil. The second stage would be the organic mosquito coil
made by the study. The main product of the research, the study’s formulated
mosquito coil made from Premna Odorata leaves, would serve as the study’s
experimental group. Both mosquito coils would be lit and placed in the primary
chamber where in the mosquito subjects are confined, as soon as the mosquito
coil is placed inside, the researcher will remove the plastic covering the ending of
the primary chamber connecting to the secondary chamber.
After 5 minutes the lit mosquito coil will be removed from the primary
chamber and the opening will be closed in order to analyze the result, once all
the needed parameters are recorded the researcher will place the lit mosquito
coil into the same chamber, this process would be repeated 6 times in a time
span of 30 minutes.
Furthermore, the study will individually record the smoldering time in
minutes of both commercial and the formulated Premna Odorata-based
mosquito coil.
Observation will be used in measuring the given parameters to be
examined by the study. This compromises the number of dead mosquitoes,
number of repelled mosquitoes, number of living mosquitoes, and the
smoldering time in minutes of the mosquito coil.
3.5.2 Survey
Survey Questionnaire will be used in determining the feedback of the

community, specifically family households upon using the mosquito coil made
from Premna Odorata leaves. The analysis of data gathered from the survey
would eliminate the bias of the study involving the usage and the efficacy of the
given mosquito coil.
3.5.3 Schematic Diagram
Fresh Premna
Handpicking of Odorata leaves were
Sundrying of Premna
Premna Odorata separated form its
Odorata leaves
leaves stem and melded
using a blender
Dried Premna All of the ingredients Baking of the

Odorata leaves and were mixed and formulated coil for 5
Coal were pulverized molded into a coil minutes
Separation of the
preman odorata coil
from the coil molder.
3.6 Mode of analysis

The mode of analysis of the study would be quantitative and
experimental. Specifically, the study used descriptive statistics in analyzing the
results of the study. The following are the parameters to be measured by the
study:
In the experimental aspect of the study, the variables to be analyzed are
the following; the number of dead, living and repelled mosquitoes, the first
confined chamber would approximately contain 10 mosquitoes, as the mosquito
coil is lit the experiment would begin. The researcher would measure the
number of living, dead and repelled mosquitoes every 5 minutes of interval until
the time span of 30 minutes is reached as stated in the data gathering
procedure. The data would be presented in tabular form for better
comprehension of results.
The smoldering time of both commercial and formulated mosquito coil
will be measured individually. The researcher will individually burn both
mosquito coil and record the life span in a secured area, as soon as the mosquito
coil is lit, the timer will start and will end once the mosquito coil has completely
depleted.
In the survey aspect of the study, the data needed to be analyzed
are the following.
The feedback of the respondents upon using the study’s formulated
Premna Odorata -based mosquito coil will be examined. Specifically, the study
would focus on gaining feedback about the efficacy of the coil, odor of the
smoke emitted, health impact, and the possibility of the research’s product on
replacing commercial mosquito coils. The stated data would be collected from 5
selected respondents of the study.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH FINDINGS
4.1 Experimental Aspect
In the experimental aspect of the study, the baygon coil and
Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil were individually tested to determine its
efficacy. Living, dead and repelled mosquitoes were observed and measured to
form a comparative findings for both mosquito coils. Table 1. Presents the
parameters measured by the study.
Table 1.a.Control Group: Commercial Mosquito coil (Baygon Coil)
Total Number of Mosquito Subjects: 10
Time of Number of Number of Number of
Exposure to Living Dead Repelled
the Mosquito Mosquitoes Mosquitoes Mosquitoes
Coil
5 minutes 10 0 5
10 minutes 8 2 8
15 minutes 5 5 10
20 minutes 1 9 10
25 minutes 0 10 10
30 minutes 0 10 10
Table 1.b. Experimental Group: Premna Odorata-Based Mosquito Coil

Total Number of Mosquito Subjects: 10
Time of Number of Number of Number of
Exposure to Living Dead Repelled
the Mosquito Mosquitoes Mosquitoes Mosquitoes
Coil
5 minutes 10 0 4
10 minutes 10 0 7
15 minutes 10 0 10
20 minutes 10 0 10
25 minutes 10 0 10
30 minutes 10 0 10
Table 1.a and Table 1.b presents the data gathered from the
conducted experiment of the study. The data indicates that the baygon coil both
kills and repels mosquito while the Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil only
repels the mosquito subjects
Based on the given table the study have computed the kill rate and repel
rate for both mosquito coils.
Table 2. Rate = Number of Mosquitoes per 5 minutes
Kill Rate Repel Rate
Premna Odorata- 0 0.66
based Mosquito Coil
Baygon Coil 0.4 0.66
Table 2 presents the comparison of kill rate and repel rate of both
mosquito coils. The data indicates that the Premna Odorata-based Mosquito Coil
has a kill rate of 0 and a repel rate of 0.66 while the Baygon Coil has a kill rate of
0.4 and a repel rate 0.66. This indicates that the efficacy of the Premna Odorata-
based mosquito coil as a mosquito repellent compares to the commercial
mosquito coil, baygon coil.
Smoldering time of both mosquito coils were recorded by the study, table
3 presents the data gathered by the study
Table 3.a. Control Group: Smoldering Time of Commercial Mosquito Coil (Baygon
Coil)
Time in Minutes
Commercial Mosquito Coil
(Baygon Coil)
Time 468 minutes Table
3.b. Experimental Group: Smoldering Time of Premna Odorata -Based Mosquito
Coil
Time in Minutes
Premna Odorata -Based
Mosquito Coil
Time 257 minutes
Table 3.a. and Table 3.b presents the Smoldering time in minutes of both
mosquito coils. Its shows that the Baygon coil last longer, specifically 55% more
smoldering time than the Premna Odorata Based Mosquito Coil.
4.2 Survey Aspect

On the survey section of the study, it determines the usage of mosquito
repellents, perceive efficacy and scent of the Premna Odorata-based mosquito
coil and their overall feedback and recommendation.
Figure 1.
Usage of Mosquito Repellents
20%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
60% 20% Never
Figure 1 presents that 20% of the respondents states that they use
mosquito repellents often, 20% states sometimes, 60% states rarely and 0% of
the respondents stated never. This indicates that the household usually use
mosquito repellents.
Figure 2.
Side Effects issue of the Premna Odorata-

based Mosquito Coil
Yes
No
100%
Figure 2 presents that 100% of the respondents stated that the Premna
Odorata-based mosquito coil has No side effects while 0% of them answered
yes. This indicates that no side effects were encountered.
Figure 3.
Rated Efficacy Of the Premna Odorata-

based Mosquito Coil
1- Poor
2- Unsatisfactory
3- Satisfactory
40%
4- Good
60% 5- Excellent
Figure 3 presents that 0% of the respondents rated the efficacy of the

mosquito coil with 1, 2 and 5. 60% of them rated the efficacy of the Premna
Odorata based mosquito coil 3 while 40% of them rated the coil’s efficacy 4. This
indicates that the Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil gained a satisfactory to
good rating in terms of its efficacy
Figure 4.
Rated Scent of the Premna Odorata-based

Mosquito Coil
1- Foul
2- Unpleasant
20%
3- Neutral
40%
4- Satisfying
5- Pleasant
40%
Figure 4 presents that 40% of the respondents rated the scent of the coil
1, 40% rated 2, 20% rated 3 and 0% rated 4 and 5. This indicates that the Premna
Odorata-based mosquito coil has an unpleasing scent.
Figure 5.
Possibility to replacing commercial coils
YES
NO
100%
Figure 5 presents that 100% of the respondents answered yes while 0%

answered no. This indicates that the respondents supports the use of Premna
Odorata-based mosquito coil as an alternative to commercial mosquito coils.
Respondents’ Overall feedback and Recommendations

Majority of the respondents stated that the premna odorota-based
mosquito coil only drives away mosquitoes and the smoldering of the coil is not
continuous, most of them recommends for the improvement of the mosquito
coil’s scent and smoldering of the coil.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
1. Premna Odorata leaves can repel mosquitoes however it cannot
exterminate mosquitoes. Baygon coil, showed an ability to kill and repel
mosquitoes with a kill rate of 0.4 and a repel rate of 0.66. Premna Odorata-based
mosquito coil only indicates an ability to repel mosquitoes having a kill rate of 0
and a repel rate of 0.66.
2. The study found out that the alagaw based mosquito coil has no short
term effect on the users.
3. The study revealed that the smoldering time of the baygon coil, 468
minutes, is 55% longer than the Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil, 257
minutes.
4. The study found out that majority of the respondents were not using
mosquito coil regularly indicated by the proportionality in the result graph.
5. The product developed can help the community by the having an
alternative way of repelling mosquitoes to prevent mosquito-borne diseases as
the product primarily requires Premna Odorata leaves, which is prevalent
throughout the community, and household materials to formulate the coil.
6. The production of the product in large scale is not yet applicable as the
results shows negative feedback on the Premna Odorata-based mosquito coil’s
scent and smoldering and minimal usage of mosquito repellents.
5.2 Recommendation
1. The study recommends the usage of Premna Odorata leaves as a
constituent for mosquito repellent as it is applicable for repelling mosquito.
2. The study highly recommends the use of mosquito repellents

especially organic repellents similar to the research’s product in order to prevent
mosquito-borne diseases.
3. The study suggests further development of the Premna Odorata-based
mosquito coil in terms of its scent and smoldering as well as to conduct further
studies to test other substances from alagaw aside from essential oils for their
potential repellency.
4. Earth has a variety of plant species, thus the study recommends that
more studies must be carried out. Discovery of other compounds found in
diverse plant species could be identified and used in pest control as a safer
substitute to artificial chemicals and advocate the use of natural repellents
against insects.
REFERENCE
(2018). Mosquitoes. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/group/mosqui
toes/
(2018). Mosquito Repellent. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

3/Mosquito-Repellent.html
Peterson C. and Coats J. (2001). Insect Repellents. Retrieved from

http://www.researchinformation.co.uk/pest/2001/B106296B.PDF
(2005). Mosquito Repellents. Retrieved from

http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Mosquito_Repellents.htm
(2018). Mosquitoes. Retrieved from https://www.orkin.com/other/mosquitoes/
(2016). Who is The Biggest Killer on the Planet?

http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/The-Most-
Deadly-Animals.pdf
(2016). Human vs the Mosquito: An Age-Old Battle. Retrieved from

https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/humans-vs-
mosquito-age-old-battle
Karen. (2016). What is Mosquito Coil and does it work? Retrieved from
https://insectcop.net/what-is-mosquito-coil-and-does-it-work/
Hadley, D. (2017). What Good Are Mosquitoes? Retrieved from

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-good-are-mosquitoes-1968303
Webb, C. (2017). Do mosquito coils really work? And are the bad for your health?
Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-19/mosquito-coils-
do-they-work-are-they-bad-for-your-health/9268492
Liu, W. et.al. (2003). Mosquito coil emissions and health implications. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241646/
Taylor. (2009).The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents against Aedes

Aegypti Mosquitoes. Retrieved from
https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/young-naturalist-awards/winning-
essays2/2009-winning-essays/the-effectiveness-of-botanical-extracts-as-
repellents-against-aedes-aegypti-mosquitoes/
Dr. Mercola. (2015). This Natural Bug Repellent Works Better Than Deet. Retrieved
from
https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/05/25/natural-
insect-repellents.aspx
Cabello, N. (2015). Mosquito borne diseases. Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2015/12/06/1530010
/mosquito-borne-diseases
(2017). Alternative Mosquito Repellents. Retrieved from

https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/alternative-
mosquito-repellents#1
(2012). Plant-Based Insect Repellents Provide an Alternative to Synthetic Formulas.

Retrieved from
http://cms.herbalgram.org/heg/volume9/10October/PlantBasedInsectRepel
lents.html?
t=1349287101&ts=1515548663&signature=879f77a6838eb8ca865881ab0a8
c96fc&ts=1515588148&signature=8d5680bcbd31c492db1c420a0b99871e&
ts=1515631551&signature=a5f1ada455886e7424f14af3706c84c4&ts=15156
45630&signature=13e77c75f619f6c4ebaf54d813379db6&ts=1519740343&s
ignature=863b2705544202c2aff6ada158f2b7f6
APPENDICES
Formulation of the Premna Odorata-based Mosquito Coil. Materials used and its
Process
Aluminum Foil Baygon Coil
Grinded Candle Fresh Premna Odorata Leaves
Pulvurized Sun Dried Premna Odorataa Leaves Pulvurized Coal

Starch Blended Premna Odorata Leaves
Mixing of all Ingredients Molding of The Coil
Baking of the Coil Separation from the Molder and the

Research’s Final Product
Research’s Setup (Confined Container for the Experiment)

Thanos 3i's

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A study about Thanos’ philosophy using Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good and Evil 1

A study about Thanos’ philosophy using Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of Good

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Keywords: Premna Odorata, Mosquito Repellents, Mosquito-borne

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Statement of the Problem

delusional schizophrenic who believes that her neighbour is a demon is not

Heroes and Sociopaths

Internal and External Features

of pathology or goodness residing within the human psyche or the

Flexibility of Good and Evil

environmental factors, such as an abusive childhood, or social learning from a

The Idea of Sacrifice

Based on Soren Kierkegaard’s book entitled “Fear and Trembling”, it

The Greater Good Theory

Survey Questionnaire will be used in determining the feedback of the

Dried Premna All of the ingredients Baking of the

3.6 Mode of analysis

Table 1.b. Experimental Group: Premna Odorata-Based Mosquito Coil

4.2 Survey Aspect

Usage of Mosquito Repellents

Side Effects issue of the Premna Odorata-

Rated Efficacy Of the Premna Odorata-

Figure 3 presents that 0% of the respondents rated the efficacy of the

Rated Scent of the Premna Odorata-based

Possibility to replacing commercial coils

Figure 5 presents that 100% of the respondents answered yes while 0%

Respondents’ Overall feedback and Recommendations

2. The study highly recommends the use of mosquito repellents

(2018). Mosquitoes. Retrieved from

(2018). Mosquito Repellent. Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

Peterson C. and Coats J. (2001). Insect Repellents. Retrieved from

(2005). Mosquito Repellents. Retrieved from

(2018). Mosquitoes. Retrieved from https://www.orkin.com/other/mosquitoes/

(2016). Who is The Biggest Killer on the Planet?

(2016). Human vs the Mosquito: An Age-Old Battle. Retrieved from

Hadley, D. (2017). What Good Are Mosquitoes? Retrieved from

Taylor. (2009).The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents against Aedes

Cabello, N. (2015). Mosquito borne diseases. Retrieved from

(2017). Alternative Mosquito Repellents. Retrieved from

(2012). Plant-Based Insect Repellents Provide an Alternative to Synthetic Formulas.

Grinded Candle Fresh Premna Odorata Leaves

Pulvurized Sun Dried Premna Odorataa Leaves Pulvurized Coal

Starch Blended Premna Odorata Leaves

Mixing of all Ingredients Molding of The Coil

Baking of the Coil Separation from the Molder and the

Research’s Setup (Confined Container for the Experiment)

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